The association between taking a course or class in self-managing diabetes with diabetic ocular complications including diabetic retinopathy: A cross-sectional study

AimsDiabetes currently affects 30.3 million people in the United States. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between taking a course in self-managing diabetes and diabetic ocular complications including diabetic retinopathy diagnosis (OC-RD).MethodsThe sample was from the 2017 CDC’s BRFSS participants. We included adults who self-reported they had diabetes. The exposure included those who took a course in how to self-manage diabetes. The outcome was those told they had OC-RD by a doctor. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analysis were used to calculate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsThe odds of OC-RD decreased by 30% for those who did not attend a course compared to those who did (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.60?0.80). Patients who saw a doctor showed a 50% increase in the odds of OC-RD than those who did not (OR 1.50; 95% CI 1.20–1.90). Those earning above $15,000 had a 10% decreased likelihood of OC-RD every time income level increased.ConclusionsTaking a class on self-managing diabetes was associated with an increased risk of OC-RD in the diabetic population. Future studies may analyze how education will affect diabetic complications.     

Severe hypoglycaemia is a major predictor of incident diabetic retinopathy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes

AimHypoglycaemia is a common complication in diabetes patients. However, its relationship with retinopathy has not been well documented in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aimed to investigate the associations between hypoglycaemia and the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR).MethodsIn this longitudinal cohort study, which was part of the Japan Diabetes Complications Study (JDCS), adult patients with T2D were recruited at 59 diabetes clinics across Japan. Their history of hypoglycaemia was assessed by standardized self-reported questionnaires. Severe hypoglycaemia was defined as having at least one episode with coma requiring an outpatients visit or hospitalization. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for incidence and progression of DR over 8 years of follow-up were determined.ResultsOf 1221 patients without DR, 127 (10.4%) had experienced non-severe hypoglycaemia within the previous year, whereas 10 (0.8%) reported severe hypoglycaemia episodes. During the 8-year follow-up involving 8492 person-years, 329 patients developed DR. In 410 patients with prevalent DR, the adjusted HRs for incident DR were 4.35 (95% CI: 1.98–9.56; P < 0.01) and, for progression of DR, 2.29 (95% CI: 0.45–11.78; P = 0.32) with severe hypoglycaemia.ConclusionHaving a history of severe hypoglycaemia was one of the strongest predictors of incident DR in patients with T2D, with a fourfold increased risk. Identifying patients with greater risks of DR based on their history of hypoglycaemia may help to personalize risk evaluation in patients with diabetes.     

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor use and risk of diabetic retinopathy: A population-based study

Aims

This study examined whether dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitor use is beneficial or harmful to diabetic retinopathy (DR) compared with other glucose-lowering agents in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白/肌酐比值与糖尿病视网膜病变关系的研究

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白/肌酐比值(UACR)与糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)的关系.方法 595例2型糖尿病患者进行UACR和眼底摄片检查,并根据UACR将患者分为3组:正常白蛋白尿组(n =519)、微量白蛋白尿组(n=28)和大量白蛋白尿组(n=48).比较3组患者的年龄、糖尿病病程等基本情况及DR发生率;同时以正常白蛋白尿组为参照,分析另外两组患者DR的相对危险度;最后,运用多元逐步线性回归和二元Logistic回归验证UACR与DR发生率的关系.结果 (1)3组患者的年龄、糖尿病病程、腰臀比、收缩压、舒张压、UACR差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(2)3组患者DR发生率依次升高,分别为30.4％、53.6％、54.2％,且差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).(3)微量白蛋白尿组患DR的相对危险度为2.638 (95％ CI:1.225 ～ 5.682),大量白蛋白尿组患DR的相对危险度为2.702(95％ CI:1.486 ～4.902),且差异均存在统计学意义(P＜0.05).(4)多元逐步线性回归和二元Logistic回归显示,UACR与DR发生率有着显著的联系(P＜0.05).结论 2型糖尿病患者UACR与DR的发生密切相关.     

