不阻断升主动脉低温室颤左室引流技术对犬肺组织保护作用的实验研究

目的： 探讨体外循环不阻断升主动脉低温室颤左室引流技术对犬肺组织的影响。方法： 14只健康成年杂种犬随机分为2组。常规建立体外循环，实验组:不阻断升主动脉，血流降温加心包腔内冰盐水诱导室颤；对照组：阻断升主动脉，经主动脉根部灌注冷晶体停跳液心脏停跳。用ELISA法、免疫组化法检测IL-8、NF-κB及 ICMA-1的表达及光镜下观察犬肺组织形态学变化。结果： 实验组血清IL-8浓度水平显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。实验组肺组织病理损伤较对照组轻；在CPB结束时,两组肺组织的NF-κB和ICAM-1的积分吸光度值(A值)显著增高(P<0.05),但对照组肺组织的NF-κB及ICAM-1的A值显著高于实验组(P<0.05)。结论： 体外循环不阻断升主动脉低温室颤左室引流技术可减轻肺组织的损伤,对肺功能有一定的保护作用。     

肺缺血/再灌注损伤时肺组织及血浆中细胞因子的变化特点

目的： 探讨肺外科中肺缺血/再灌注损伤时细胞因子的变化特点。方法: 66只健康新西兰兔,随机分成2组：Ⅰ组为对照组（n=36）;Ⅱ组为单侧肺循环阻断组(n=30)。术中监测动物平均动脉压和心率;分别于开胸时(Ⅰ组)、缺血1h和再灌注1、2、4、6 h(Ⅰ、Ⅱ组)检测肺组织及血浆中TNF-α、IL-8和IL-10含量。结果: 各组动物术中血流动力学指标平稳。肺组织中TNF-α于再灌注后2-4 h左右出现峰值,IL-8于再灌注后4 h明显升高(P<0.05),IL-10则于再灌注后6 h明显升高(P<0.05);血浆中TNF-α于再灌注后6 h明显升高(P<0.05),IL-8和IL-10虽然有升高的趋势,但并无明显差异。结论: 肺外科中肺缺血/再灌注损伤时TNF-α的峰值较肺移植模型延迟;再灌注后肺组织中TNF-α、IL-8和IL-10均有较明显升高,且血浆中的升高滞后于肺组织中。     

山莨菪碱预处置对大鼠ARDS血清及肺组织中细胞因子的影响

目的 观察山莨菪碱(654-2)预处置对大鼠油酸型急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)血清及肺组织中IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α及IL-10的影响,探讨654-2治疗ARDS的理论基础。方法 经舌下静脉注射油酸复制大鼠ARDS模型,用酶联免疫吸附试验测定血清及肺组织匀浆上清液中IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α和IL-10水平。结果 ARDS组大鼠血清IL-6、TNF-α、IL-10含量和肺组织匀浆上清液中IL-6、IL-10含量明显高于对照组(P<0.01或0.05)。654-2预处置组血清和肺组织中IL-10水平显著高于对照组(P<0.01或0.05)。654-2预处置组血清和肺组织中IL-6、TNF-α含量明显低于ARDS组(P<0.01或0.05),而IL-8和IL-10含量两者无显著性差异。结论 IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α及IL-10在大鼠油酸型ARDS炎症过程中可能起重要作用,654-2可能通过抑制IL-6、TNF-α过度分泌而减轻肺损伤。     

2型糖尿病与细胞因子的相关性研究

目的:探讨2型糖尿病患者血浆白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-8(IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)在糖尿病发生、发展过程中的浓度变化及相互关系。方法:用放射免疫分析检测45例2型糖尿病患者及33例年龄和性别相匹配的健康志愿者血清IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α的水平。结果:①2型糖尿病患者血中IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α水平明显高于对照组(P<0.01);②有合并症患者血清IL-8、TNF-α水平明显高于单纯糖尿病患者(P<0.02);③三种细胞因子间浓度呈正相关(P<0.01)。结论:细胞因子IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α在糖尿病的发生、发展过程中相互作用,观察其浓度变化对探讨糖尿病的发病机理、预防及指导用药均有重要价值。     

