胰腺炎并发胰性脑病37例临床分析

目的 探讨胰腺炎并发胰性脑病（PE）的临床表现、诊断、鉴别诊断及可能诱因。方法 回顾性分析5年来上海6所医院急性胰腺炎并发PE37例患者的临床资料。结果37例PE中男性24例，女性13例，平均年龄53岁（25～80岁）。按Ranson诊断标准33例为重症急性胰腺炎（SAP），4例为轻症急性胰腺炎（MAP），其中迟发性PE（DPE）6例，15例发病前有胰腺手术史。PE死亡率56．8％，DPE为66．7％。临床表现和诊断无特异性，血淀粉酶水平与PE严重程度无相关性。PE出现时常伴发低氧血症和急性呼吸窘迫综合征、水电解质紊乱、氮质血症、消化道出血等并发症。结论 PE是胰腺炎发病过程中的严重并发症，死亡率高，多在重症胰腺炎中伴发。在PE的发病过程中，有些因素也可引起胰腺炎患者的精神症状，如低氧血症、Wernicke脑病等，临床上较易混淆，为确诊带来困难。     

Peritoneal Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis is a systemic fungal infection caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis. Involvement of the peritoneum is unusual, with only two previously reported cases that occurred in association with disseminated disease. A single case of histopathologically proven blastomycosis involving the peritoneum is presented, as well as a short overview of previously published cases on gastrointestinal and peritoneal blastomycosis. The case is unique in that chronic peritonitis was the only manifestation of disease. The diagnosis was made by laparoscopy.     

肥厚型心肌病的特殊表现形式

目的分析不典型肥厚型心肌病的特殊表现（临床及影像），提高临床诊断能力。方法系统分析9例病人的病史、临床表现及其影像学特征，互为补充印证以得出正确的结论。结果5例以胸痛伴缺血性ST－T改变者中3例被诊断为左室非对称肥厚型，2例确诊为心失肥厚型；2例以心源性哮喘为特征者均被诊断为左室梗阻型；2例以进行性浮肿伴浆膜腔积液为特征者1例确诊为双心室肥厚型，另1例则为肥厚型心肌病伴进行性心脏扩大。结论重视肥厚型心肌病的特殊表现，综合系统分析是得出正确诊断的关键。     

Three rare cases of anthrax arising from the same source

Anthrax is an acute bacterial infection caused by Bacillus anthracis. Humans become infected under natural conditions by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. About 95% of human anthrax is cutaneous and 5% respiratory. Gastrointestinal anthrax is very rare, and has been reported in less than 1% of all cases. Anthrax meningitis is a rare complication of any of the other three forms of disease. We report three rare cases of anthrax (gastrointestinal, oropharyngeal and meningitis) arising from the same source. The three patients were from a single family and were admitted with different clinical pictures after the ingestion of half-cooked meat from a sick sheep. These cases emphasize the need for awareness of anthrax in the differential diagnosis in areas where the disease remains endemic.     

联合检测血清、浆膜腔液多项肿瘤标志物的诊断价值

目的探讨联合检测血清、浆膜腔积液多项肿瘤标志物对浆膜腔积液性质的诊断价值。方法应用放免法分别检测血清、浆膜腔积液中ＡＦＰ、ＣＥＡ、ＣＡ１２５、ＣＡ５０、ＣＡ１９－９及计算浆膜腔积液／血清（ｄ／ｓ）值。共检测７１例,分为恶性积液、恶性肿瘤伴良性积液、结核性积液、非结核性良性疾病伴积液四组。结果ＣＡ１２５在结核组与恶性积液组血清、积液中均有较高的阳性率。积液中ＡＦＰ、ＣＥＡ、ＣＡ５０、ＣＡ１９－９至少一项以上阳性并ｄ／ｓ值＞１．５,恶性积液诊断率达９８５％。积液中ＡＦＰ、ＣＥＡ、ＣＡ５０、ＣＡ１９－９中至少一项以上阳性并ｄ／ｓ值＜０．６７,恶性肿瘤伴良性积液诊断率９８３％。积液中ＣＡ１２５阳性并ｄ／ｓ值＞１．５而ＡＦＰ、ＣＥＡ、ＣＡ５０、ＣＡ１９－９均阴性诊断结核性浆膜腔积液诊断率１００％。结论联合检测血清、浆膜腔积液中的ＡＦＰ、ＣＥＡ、ＣＡ５０、ＣＡ１９－９、ＣＡ１２５及计算其ｄ／ｓ值,对恶性积液、恶性肿瘤伴良性积液及结核性积液的鉴别诊断有重要临床价值。     

