中小学生含糖饮料消费与家庭饮食行为相关性研究

目的 分析新冠疫情居家期间中小学生含糖饮料消费行为与家庭饮食行为的相关性,为预防中小学生肥胖发生提供家庭易行建议。方法 采取整群分层随机抽样方法,抽取成都市五所学校6 884名中小学生,采用问卷调查方式收集其基础人口学资料及饮食模式、食物消费变化,使用单因素卡方检验和多因素logistic回归进行统计分析。结果 新冠疫情居家期间中小学生含糖饮料消费减少率为54.4%。多因素logistic回归分析显示,在家里做饭吃频率[OR=1.558(95%CI:1.099～2.210,P=0.013)]、在家烘焙频率[OR=1.972(95%CI:1.439～2.703,P<0.001)]、蔬菜消费量[OR=0.455(95%CI:0.263～0.784,P<0.001)]与含糖饮料消费行为呈负相关,主食消费量[OR=3.110(95%CI:1.894～5.108,P<0.001)]、水果消费量[OR=2.055(95%CI:1.268～3.329,P<0.001)]与含糖饮料消费行为呈正相关。结论 家庭饮食行为与含糖饮料消费行为存在相关关系。调整家庭饮食行为,为干预青少年...     

2021年河南省中小学生超重肥胖现况分析

目的 了解河南省中小学生超重肥胖现况及相关影响因素,为采取针对性的干预措施和效果评价提供科学参考。方法 采取分层随机整群抽样的方法,选取河南省17个地市125 818名中小学生进行身高体重测量和问卷调查。结果 河南省中小学生超重检出率17.00%,肥胖检出率17.45%,超重肥胖检出率男生(39.52%)高于女生(28.29%),城区(35.37%)高于郊县(33.73%)(x²值分别为1 560.765,36.600,P值均<0.001),随着学段的升高,超重肥胖检出率呈下降趋势(x_趋势²=736.945,P<0.001)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,女生(OR=0.588,95%CI:0.571～0.604)、郊县(OR=0.891,95%CI:0.866～0.916)和中学(初中OR=0.705,95%CI:0.681～0.729;高中OR=0.656,95%CI:0.633～0.681)是中小学生超重肥胖的保护因素,喝含糖饮料次数(OR=1.070,95%CI:1.008～1.137)、吃...     

贵州省少数民族成人代谢健康型肥胖的流行现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解贵州省少数民族30～79岁人群代谢健康型肥胖的流行现状及影响因素。方法 采用多阶段分层抽样的方法抽取贵州省侗族、布依族及苗族成人共10 110名；采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验、χ²检验描述贵州省少数民族人群代谢健康型肥胖的流行现状，采用多因素logistic回归模型分析探讨影响因素。结果 贵州省少数民族人群代谢健康型肥胖的总体患病率及95%CI为9.1%(8.6%～9.7%)，在肥胖人群中的患病率及95%CI为38.8%(36.9%～40.8%)。MHO的患病率存在一定民族差异(χ²=100.983, P<0.001)；且随着年龄的增加而降低(χ²趋势=59.897, P趋势<0.001)，女性高于男性(χ²=22.158, P<0.001)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示女性(OR=1.429, 95%CI:1.133～1.803)、布依族(OR=1.475, 95%CI:1.182～1.841)、苗族(OR=1.448, 95%CI:1.177～1...     

北京市学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖影响因素研究

目的分析影响学龄前儿童肥胖的主要因素,为采取干预措施提供理论依据。方法采用方便样本整群抽样方法,对北京市五所幼儿园中2~7岁儿童的家长共计400名进行问卷调查和访谈。定性访谈结果采用关键词提取,进行归纳分析。根据中国学龄前儿童生长发育标准[体质指数(body mass index,BMI)≥85%为超重或肥胖]判断是否超重或肥胖;将人口学特征,家庭因素及饮食和运动行为作为自变量进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果儿童超重或肥胖的独立危险因素包括:儿童高出生体重(≥4 000g)(OR=31.55;95%CI:1.78~4.17,P0.001);母亲选择剖宫产(OR=4.89;95%CI:1.42~16.89,P=0.01);混合喂养(OR=25.90;95%CI:3.07~218.39,P0.001),人工喂养(OR=11.15;95%CI:1.686~73.7121,P=0.01)。保护因素包括:父亲的受教育程度高(OR=0.32;95%CI:0.12~0.89,P=0.03)、每天吃粗粮的次数多(OR=0.43;95%CI:0.21~0,87,P=0.02)、家人一起吃饭的次数多(OR=0.86;95%CI:0.75~0.98,P=0.02)。结论学龄前儿童肥胖的危险因素与父母受教育程度、对肥胖的认知及儿童的饮食运动行为有关。     