自体肺体外循环与常规体外循环对细胞因子影响的实验对比研究

目的:探讨以自体肺取代人工肺的体外循环方法对犬体外循环相关性炎症反应的影响。方法:将12只杂种犬随机分为对照组及实验组(每组6只)。对照组在体外循环(CPB)期间使用膜式氧合器,实验组在CPB期间使用自体肺进行氧合,两组均阻断主动脉90分钟、辅助循环30分钟,于CPB前(T1)、转流后60分钟(T2)、停机后60分钟(T3)、停机后120分钟(T4)抽取动脉血,测定血浆肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα-)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素8(IL-8)和白细胞介素10(IL-10)浓度。结果:两组实验犬血浆TNFα-、IL-6、IL-8和IL-10的浓度,在T2~T4各时点与体外循环前比较均明显增加(P0.01);T2~T4时点实验组血浆TNFα-、IL-6和IL-8浓度明显低于对照组(P0.01),IL-10浓度明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:自体肺体外循环可抑制体外循环过程中促炎细胞因子TNFα-、IL-6和IL-8的释放,促进抗炎细胞因子IL-10的释放,从而减轻常规体外循环引起的全身炎症反应。     

改良心肌保护液在婴幼儿心内直视手术中的应用

背景：目前国内外对于适合未成熟心肌停搏液的研究均未取得突破性进展,通过添加成分来提高现有停搏液对未成熟心肌的保护可能是一个较好的手段。腺苷能减轻缺血和中性粒细胞介导的再灌注损伤;丹参能降低缺血心肌脂质过氧化物含量,增加心肌细胞对氧自由基的清除。 目的：探讨添加腺苷和丹参的改良心肌保护液对心脏、肝脏、肾脏的保护作用。 方法：60例首次心内直视手术婴幼儿随机分为3组,各20例,腺苷组采用改良心肌保护液添加腺苷,联合组采用改良心肌保护液添加腺苷和丹参,对照组采用等容量的改良心肌保护液。于麻醉诱导前、体外循环开始后30 min、体外循环结束后30 min及体外循环结束后24 h采集患儿血标本,检测血清肌酸激酶同工酶、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、尿素氮、肌酐、肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素6、白细胞介素8、白细胞介素10水平变化。 结果与结论：3组患儿血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、尿素氮、肌酐、肌酸激酶同工酶均有升高,但是对照组升高最明显(P < 0.01),腺苷组和联合组比较差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05);肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素6,白细胞介素8水平均比术前显著升高(P < 0.05)。对照组肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素6、白细胞介素8明显高于诱导前以及相同时点腺苷组和联合组的水平(P < 0.01);体外循环结束后30 min及24 h,3组白细胞介素10水平均明显增高,但腺苷组和联合组明显高于对照组(P < 0.01)。提示改良心肌保护液对未成熟心肌有良好的保护作用,能明显降低心内直视手术患儿血浆肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素6、白细胞介素8水平,促进抑制炎细胞因子白细胞介素10的分泌,有效降低由体外循环引发的炎症反应,对心、肺、肝、肾等重要脏器有保护作用。     

牙周炎患者正畸治疗前后血清TNF-α、CRP、sICAM-1及多项白介素水平变化研究

目的:探讨牙周炎患者正畸治疗前后血清TNF-α、CRP、sICAM-1及多白介素水平变化规律。方法:选取进行正畸治疗的40例牙周炎患者为观察组,并选取同期进行治疗的40例不伴牙周炎患者为对照组,将两组患者的治疗前及治疗后1 d及7 d的血清TNF-α、CRP、sICAM-1及IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8水平进行研究比较。结果:经研究发现,治疗前观察组的血清TNF-α、CRP、sICAM-1及IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8水平高于对照组,治疗后1 d有所升高,仍高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),有显著性差异或有非常显著性差异,但治疗后7 d两组患者血清TNF-α、CRP、sICAM-1及IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8水平无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:牙周炎患者正畸治疗患者的血清TNF-α、CRP、sICAM-1及IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8水平变化呈现一定的规律性,但是正畸联合牙周炎治疗可大大改善其水平。     