Intestinal ischemia as the first manifestation of vasculitis

OBJECTIVE: To summarize current knowledge regarding the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal vasculitis. METHODS: Three cases of gastrointestinal vasculitis with acute abdominal ischemia as their first manifestation are presented. Underlying diseases were microscopic polyangiitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and polyarteritis nodosa (PAN). Relevant English-language articles collected from the PubMed database were reviewed. RESULTS: Among the angiitides, PAN, SLE, and Henoch-Sch?nlein are those most commonly accompanied by gastrointestinal complications. Intestinal vasculitis usually occurs when there is evidence of generalized disease activity. Abdominal computerized tomography is a valuable tool for diagnosing intestinal ischemia and suspected vasculitis. CONCLUSIONS: In young patients presenting with intestinal ischemia, it is essential to assess the possibility of an underlying systemic disease. With prompt initiation of immunosuppressive treatment, surgery may be avoided. Prognosis is improved when there is minimal delay in surgical intervention.     

Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with AIDS: a relatively uncommon condition associated with reduced survival.

To determine the cumulative incidence of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding and its effect upon survival in patients with AIDS, 453 consecutive AIDS patients diagnosed in our hospital between June 1985 and March 1989 were followed for a median period of six months (maximum 42 months). The cumulative probability of acute gastrointestinal bleeding was 3% at six months and 6% at 14 months. This event was associated with significantly reduced survival. Independent risk factors for bleeding were: severe thrombocytopenia at the time of diagnosis and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma as the first clinical manifestation of AIDS. The potential causes of bleeding were investigated in all cases by emergency endoscopy or by necropsy examination in those patients whose clinical condition precluded the procedure. In nine of 15 patients, bleeding was due to lesions specifically associated with AIDS, but in the remainder the source of bleeding was not a direct consequence of HIV infection. We conclude that acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding rarely complicates the course of AIDS, but its occurrence is associated with decreased survival. As many of the causes are potentially treatable, a complete diagnostic approach is indicated in these patients, except those who are terminally ill.     

Mechanisms of disease: genetics of functional gastrointestinal disorders--searching the genes that matter

There is evidence to suggest that genetic factors contribute to the manifestation of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID). As such, it is important to note that FGID are heterogeneous; they have quite different clinical features and (probably) different underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms. Evidence from family and twin studies indicates that there is clustering of FGID in families and increased concordance in monozygotic compared with dizygotic twins. The clinical features of FGID implicate polymorphisms in the genes that encode adrenergic, opioidergic or serotonergic receptors, as well as in the G-protein beta3 subunit (GNB3) gene and serotonin-transporter genes, in their manifestations. As mediators or regulators of mucosal inflammation can trigger events that ultimately result in manifestations of FGID, polymorphisms in genes that encode proteins with immunomodulatory and/or neuromodulatory features (e.g. OPRM1, IL4, IL4R, TNF) might also have a role in the manifestation of FGID. A two-step model for the role of genetic factors in the manifestation of functional gastrointestinal pain can, therefore, be proposed. In the presence of specific hereditary factors, environmental factors that do not usually cause long-term functional alterations are linked to the manifestation of symptoms.     

Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Fish Oil and Mustard Oil in Patients with Suspected Acute Myocardial Infarction: The Indian Experiment of Infarct Survival—4

In a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, the effects of treatment with fish oil (eicosapentaenoic acid, 1.08 g/day) and mustard oil (alpha-linolenic acid, 2.9 g/day) were compared for 1 year in the management of 122 patients (fish oil, group A), 120 patients (mustard oil, group B), and 118 patients (placebo, group C) with suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Treatments were administered about (mean) 18 hours after the symptoms of AMI in all three groups. The extent of cardiac disease, rise in cardiac enzymes, and lipid peroxides were comparable among the groups at entry into the study. After 1 year total cardiac events were significantly less in the fish oil and mustard oil groups compared with the placebo group (24.5% and 28% vs. 34.7%, p > 0.01). Nonfatal infarctions were also significantly less in the fish oil and mustard oil groups compared with the placebo group (13.0% and 15.0% vs. 25.4%, p > 0.05). Total cardiac deaths showed no significant reduction in the mustard oil group; however, the fish oil group had significantly less cardiac deaths compared with the placebo group (11.4% vs. 22.0%, p > 0.05). Apart from the decrease in the cardiac event rate, the fish oil and mustard oil groups also showed a significant reduction in total cardiac arrhythmias, left ventricular enlargement, and angina pectoris compared with the placebo group. Reductions in blood lipoproteins in the two intervention groups were modest and do not appear to be the cause of the benefit in the two groups. Diene conjugates showed a significant reduction in the fish oil and mustard oil groups, indicating that a part of the benefit may be caused by the reduction in oxidative stress. The findings of this study suggest that fish oil and mustard oil, possibly due to the presence of n-3 fatty acids, may provide rapid protective effects in patients with AMI. However, a large study is necessary to confirm this suggestion.     

Overt gastrointestinal bleeding in haematologic neoplasms

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Patients with acute leukaemia suffer from various haemorrhages, most frequently due to thrombocytopenia. We could not reach any information regarding the frequency of gastrointestinal bleeding in acute leukaemia and decided to search this complication in patients with acute and chronic leukaemias and myeloproliferative disorders, retrospectively. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During a 6-year period, 291 patients with acute leukaemia, 52 patients with chronic leukaemia and 108 patients with myeloproliferative disorders had been followed. Thirty-two cases of overt gastrointestinal haemorrhage episodes (25 upper, 7 lower) were observed during the mentioned period. RESULTS: The frequency of bleeding episodes was 7.1% (32/451) in haematologic malignancies as a whole, 5.8% (17/291) for acute leukaemia, 1.9% (1/52) for chronic leukaemia and 13% (14/108) for myeloproliferative disorders. If the patients with myeloproliferative disorders in blastic phase were analysed separately, the ratio was 30% (6/20). Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, which could be performed in 8 of 25 upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage episodes, revealed erosive gastritis in five patients and duodenal ulcers in three patients. Neutropenic enterocolitis was the underlying cause in all of the seven patients with lower gastrointestinal haemorhage. Five out of the seven patients had acute leukaemia. In 7 bleeding attacks, out of 32, the ultimate result was death. Generally, the haemorrhage was only a contributing cause of mortality. All of the mortality cases were patients with acute leukaemia. CONCLUSION: Especially, the patients with myeloproliferative disorders are prone to develop gastrointestinal haemorrhage. The manifestation is generally as upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to gastric erosions and duodenal ulcers. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding is frequently a problem of the patients with acute leukaemia. It is commonly a sign of neutropenic enterocolitis.     

Aseptic meningitis in systemic lupus erythematosus

Three patients with aseptic meningitis were subsequently diagnosed as having lupus erythematosus. One patient had a single meningitic episode, another had chronic meningitis, and the third two acute episodes 5 years apart. All 3 patients developed further neuropsychiatric manifestations of SLE, leading to death in 1. Aseptic meningitis appears to be an early manifestation of SLE and may herald more serious brain damage. No new cases of aseptic meningitis occurred in this series after initiation of therapy for SLE. In contrast, bacterial meningitis did occur as a late complication of the disease.     