贵州省农村营养改善计划地区中小学生贫血状况分析

目的 了解贵州省实施“农村义务教育学生营养改善计划”地区中小学生贫血状况及影响因素，为学生营养改善工作提供科学依据。方法 采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样方法，对2021年贵州省8个重点监测县的11 938名中小学生进行血红蛋白检测和体格检查，并对所在学校进行问卷调查。采用MLwiN 2.23拟合两水平logistic回归模型分析贫血的影响因素。结果贵州省农村营养改善计划地区中小学生贫血检出率13.29%。零模型结果显示，学生贫血在学校水平存在聚集性(χ²=24.757, P<0.01)，采用多水平模型拟合效果更佳。两水平logistic回归分析结果显示，女生(OR=1.50,95%CI:1.34～1.68)、 1～3年级学生(OR=1.90, 95%CI:1.31～2.76)、营养不足学生(OR=1.53,95%CI:1.28～1.82)的贫血发生风险高；超重肥胖学生(OR=0.74,95%CI:0.62～0.88)、家长额外承担餐费的学生(OR=0.54, 95%CI:0.34～0.86)、学校食谱为带量食谱的学生(OR=0.55,95%CI:0.35～0.8...     

肥胖学龄前儿童幽门螺杆菌感染的影响因素分析

目的探究并分析肥胖学龄前儿童幽门螺杆菌(HP)感染的影响因素。方法前瞻性选取2020年5月至2022年5月唐山市妇幼保健院收治的合并HP感染的肥胖学龄前儿童50例, 未合并HP感染的肥胖学龄前儿童50例。收集并统计两组儿童的基础资料, 包括性别、年龄、用餐习惯及家庭相关资料等。采用单因素分析筛选肥胖学龄前儿童HP感染的可能影响因素, 并对筛选出的影响因素进行logistic回归分析。结果单因素方差分析显示, 不同年龄、BMI及共用餐具、家庭人均月收入、使用公筷、餐前洗手、偏食、习惯咬手指、家庭人口数、暴饮暴食、家人HP感染史等情况的肥胖学龄前儿童, 其HP感染率比较差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。多因素logistic分析显示, BMI(OR=1.576, 95%CI:1.119～2.221)、共用餐具(OR=1.317, 95%CI:1.018～1.702)、家庭人均月收入(OR=1.330, 95%CI:1.021～1.733)、未使用公筷(OR=1.408, 95%CI:1.019～1.945)、未餐前洗手(OR=1.206, 95%CI:1.041～1.397)、习惯...     

濮阳市中小学生超重肥胖现况及影响因素分析

目的 分析濮阳市中小学生超重肥胖现况和影响因素,为更精准地制定防控中小学生超重肥胖措施提供科学理论依据。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,抽取濮阳市1个区和2个县的16所学校共4 776名中小学生进行身高体重测量和问卷调查,使用χ²检验和logistic回归模型分析超重肥胖的影响因素。结果 2021年濮阳市中小学生超重肥胖检出率为37.08%,其中超重检出率为17.69%,肥胖检出率为19.39%。男生肥胖检出率(22.96%)和超重肥胖检出率(42.08%)均高于女生(15.65%,31.85%),差异有统计学意义(χ²值分别为40.89,53.55,P值均<0.001);随着学段的升高,肥胖检出率和超重肥胖检出率都呈现下降趋势。logistic回归分析提示,女生(OR=0.638,95%CI:0.550～0.740)是中小学生肥胖的保护因素,低学段(小学OR=1.843,95%CI:1.424～2.386;初中OR=1.325,95%CI:1.038～1.691)、过去7 d吃新鲜水果次数每天1次及以上(OR=1.424,95%CI:...     

