靶向性抗癌蛋白色素上皮衍生因子在肿瘤中的研究进展

在肿瘤靶向治疗研究中,抗血管生成治疗是近十年来的一个研究热点.目前已有许多血管生成抑制剂应用于临床试验中.色素上皮衍生因子(PEDF)是一个能有效抑制新生血管形成的蛋白,与血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)等共同调控新生血管的发生过程.PEDF表达和抑制肿瘤生长、减少转移、良好的预后相关,对PEDF的深入研究有助于发挥其在肿瘤治疗中的作用.     

肿瘤血管生成因子的研究进展

许多肿瘤的生长和转移与微血管生成密切相关,它们通过各种机制降解血管基底膜和周围细胞外基质,促进内皮细胞分裂、游走和增殖,诱导宿主毛细血管新生并长入瘤组织。现已分离、克隆、鉴定了２０ 多种肿瘤血管生成因子,对其深入研究可为肿瘤的诊断、治疗提供理论和实践依据。     

抗肿瘤血管生成研究的现状与有待解决的问题

 血管生成是指在原有组织血管结构基础上形成新血管结构的过程。1971年Folkman[1]提出了肿瘤血管依赖性生长的概念，并把肿瘤生长分为非血管期和血管期两个生长阶段。固体肿瘤在血管生成前，肿瘤体积一般不超过3 mm3。随着肿瘤细胞的不断增殖，肿瘤组织出现缺氧、代谢产物堆积、pH值改变等，这些因素刺激肿瘤细胞、周围间质细胞和淋巴细胞分泌各种促血管生长刺激因子，通过诱导血管基底膜降解和内皮细胞增殖，启动新生血管的生成。 肿瘤一旦血管化, 不仅生长速度加快，而且容易发生转移，说明血管生成对肿瘤的生长和转移都起到关键作用。因此,在过去30多年中，人们致力于对肿瘤血管生成机制的研究，并试图通过抑制和破坏肿瘤血管生成来建立一种治疗肿瘤的新方法。......     

周细胞在抗肿瘤血管生成中的研究进展

众所周知,肿瘤的生长和转移依赖于新生血管,没有新生血管,肿瘤将停止生长。肿瘤新生血管由内皮细胞、周细胞／平滑肌细胞、基底膜组成。目前抗肿瘤血管生成的研究主要在内皮细胞和内皮祖细胞,对周细胞的研究很少。而周细胞在肿瘤血管的发展、稳定、成熟及重塑过程中发挥着关键作用,成为抗血管生成治疗的热点和新靶点。本文就近年来关于周细胞在抗肿瘤血管生成中的研究作一综述。     

血管生成拟态的研究进展

1971年Folkman[1]提出了肿瘤生长依赖血管新生的假说,由此拉开了近代关于肿瘤血管生成研究的序幕。在深入的研究中发现,肿瘤直径达到1～2 mm后,若无新生血管生成来提供营养,则不能继续增长。因此,抑制肿瘤血管生成可望成为治疗肿瘤的新途径。     

中药与血管生成的研究进展

血 管的生成在许多疾病的发生发展及转归、预后中扮演着重要的角色。近年来 ,调节血管生成的研究已成为临床治疗中的热点。研究主要集中在两个方面 :①抑制血管生成的研究。许多疾病的发生、发展与血管生成有着密切的关系 ,如恶性肿瘤在其生长过程中 ,肿瘤组织中不断有新生血管生成 ,这些新生血管为肿瘤的生长提供了丰富的血供和营养。同时 ,由于新生血管管壁较薄 ,肿瘤细胞易于穿过 ,从而进入血循环发生远处转移。因此 ,如能抑制新生血管的生成 ,也就可以阻断肿瘤血供 ,达到“饿死”癌细胞的目的。其他一些良性疾病 ,如类风湿关节炎、眼底…     

血管生成抑制因子与肿瘤转移的抑制

新生血管形成是肿瘤生长和转移的重要环节，是肿瘤细胞进入血液的主要通道，受到血管生成刺激因子和抑制因子（ 如ａｎｇｉｏｓｔａｔｉｎ 和ｅｎｄｏｓｔａｔｉｎ） 等物质的调节。血管生成抑制因子通过抑制内皮细胞的生成和迁移而显示出强烈的抗肿瘤作用，其毒性低、不易产生耐药性，具有广泛的应用前景     

血管形成和抗血管形成在医学中的应用

肿瘤的生长与肿瘤血管形成密切相关,抑制肿瘤血管生成就能抑制肿瘤的生长、浸润和转移,抗肿瘤血管形成治疗近年来备受关注,导致了一种新的肿瘤治疗方法和一类新的抗肿瘤药物的出现.在闭塞性血管疾病中血管形成治疗也开始应用于临床.     

肿瘤血管生成和抗血管生成治疗的研究进展

肿瘤组织中的新生血管是保证肿瘤持续生长所必需的,也是肿瘤转移的重要途径之一.针对促进肿瘤血管生成和血管生成抑制物制定新策略,采用合适手段与方法,抑制肿瘤内血管新生,消除或减少肿瘤内原有血管,可达到治愈肿瘤的目的.     

