内侧型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗

目的报道应用显微外科手术治疗不同类型的内侧型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析36例经显微外科手术治疗的内侧型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的临床资料。其中21例采用翼点入路，10例采用额下入路，3例采用经额-颞硬膜外入路，1例采用额颞眶颧入路。结果临床治疗36例，其中肿瘤SimpsonⅠ级切除3例（8.3％），SimpsonⅡ级切除22例（61．1％），SimpsonⅢ级切除11例（30．5％）。死亡4例（11．1％）。平均随访36．8个月，随访期间肿瘤复发7例（19．4％）。结论显微手术可提高肿瘤的全切率，术中应妥善处理和保护血管、神经和海绵窦内结构。肿瘤的复发与是否侵袭海绵窦、包裹颈内动脉（ICA）及其分支有关。     

扩大式翼点入路治疗额颞部重型颅脑损伤

目的:探讨扩大式翼点入路开颅术在重型额颞部颅脑损伤的应用。方法:对我科采用此手术方法治疗的26例重型额颞部颅脑损伤病人进行分析总结。结果:26例重型额颞部颅脑损伤存活16例(61％),其中恢复良好和中残12例(46％),重残4例(15％),死亡10例(39％)。结果:采用扩大式翼点入路开颅术,早期综合治疗,可显著改善额颞部重型颅脑损伤病人的预后。     

严重对冲性额颞底部脑损伤96例手术治疗体会

后枕部着力致颅脑损伤时，常引起额颞底部对冲伤，对应的单或双侧额颞底部脑挫裂伤或（和）颅内血肿形成，若处理不当或不及时，则死亡率与伤残率高。本院自2001年4月～2006年6月经手术治疗严重对冲性额颞底部脑损伤96例，现报告如下。     

扩大翼点入路及扩大硬脑膜缝合治疗额颞部重型颅脑损伤

目的 探索额颞部重型颅脑损伤的手术治疗的方法。方法 通过对我院98例额颞部重型颅脑损伤患者手术方法的回顾性总结。结果 98例采用改良翼点入路大骨瓣减压并用扩大硬膜缝合治疗的额颞部重型颅脑损伤患者，其中康复45例，中度残废10例，重度残废4例，植物生存3例，死亡31例。结论 额颞部改良翼点入路大骨瓣减压及扩大硬脑膜缝合治疗额颞部重型脑损伤，可以达到减压充分，手术效果好，并发症少。     

大型垂体腺瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨大型垂体腺瘤的显微手术治疗方法。方法 根据肿瘤的部位、质地、内分泌测定和MRI检查T2信号特点选择手术入路切除肿瘤，其中82例经翼点入路，22例经额下入路，6例经蝶窦入路，3例行额下经蝶窦入路。术后全部进行放疗。结果 102例(90．3％)显微镜下全切，11例(9．7％)次全切除。术后死亡2例(1．8％)。术后视力视野改善98例(86．7％)，无变化15例(13．3％)。术后5年内复发6例(6．3％)。结论 采用显微外科技术，针对肿瘤的特点选择不同的手术入路及综合治疗是提高大型垂体肿瘤全切率、降低死亡率和复发率的关键。     

双侧同时减压治疗严重双侧额颞部对冲伤

目的探讨双侧同时减压治疗严重双侧额颞部对冲伤的疗效。方法我院1996年6～月2003年12月采用双侧同时减压治疗和传统手术方式行双侧开颅减压手术治疗99例严重双侧额颞部对冲伤的患者。结果双侧同时减压治疗35例,存活23例(66.7%),其中良好(Jennet鄄Ⅴ级)9例(24.2%),轻残(Ⅳ级)8例(24.2%),重残或植物生存者(Ⅲ+Ⅱ级)6例(18.2%);死亡(Ⅰ级)12例(33.3%)。传统手术方式治疗64例,生存良好(V级)8例(12.5%)和轻残(Ⅳ级)10例(16.1%),重残或植物生存者(Ⅲ+Ⅱ级)13例(20.3%);死亡(Ⅰ级)33例(51.6%)。两组疗效统计学处理有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论双侧同时减压可明显提高严重双侧额颞部对冲伤的治愈好转率。     

显微外科治疗颅眶沟通肿瘤

目的 报道颅眶沟通肿瘤显微外科治疗的手术方法和治疗效果。方法 回顾分析过去5年采用显微外科治疗35例颅眶沟通肿瘤的临床资料。分别采用四种开颅和经颅开眶入路，眶内入路采用三种入路方法进行。结果 临床治疗35例肿瘤，其中手术仝切除18例，次全切除13例，大部分切除4例，无手术死亡及严重并发症。结论 (1)根据肿瘤大小、位置和侵袭范同，采用翼点入路、眶额入路、眶上．翼点入路及额颞眶颧入路四种方法开颅，选用四种入路方法经颅开眶及采用三种入路方法进行眶内肿瘤的切除，可充分暴露并能在直视下广泛切除肿瘤；(2)熟练的解剖知识及手术技巧、恰当的手术入路、成功的手术切除和及时处理术后并发症等是治疗的关键；(3)颅底缺损应给予修补和重建，硬膜的严密修复是避免脑脊液漏及颅内感染的关键问题。     

鞍区大型肿瘤显微手术入路的探讨

目的 探讨鞍区大型及巨大型肿瘤经显微手术治疗的临床效果。方法 主要就额下、翼点及经蝶入路，囊内先分块切除肿瘤，待肿瘤塌陷后分离包膜，电灼使之缩小，再分块切除。结果 临床病例31例，其中全切除肿瘤20例，经额下入路7例，经翼点入路9例，经蝶入路3例，经额下-翼点入路1例；次全切除肿瘤11例。结论 经翼点入路开颅时间短，手术创伤小，并发症少，是提高鞍区大型、巨大型肿瘤的全切除率，减少复发的更为理想手术入路。     

经翼点入路显微手术切除嗅沟脑膜瘤

目的 介绍一种切除嗅沟脑膜瘤的微创手术方法。方法 采用经翼点入路显微手术切除嗅沟脑膜瘤20例(标准翼点入路6例，翼点锁孔入路14例)，观察肿瘤切除程度和手术效果。结果 全组手术显露良好，肿瘤均全切除(simpson Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级切除)，无额叶脑挫裂伤，仅8例手术输血各400ml，无严重并发症和手术死亡。结论 经翼点入路显微手术是治疗大部分嗅沟脑膜瘤的一种微创方法。     

蝶骨翼脑膜瘤81例临床回顾分析

目的 总结蝶骨翼脑膜瘤的诊断、分型及手术治疗的经验和体会。方法 回顾性分析了经显微手术和病理证实的蝶骨翼脑膜瘤81例，其中内侧型43例，外侧型36例，扁平型2例，巨大型7例，大型63例，小型11例。采用改良翼点入路53例；额下翼点联合入路7例；经颧弓翼点入路15例；额颢眶颧入路6例。结果 Simpson Ⅰ级切除45例，Ⅱ级切除17例，Ⅲa级切除9例，Ⅲb级6例，Ⅳa级3例。术后本组患者颅高压、视力下降及眼球突出等临床症状均有不同程度的改善和恢复。术后随访9个月～6年，复发5例，3例行二次于术。结论 充分全面的术前评估，正确选择手术入路，熟练掌握术区显微解剖及显微手术操作，可以提高肿瘤全切率，减少术后并发症，以降低术后致残率和复发率。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.