Microaneurysms in the development of diabetic retinopathy (UKPDS 42)

Aims/hypothesis. To determine whether microaneurysms, in the absence of other lesions, have a predictive role in the progression of diabetic retinopathy in Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Methods. Retinal photographs taken at diagnosis in patients participating in the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study, and thereafter at 3 yearly intervals, were assessed using a modified Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy grading system for lesions of diabetic retinopathy and end points of vitreous haemorrhage and photocoagulation. The number of microaneurysms in each eye was recorded. Results. The changes between diagnosis and later photographs were analysed in 2424 patients at 6 years, 1236 at 9 years and 414 at 12 years. Of the 2424 patients studied in the 6 year cohort 1809 had either no retinopathy or microaneurysms only at entry. In these patients the presence of microaneurysms alone and also the number of microaneurysms had a high predictive value for worsening retinopathy at 3, 6, 9, and 12 years after entry into the study (e. g. at 6 years χ ² for trend = 75 on 1 df, p < 0.001). The predictive value of the presence or absence of microaneurysms and their number at 3 years from diagnosis and subsequent worsening retinopathy was similar to that at entry. Conclusion/interpretation. Microaneurysms are important lesions of diabetic retinopathy and even one or two microaneurysms in an eye should not be regarded as unimportant. [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 1107–1112] Received: 10 November 1998 and in revised form: 26 February 1999     

血浆纤维蛋白原在糖尿病视网膜病变患者中的水平及意义

目的 探讨血浆纤维蛋白原在糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)患者中的水平及意义.方法 886例2型糖尿病住院患者根据眼底照相结果,分为无视网膜病变组(NDR组,552例)和视网膜病变组(DR组,334例),比较两组间的一般资料和血浆纤维蛋白原水平的差异,Spearman法分析纤维蛋白原与DR相关性,二元Logistic回归法对其危险因素建立方程.结果 DR组血浆纤维蛋白原水平高于NDR组(t=-5.758,P＜0.001).并且,DR与纤维蛋白原呈正相关(r=0.177,P＜0.001).二元Logistic回归分析显示,糖尿病病程(OR=1.097,95％ CI:1.072～1.123)、血浆纤维蛋白原(OR=1.238,95％ CI:1.036～1.480)和糖尿病肾病(OR=3.534,95％ CI: 2.589～4.822)纳入回归方程(P均＜0.05),是DR的独立危险因素.进一步将DR组分为非增殖期视网膜病变组和增殖期视网膜病变组,结果显示随着DR病变程度的加重,血浆纤维蛋白原水平不断升高(F=19.963,P＜0.001).结论 DR患者体内血浆纤维蛋白原水平随着病变程度不断升高,是DR的独立危险因素.     

2型糖尿病视网膜病变的多因素分析及尿微量白蛋血排泄率的预报作用研究

目的 研究与糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)有关的危险因素。方法 分析住院治疗的541例2型糖尿病患者与有关DR的危险因素。结果 (1)541例2型糖尿病患者中有153例(28．28％)合并有不同程度DR；(2)年龄、病程、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、收缩压、血浆胰岛素水平、胰岛素分泌指数和尿微量白蛋血排泄率(UAER)与DR发病有关；(3)Iogistic回归分析显示，UAER和病程为两个独立且具有预报DR作用的变量。结论 众多因素与DR发生有关，其中UAER和病程是两个最重耍的DR危险因素，且UAER具有早期预报DR的作用。     

Development of diabetic retinopathy and its associated risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients in Osaka district, Japan: a long-term prospective study