儿童胃肠道恶性肿瘤的诊断和外科治疗

目的 探讨儿童胃肠道恶性肿瘤的诊断和治疗要旨.方法 对1996年1月至2008年5月间收治的29例胃肠道恶性肿瘤患儿的病例资料,包括肿瘤的发生部位、肿瘤类型、临床表现、治疗效果及预后进行回顾性分析.结果 患儿男26例,女3例.初诊时年龄1岁10个月～14岁,中位年龄lO岁.胃肿瘤5例,包括间质瘤1例、恶性淋巴瘤2例、内胚窦瘤1例和P-J综合征恶变1例.肠道肿瘤24例,包括恶性淋巴瘤17例、结肠癌4例和阑尾类癌3例.临床主要表现为腹痛、呕吐、发热、消化道出血、消瘦等.外科并发症主要包括穿孔、内瘘、梗阻、套叠、出血.24例接受(胃)肠切除肠吻合术,5例接受活检.2例结肠癌患儿术后半年至1年复发.17例患儿存活至今,6例失访,6例死亡.结论 儿童胃肠道恶性肿瘤发病率低,临床表现无特异性,术前诊断较困难,在急腹症和胃肠道疾患的诊断中应该注意肿瘤的鉴别诊断,强调运用各种影像学和内镜技术辅助诊断;治疗采用手术切除结合化学治疗;预后与恶性肿瘤的病理本质有关.     

Aspectic meningitis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of three cases.

Three patients with aseptic meningitis were subsequently diagnosed as having lupus erythematosus. One patient had a single meningitic episode, another had chronic meningitis, and the third two acute episodes 5 years apart. All 3 patients developed further neurophychiatric manifestations of SLE, leading to death in 1. Aseptic meningitis appears to be an early manifestation of SLE and may herald more serious brain damage. No new cases of aseptic meningitis occurred in this series after initiation of therapy for SLE. In contrast, bacterial meningitis did occur as a late complication of the disease.     

Acute liver injury,acute liver failure and acute on chronic liver failure: A clinical spectrum of poisoning due to Gyromitra esculenta

Gyromitra esculenta, also known as “false morel” is one of the most poisonous mushrooms. This species is found all over the world, growing in coniferous forest in early spring time. Common manifestation of poisoning includes gastrointestinal symptoms which include varied degrees of liver impairment.We describe three cases: acute liver injury, acute liver failure and acute-on-chronic liver failure due to G. esculenta poisoning. At admission patients presented with encephalopathy and features of liver failure. Two of them recovered completely following supportive management while the remaining patient who also had preexisting liver disease developed multiorgan failure and subsequently died.Although a rare occurrence, G. esculenta poisoning should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute liver failure.     

Secondary pancreatic involvement by a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma presenting as acute pancreatitis

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. More than 50% of patients have some site of extra-nodal involvement at diagnosis, including the gastrointestinal tract and bone marrow. However, a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma presenting as acute pancreatitis is rare. A 57-year-old female presented with abdominal pain and matted lymph nodes in her axilla. She was admitted with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan showed diffusely enlarged pancreas due to infiltrative neoplasm and peripancreatic lymphadenopathy. Biopsy of the axillary mass revealed a large B-cell lymphoma. The patient was classified as stage Ⅳ, based on the Ann Arbor Classification, and as having a high-risk lymphoma, based on the International Prognostic Index. She was started on chemotherapy with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone). Within a week after chemotherapy, the patient’s abdominal pain resolved. Follow-up CT scan of the abdomen revealed a marked decrease in the size of the pancreas and peripancreatic lymphadenopathy. A literature search revealed only seven cases of primary involvement of the pancreas in B-cell lymphoma presenting as acute pancreatitis. However, only one case of secondary pancreatic involvement by B-cell lymphoma presenting as acute pancreatitis has been published. Our case appears to be the second report of such a manifestation. Both cases responded well to chemotherapy.     

Leptospirosis presenting as ascending progressive leg weakness and complicating with acute pancreatitis

Leptospirosis is a spirochetal bacterial infection of great public health importance. It has a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations which goes from subclinical infection and self-limited anicteric febrile illness (80-90% of all cases) to icteric leptospiropirosis known as Weil's disease. This is a severe disease characterized by hemorrhage, acute renal failure and jaundice. It is uncommon for leptospirosis to present itself as a primary neurological disease. Additionally, acute pancreatitis is an unusual gastrointestinal manifestation. We report a case of leptospirosis presenting as ascending progressive leg weakness and complicating with acute pancreatitis in an adult patient treated at Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. The diagnosis was confirmed through ELISA-IgM antibody testing positive for leptospirosis. After antibiotic therapy and support treatment for a few weeks, total resolution of severe manifestations was achieved. Rare and unusual presentations of leptospirosis should be kept in mind in relevant epidemiological scenario.     