辽宁省沈阳市小学生超重和肥胖现状及影响因素分析

目的了解辽宁省沈阳市主城区小学生超重/肥胖现状及影响因素,为有效预防和控制小学生超重/肥胖提供科学依据。方法采用整群抽样法,选取沈阳市8个主城区14所小学的小学生14 376人,对其超重/肥胖现状进行调查;再从14所小学中随机选取3所,每个年级随机选取1个班级进行问卷调查,分析超重/肥胖的影响因素。结果男生超重/肥胖检出率为43.10%,高于女生的35.70%(P0.001);不同年龄组之间超重/肥胖检出率比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.001)。共抽取620人参加问卷调查,Logistic回归结果表明父亲超重/肥胖(OR=1.660,95%CI:1.185～2.326)、母亲超重/肥胖(OR=1.675,95%CI:1.183～2.374)、9岁(OR=1.619,95%CI:1.003～2.611)、每天睡眠时间≤6 h(OR=2.613,95%CI:1.016～6.725)是小学生超重/肥胖危险因素(P0.05),1周锻炼时间3～4h(OR=0.606,95%CI:0.382～0.962)是小学生超重/肥胖保护因素(P0.05)。结论沈阳市主城区小学生超重/肥胖率较高,应针对主要影响因素进行科学的预防和控制。     

齐齐哈尔市城区7～13岁小学生超重肥胖现状及影响因素分析

目的了解齐齐哈尔市城区7～13岁小学生超重与肥胖现状及影响因素,为小学生生长发育及营养水平评价提供参考依据。方法于2014年采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法抽取齐齐哈尔市城区2 403名7～13岁学生为研究对象。采用"2014年全国学生体质与健康调研学生调查问卷"收集学生超重与肥胖相关行为及因素。采用标准方法测量身高、体重。采用SAS 9.3软件进行t检验和多因素非条件logistic回归分析。结果本研究最终纳入分析的有效人数为2 380人。男生超重率为10.6%,肥胖率为17.2%;女生超重率为10.4%,肥胖率为12.6%。男生、女生体质指数(BMI)的P85、P95均表现为随着年龄增加而上升的趋势,且各年龄组男生、女生BMI的P85、P95均高于中国肥胖问题工作组(WGOC)标准。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,男生的超重肥胖率较高(OR=3.16,95%CI:1.97～5.06),家庭作业时间(OR=2.08,95%CI:1.52～2.84)与视屏时间长(OR=4.90,95%CI:2.62～9.18)是超重或肥胖的危险因素;睡眠时间长(OR=0.48,95%CI:0.32～0.72)、早餐情况较好(OR=0.65,95%CI:0.52～0.81)、体育锻炼时间较长(OR=0.51,95%CI:0.32～0.82)、长跑锻炼意愿较强(OR=0.59,95%CI:0.41～0.85)、父母对课余时间体育活动持支持态度(OR=0.61,95%CI:0.46～0.82)以及父母参与体育活动意愿较高(OR=0.69,95%CI:0.52～0.91)是保护因素,均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论齐齐哈尔市小学生超重、肥胖形势严峻,主要受个人饮食习惯、生活行为、学业负担、体育锻炼情况以及家庭环境等因素的影响。学校应适当地增加课外体育活动课程,家长应重视对儿童身心的教育,使儿童青少年超重、肥胖得到有效的控制。     

基于孕前队列的备孕夫妇生育力及其关联因素分析

目的分析育龄夫妇生育力及其关联因素。方法基于复旦大学孕前队列, 选取2016—2021年参加嘉定区孕前检查的育龄夫妇, 分析夫妇妊娠等待时间(TTP), 采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析影响育龄夫妇TTP的关联因素;应用Kaplan-Meier法计算每个月经周期的累积妊娠率。结果本研究共纳入1 095对孕前夫妇, TTP的M(Q1, Q3)为4.33(2.41, 9.78)个月经周期。女性年龄(FR=0.90, 95%CI:0.85～0.95, P<0.001)、女性孕前超重或肥胖(FR=0.36, 95%CI:0.24～0.55, P<0.001)、女性孕前暴露于二手烟(FR=0.63, 95%CI:0.44～0.92, P=0.016)、女性孕前住处或办公室近2年内装修有异味(FR=0.46, 95%CI:0.26～0.81, P=0.008)与夫妇生育力受损有关;女性月经周期规律(FR=1.64, 95%CI:1.16～2.31, P=0.005)、女性孕前经常饮茶/咖啡(FR=1.55, 95%CI:1.11～2.17, P=0.011)以及男性孕前服用叶酸(FR=2...     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.