Incidence rates of diabetic retinopathy and its associated risk factors were studied in a long-term prospective study involving 976 type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetic patients that showed no retinopathy at entry to the study. 322 of the patients (one-third of the subjects studied) developed diabetic retinopathy during the observation period (average length 8.3 years). The incidence rate per 1000 person-years was 39.8. The rate was significantly related to age at onset of diabetes, to fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level at entry, and to type of treatment. The incidence rate was also related to the duration of the disease. Glycemic control clearly played a role in the occurrence of retinopathy. Patients with FPG ≥ 200 mg/dl had the highest incidence rate, while patients with FPG < 140 mg/dl showed the lowest incidence rate throughout the observation period. Furthermore, a longer period between onset of diabetes and development of retinopathy was observed in patients with FPG < 140 mg/dl compared to patients with FPG ≥ 200 mg/dl. The findings suggest that strict glycemic control may be of particular value to reduce the incidence of retinopathy and to delay its appearance in type 2 diabetic patients.     

2型糖尿病尿白蛋白排泄和视网膜病变相互关系研究

目的了解老年２型糖尿病（２ＤＭ）患者尿白蛋白排泄（ＵＡＥ）与视网膜病变（ＤＲ）之间的关系。方法对２４３例老年２ＤＭ患者同时进行了２４ｈＵＡＥ测定、眼底检查和详细的临床资料分析。结果①ＤＲ的发生率随ＵＡＥ的增加而增加,正常、微量和大量白蛋白尿患者,ＤＲ的发生率分别为１１７％、７６０％和８３３％,增殖性ＤＲ发生率分别为１８％、１４７％和３６７％;同样,白蛋白尿的发生率亦随ＤＲ的出现和进展而明显增高;②有白蛋白尿,但不伴ＤＲ的患者,其白蛋白尿常由其他非糖尿病性疾病所致。结论老年２ＤＭ患者ＵＡＥ与ＤＲ的发生密切相关,ＤＲ的存在与否对其白蛋白尿的病因有重要提示价值。     

Photoreceptors in diabetic retinopathy

Although photoreceptors account for most of the mass and metabolic activity of the retina, their role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy has been largely overlooked. Recent studies suggest that photoreceptors might play a critical role in the diabetes‐induced degeneration of retinal capillaries, and thus can no longer be ignored. The present review summarizes diabetes‐induced alterations in photoreceptor structure and function, and provides a rationale for further study of a role of photoreceptors in the pathogenesis of the retinopathy.     

Plasma homocysteine is associated with nonproliferative retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes without renal disease

Background and aimsThis study aimed to assess the role of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) in the development of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) without chronic kidney disease.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study that included 94 T2DM. Hcy, serum 25-hydroxy (25-OH) vitamin D, vitamin B12, and folate were determined by the CMIA method. NPDR was determined according to the EURODIAB retinal photography methodology and optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the macula.ResultsCompared to patients without NPDR, patients with NPDR had longer diabetes duration (p < 0.001), higher Hcy (p < 0.001), lower vitamin B12 (p = 0.028) and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (p = 0.004). NPDR was positively associated with diabetes duration (p < 0.001), HbA₁c (p = 0.049) and Hcy (p < 0.001), and negatively with vitamin B12 (p = 0.027) and eGFR (p = 0.005). Logistic regression analyses showed that diabetes duration (OR = 1.13, p < 0.001), Hcy (OR = 1.06, p = 0.047), and eGFR (OR = 0.96, p = 0.004) were the main predictors of NPDR in T2DM. Stepwise regression analyses showed that the best model for predicting Hcy (R2 = 0.104) included vitamins B12 and D.ConclusionsHigher Hcy is associated with NPDR and may play a role as a risk factor for its development in T2DM. Vitamins B12 and D seem to modify this association.     

Gender differences in the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy among Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A clinic-based retrospective longitudinal study

A clinic-based retrospective longitudinal study conducted for 5.8 ± 2.5 years, including 383 (M/F 245/138) Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus showed that females exhibit a significantly higher prevalence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR) at baseline and that female gender is an independent risk factor for the development of DR.     