益生菌结合美沙拉嗪治疗对溃疡性结肠炎患者临床疗效、炎性因子的影响

目的:探讨益生菌结合美沙拉嗪治疗对溃疡性结肠炎患者临床疗效、炎性因子的影响.方法:收集本院2020年2月至2022年1月收治的102例溃疡性结肠炎患者的临床资料,按不同治疗方法分为对照组49例(美沙拉嗪,1 g?d-1,4次?d-1)和观察组53例(益生菌结合美沙拉嗪,每次0.5g,3次?d-1).治疗2 m后,比较两组患者临床疗效,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清白介素-8(Interleukin-8,IL-8)、白介素-6(Interleukin--6,IL-6)、白介素-10(Interleukin-10,IL-10)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)水平,并观察不良反应发生情况.结果:观察组治疗后总有效率明显高于对照组(P<0.05);两组患者治疗后IL-8、IL-6及TNF-α水平均明显低于治疗前,IL-10水平高于治疗前,且观察组IL-8、IL-6及TNF-α水平低于对照组,IL-10水平高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组不良反应发生率与对照组相比无明显差异(P>0.05).结论:美沙拉嗪联合益生菌治疗溃疡性结肠炎效果显著,可改善患者炎性反应,且安全可靠.     

地奥司明对肾缺血/再灌注大鼠血清和肾组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8和IL-10水平的影响

目的:观察地奥司明(DOSM)对肾缺血/再灌注(I/R)大鼠血清和肾组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8和IL-10水平的影响,并探讨其对肾脏的保护机制。方法:180只SD大鼠随机分成3组:假手术组(sham)、肾缺血/再灌注模型组(I/R)和地奥司明+肾缺血/再灌注模型组(DOSM+I/R)。采用ELISA方法测定血清和肾脏组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8和IL-10的水平,同时检测血肌酐(Cr)和尿素氮(BUN)水平。结果:在1 h、3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h和48 h不同时点的血清和肾组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8和IL-10水平在I/R和DOSM+I/R组均显著高于sham组(P<0.01或P<0.05),且在I/R和DOSM+I/R组TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8随病程进展而升高,在I/R组IL-10水平随病程进展降低,而在DOSM+I/R组IL-10水平随病程进展而升高,TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8水平在I/R组显著高于DOSM+I/R组(P<0.05或P<0.01,除血清TNF-α1 h组外),而IL-10水平在DOMS+I/R组显著高于I/R组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。血Cr和BUN水平在DOSM+I/R组显著低于I/R组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:DOSM可减少肾I/R病理过程中促炎性细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8的产生,促进抗炎细胞因子IL-10的产生,有助于减轻I/R时炎性细胞因子瀑布样级联反应,发挥抗炎作用,从而减轻缺血再灌注损伤,保护肾功能。     

亚低温对家兔大脑中动脉梗塞模型脑组织TNF-α与IL-1β表达的影响

目的探讨脑室内低温对家兔大脑中动脉梗塞模型脑组织肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)与白介素-1β(IL-1β)表达的影响。方法选用4~6个月龄雄性家兔20只,随机分为对照组(37℃常温生理盐水)和低温组(22℃低温生理盐水),各10只。应用线栓法建立大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型,进行脑室内穿刺低温液体灌注亚低温干预,24 h后,参照Zea Longa及Bederson检查法进行评分。免疫组织化学方法和Western blot方法检测各组脑组织TNF-α与IL-1β的表达。结果兔神经病学体征评分以及动物行为观察发现,低温组评分明显优于常温组(P0.01)。与对照组相比,低温组家兔脑组织的TNF-α与IL-1β的表达显著降低(P0.01)。结论脑室内穿刺低温干预可能通过调节TNF-α与IL-1β的表达对急性脑梗塞家兔动物模型提供脑保护作用。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.