肿瘤血管生成抑制剂

人体任何组织细胞的生存、增殖均需要血管供应充足的营养物质和排除代谢产物。肿瘤特别是恶性肿瘤由于其增殖新生比正常细胞快 ,比正常细胞需求更多的营养物 ,对缺乏营养物质及氧更为敏感。因此 ,肿瘤的发生、发展和转移与血管的生成密切相关。研究证明原发瘤和转移瘤生长到0 2ｃｍ时 ,如果没有新生血管供应营养 ,肿瘤将停止生长并死亡〔1〕。肿瘤细胞也不可能通过血管而转移。断绝或减少肿瘤血管供养 ,抑制肿瘤血管的生成成了近 10年来抗肿瘤发生、发展与转移研究的热点。国内外已有报道 ,乳腺癌、结肠癌、肾细胞癌等瘤区微血管的密度与癌…     

Myeloid cells functioning in tumor vascularization as a novel therapeutic target

Angiogenesis, the sprouting of new blood vessels to sustain growth, is an important new target in solid tumor therapy. Initial studies focused on the role of the tumor cell in promoting angiogenesis; yet more recent work has demonstrated that host cells in the tumor microenvironment also play a critical role in tumor vascularization. Additionally, vasculogenesis in which new blood vessels develop from vascular progenitor cells also contributes to tumor growth. Recent studies propose a central role for cells of the myeloid lineage in triggering vessel growth by releasing angiogenic factors and perhaps by incorporating directly into nascent blood vessels. We will review studies that support a critical role for myeloid cells in neovascularization, with a focus on cells that express various monocytic/dendritic cell markers, including vascular leukocytes (VLCs), Tie2+ monocytes, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2)+ monocytes, among others. The evidence that these myeloid cells represent bona fide therapeutic targets for solid tumors will be reviewed. Finally, we will address some controversies and challenges in the field with a focus on future directions.     

A reinforced random walk model of tumour angiogenesis and anti-angiogenic strategies.

It is now well accepted that the growth of a tumour beyond approximately 2 mm in diameter is dependent on its ability to induce the growth of new blood vessels, a process called angiogenesis. This has raised hope that an anti-angiogenic treatment may be effective in the fight against cancer. Here we formulate, using the theory of reinforced random walks, an individual cell-based mathematical model of tumour angiogenesis in response to a diffusible angiogenic factor. The early stages of angiogenesis, in which endothelial cells (EC) escape the parent vessel and invade the extra-cellular matrix, are included in the model, as are the action of a proteolytic enzyme, EC proliferation and capillary branching and anastomosis. The anti-angiogenic potential of angiostatin, a known inhibitor of angiogenesis, is also examined. The capillary networks predicted by the model are in qualitative agreement with experimental observations. Proteolysis and proliferation are shown to be crucial for vascularization, whilst angiostatin is seen to be capable of limiting capillary growth.     

The vascular network of tumours — what is it not for?

It is becoming almost a dogma that tumours cannot grow beyond 1-2 mm(3) unless they are supported by a rich vascular supply 1. It is true that tumours promote angiogenesis and that highly vascularized carcinomas have, in general, a more aggressive clinical course than carcinomas of low vascularization 23. However, a study of intratumoral angiogenesis reveals that the newly formed vessels are commonly deprived of those structural qualities that would allow them to perform an optimal oxygenation function 3. Thus, most tumours, irrespective of their angiogenic status, behave as if they were 'hypoxic', urging (via angiogenic mediators) for, what would look paradoxical at first sight, more defective angiogenesis. It is hypothesized that tumour cells can grow into solid neoplasms by exploiting the host's pre-existing vessels, without the need for new blood vessel formation. Neovascularization, however, may be important for tumours with an exophytic pattern of growth as these, by their very nature, lose the host's sheltering stroma. Shifting to anaerobic glycolysis and activation of anti-apoptotic pathways are complementary mechanisms for tumour cell survival and growth. Besides, continuous and indiscriminate production of a defective vascular network ensures an increased metastatic potential since the newly formed intratumoral vessels, simulating venular-like spaces, are easily permeable to tumour cells, facilitating metastases.     

Intussusceptive microvascular growth in human glioma

Intussusceptive microvascular growth (IMG), which occurs by splitting of the existing vasculature by transluminal pillars or transendothelial bridges, has been demonstrated in several tumors such as colon and mammary carcinomas, melanoma and B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. In this study, we have correlated in human glioma the extent of angiogenesis, evaluated as microvascular density, the immunoreactivity of tumor cells to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vessel diameter and IMG to the tumor stage. Results demonstrate for the first time a relationship in human glioma progression between angiogenesis, VEGF immunoreactivity of tumor cells, vessel diameter and the number of connections of intraluminal tissue folds with the opposite vascular wall, expression of IMG and suggest that IMG could be a mechanism of compensatory vascular growth occurring in human glioma. The advantages are that (1) blood vessels are generated more rapidly; (2) it is energetically and metabolically more economic; (3) the capillaries thereby formed are less leaky.     