2型糖尿病患者臂-踝脉搏波传导速度与视网膜病变的关系

目的:研究2型糖尿病患者臂-踝脉搏波传导速度(ba-PWV)与糖尿病视网膜病变患病风险的相关性。方法:收集我院内分泌代谢病科门诊的2型糖尿病患者1 000例,对其进行问卷调查、体格检查、生化检测、ba-PWV检测、眼底检查,并将ba-PWV按照三分位分组,分析ba-PWV水平与糖尿病视网膜病变的相关性。结果:①根据baPWV水平按照三分位分组,每组的糖尿病视网膜病变患病率分别为5.6%(18/319)、11.0%(35/319)、14.2%(45/319),组间趋势明显(趋势P=0.000 4)。②多元Logistic回归分析显示,糖尿病视网膜病变与糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、糖尿病病程、使用降糖药物治疗呈显著正相关,比值比(OR)分别为1.35、1.07和2.59(均P     

科学防治糖尿病视网膜病变

糖尿病视网膜病变是糖尿病的重要并发症之一,在发达国家,其致盲率是工作年龄人群致盲疾病的第一位。如何整合国内现有的医疗资源,合理安排糖尿病患者的眼部检查与治疗,是内科医生与眼科医生共同的责任。     

代谢综合征与糖尿病及糖尿病前期人群糖尿病视网膜病变的相关性分析

目的 研究糖尿病与糖尿病前期人群代谢综合征(MS)与糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)的相关性.方法 在北京市昌平区进行了一项有关慢性疾病和危险因素的健康调查,其中2551人完成了病史采集、体格检查、血脂、血糖等生化指标的测定和眼底检查.将受试对象分为DR组和无DR组(NDR组),将NDR组按HbA1c水平与DR组1∶1进行匹配(NDR组及DR组各74例),进行病例对照研究.进一步将受试对象分为MS组(105例)和无MS组(NMS组,43例),而后进行两组罹患DR的比较分析.结果 DR组和NDR组各项临床和生化指标差异均无统计学意义.然而,罹患DR患者的比例按照符合MS组分个数的增加而呈线性增加(x2=9.938,P=0.037).MS组合并DR的比例明显高于无MS组(x2 =5.540,P=0.019).调整了年龄、性别、腰围、收缩压、总胆固醇、HbA1c和糖尿病病程后,MS是DR的一个独立危险因素(OR =2.948,95％ CI:1.134～7.664,P=0.027).结论 在糖尿病及糖尿病前期人群中,MS与DR明显相关.即使在血糖控制水平一致的情况下,MS仍是DR的独立危险因素.     

Effect of urinary albumin creatinine ratio on type 2 diabetic retinopathy and is cut-off value for early diabetic retinopathy diagnosis

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of Urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) on diabetic retinopathy (DR) in People with Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the cut-off value of UACR for predicting DR using receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC).MethodsA prospective cohort study of 2490 people with T2D was conducted with follow-up ranging from 3 to 10 years, with a mean follow-up of 7 years. Dilated fundus examination and urine examination were performed annually. Medical history and clinical data were collected and analyzed. Linear mixed effect models with unstructured variance-covariance were carried out to longitudinally assess the influence of UACR and other factors on DR, and ROC curve was drawn to evaluate the value of UACR in early diagnosis of DR.ResultsLinear Mixed-effect models revealed that UACR was positively correlated with the development of DR (β = 0.001, 95 %CI: 1.023–1.241, P < 0.001). The area under the ROC curve for UACR was 0.634 (95 %CI: 0.605–0.664, P < 0.001), cut-off value for early diagnosis of DR was 27.81 mg/g, the sensitivity was 0.586, and the specificity was 0.632.ConclusionUACR can predict the occurrence of DR in people with T2D, so it can be considered as a preliminary indicator of DR.     

Association between the ICAM-1 K469E polymorphism and diabetic retinopathy in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis

A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the association of ICAM-1 K469E gene polymorphism with diabetic retinopathy susceptibility in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Seven studies involving 1094 cases and 909 controls were included. Current studies suggest that K469E polymorphism in ICAM-1 gene might not affect individual susceptibility to DR.