回盲部憩室炎的超声诊断

背景：急性回盲部憩室炎的临床表现与急性阑尾炎相似,易误诊为急性阑尾炎。近年来,超声检查在胃肠疾病诊断中的应用研究不断深入,但关于回盲部憩室炎超声诊断的报道尚少。目的：探讨超声检查对回盲部憩室炎的诊断价值。方法：纳入17例于2010年2月-2011年12月在天津市西青医院经急诊超声检查诊断为急性回盲部憩室炎,并经手术病理或相关检查证实的患者,对其超声声像图表现及其治疗和预后进行回顾性分析。结果：本组17例患者中,病灶位于盲肠或升结肠者7例,位于回肠末端者10例,包块大小0．62cm×0．80cm-2．30cm×1．32cm。所有患者均于腹部压痛点或其周围探及肠壁向外凸出的圆形或卵圆形包块,包块腔内通常为点状低回声,可伴有气体、液性、粪石样回声。憩室周围可见不同程度的脂肪组织、网膜系膜组织增厚。10例患者接受急诊手术治疗,7例接受保守抗炎治疗。所有患者均治愈,无严重并发症发生。结论：超声检查对回盲部憩室炎的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要意义,除能早期明确诊断外,还可为临床医师选择正确的治疗方案提供依据。     

Sudden death in young athletes: HCM or ARVC?

Sudden non-traumatic death in young athletes is due to underlying congenital/inherited cardiac diseases in over 80% of cases. The two commonest conditions leading to sudden cardiac death in athletes below the age of 25 years are hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC).Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is caused by mutations in genes, which code for sarcomeric contractile proteins. It can present with symptoms such as palpitation, presyncope or syncope. In a small number of cases, sudden death is the first clinical manifestation of the condition. It is well established that HCM accounts for over half of all cases sudden cardiac death in young individuals below 25 years of age. The management of HCM broadly encompasses symptom control, familial evaluation and the prevention of sudden death.Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, similarly, is a genetic disorder of the heart muscle and leads to symptoms such as palpitation and syncope and more rarely sudden death. The diagnosis of ARVC is most likely underestimated due to the lack of a single diagnostic test and subtle morphological changes in some cases. The diagnosis is based on clinical and family history and non-invasive investigations.The physiological adaptations seen in some athletes, as a response to physical training, may resemble phenotypically mild forms HCM and ARVC. Therefore, a diagnostic algorithm enabling this differentiation would be of importance especially bearing in mind the consequences of a misdiagnosis.     

ENDOSCOPY IS ONE OF THE VALUABLE DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR PRIMARY AORTO‐ENTERIC FISTULA

The present report describes a case of primary aorto‐enteric ?stula (PAEF) in an 81‐year‐old man with no previous abdominal surgery. The patient was admitted to Teraoka Memorial Hospital in shock with repeated episodes of melena and hematemesis. We performed emergency endoscopy to establish a diagnosis and identi?ed a ruptured aortic aneurysm visualized through a ?stula in the second portion of the duodenum. As most PAEF cause massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage, prompt diagnosis is critical to ensure a successful outcome. Although the patient and his family refused surgery and the patient died, we were able to make the diagnosis at an early stage by endoscopy. While PAEF is usually very dif?cult to diagnose by a single modality, endoscopy can be one of the modalities to identify the source of gastrointestinal hemorrhages, even in cases of PAEF.     

Peritonitis in patients with scrub typhus

Various complications have been reported in scrub typhus cases including acute respiratory distress syndrome, encephalitis, pneumonia, pericarditis, acute renal failure, and acute hepatic failure. Few studies have reported on the gastrointestinal manifestations of scrub typhus. Typical gastrointestinal manifestations in patients with scrub typhus include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, hematemesis, melena, and diarrhea. The two cases presented in this study are the first reported cases of peritonitis associated with scrub typhus. This study shows that scrub typhus should also be included in the differential diagnosis of peritonitis in areas where Orientia tsutsugamushi is endemic.