人肺癌细胞LALU血管生成过程的形态学观察及意义

目的：观察人肺癌细胞血管生成过程的病理形态学、超微结构特点及意义。方法：采用人肺癌细胞LALU皮下移植瘤模型,以病理动态形态学及透射电镜不同时期肿瘤血管生成状态。结果：光镜显示,人肺癌移植瘤第2天至第10天之间可分为血管生成前期和血管形成期,在肿瘤血管生成的第20天出现肺转移灶。电镜显示,人肺癌移植瘤第2天出现成血管细胞,第4－10天,不成熟血管内皮细胞逐渐形成务管腔伴有较完整的新生基底板,内皮细胞趋向成熟发展,第20天肿瘤血管内皮细胞更成熟,部分区域新生毛细血管基底板发育不全或缺陷。在以上全过程中癌细胞突起直接与成血管细胞、血管内皮细胞及血管壁相连。结论：人肺癌细胞可诱导自身肿瘤血管生成,病理形态学及电镜有其特征性形态学改变,且与转移密切相关,为肺癌的血管导向治疗提供了重要依据。     

Mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis and therapeutic implications: angiogenesis inhibitors

Angiogenesis is the development of new blood vessels from the existing vascular bed. In normal conditions this tightly regulated process occurs only during embryonic development, the female reproductive cycle and wound repair. In contrast, in pathological conditions such as malignant growth, atherosclerosis and diabetic retinopathy, angiogenesis becomes persistent due to an imbalance in the interplay between the positive and negative regulatory signals controlling the process. Thus, the control of tumor neovascularization may lead to new therapeutic approaches. Indeed, several anti-angiogenic drugs are currently undergoing preclinical characterization and/or clinical investigation. Recent achievement has clarified the mechanisms of action leading to pathological angiogenesis and has highlighted the role of hypoxia, growth factors, growth factor-receptors, enzymes and cell adhesion molecules involved in the process. This knowledge has permitted the design of receptor antagonists, adhesion molecule blockers and new targeted vascular approaches including gene therapy.     

Enzyme histochemical studies on tumor blood vessels

The oxygenation, the growth rate and the metastatic potential of a solid tumor depend on its vascularization and, in particular, on angiogenesis; a therapeutic approach affecting angiogenesis has been suggested as an alternative to conventional ones. Especially the study of the metabolism in the cells of the vessel wall should be a useful prerequisite for this approach. In this connection, an enzyme histochemical study was performed to characterize the blood vessels in a solid tumor (Ehrlich carcinoma). The following enzymes were considered: (a) alkaline phosphatase, involved in the transcellular phosphate transport and in the response to inflammatory and growth promoting factors; (b) dihydrofolate reductase, involved in the metabolism of tetrahydrofolate (for the synthesis of nucleic acids and the metabolism of serine and glycine); (c) purine nucleoside phosphorylase, involved in the degradation of purines and, in particular, of extracellular ATP and ADP; (d) xanthine oxidoreductase, engaged in the same degradation path and leading to the formation of urate, a strong antioxidant. Various patterns of enzyme activities were observed in the vessel wall. In particular, thin linear capillaries (presumed to be host capillaries penetrating the tumor) were identified for the intense positivity of alkaline phosphatase, dihydrofolate reductase and purine nucleoside phosphorilase; tortuous capillaries with variable diameters (presumed to be induced by angiogenesis from the host vessels) were negative for the alkaline phosphatase and expressed an heterogeneous pattern for the dihydrofolate reductase. All the data suggest a different vessel behaviour concerning the response to cytokines and to inflammatory stimuli.     

In utero angiopoietin-2 gene delivery remodels placental blood vessel phenotype: a murine model for studying placental angiogenesis

Angiopoietin (Ang)-2, the natural antagonist of the Ang1/Tie2 receptor is a complex regulator of blood vessel plasticity that plays a pivotal role in both vessel sprouting [in the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A] and vessel regression (in the absence of VEGF-A). Based on the spatial and temporal expression of Ang2 throughout human gestation, we recently suggested that the Ang2 may play a pivotal role in placental angiogenesis. Further, to examine this tenet we have developed a novel murine model system in which in utero Ang2 gene delivery via a non-replicating adenoviral expression vector has the potential to manipulate the blood vessel phenotype in vivo during pregnancy. Ang2 overexpression selectively and rapidly remodels the labyrinth perivascular extracellular matrix, subsequently promoting plasticity of the maternal and fetal vessels, which appear honeycombed due to a 2-fold increase in blood vessel luminal area. High levels of Ang2 impair endothelial cell adhesiveness, leading to vascular leakiness with perivascular oedema, which increases placental weight. These observations suggest that the Ang2 overexpression may play a key role in placental vascular remodelling. Furthermore, we suggest a novel new model to study the pathobiology of placental vascularization and the effect of placental blood vessels on fetal phenotype.