不同产地金果榄药材中盐酸巴马汀含量比较

（1. ［摘要］目的比较不同产地金果榄药材品质优劣。方法运用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法，以盐酸巴马汀为指标成分作比较。结果湖北省武当山产金果榄药材中盐酸巴马汀含量明显高于其他产地样品。结论该产地品系可进一步培育为中药材规模化生产的优良种质资源。     

白芷近缘野生种兴安白芷的生药学研究

目的 对兴安白芷进行系统的生药学研究以区别于其他白芷类药材.方法 按照常规生药学方法进行来源、性状、显微鉴定,按<中国药典>2005年版白芷项下方法进行薄层鉴别与含量测定.结果 找出了兴安白芷在生药性状、组织构造及化学成分上的主要特征.结论 为白芷种质资源的评价提供了参考依据.     

广西莪术优良种质资源植株形态和药材性状的对比分析

目的：对比分析品质优良的广西莪术的植株形态、药材性状特征,明确优良种质广西莪术的植株形态和药材性状的特征;为选育高产优质的广西莪术品种以及建立广西莪术种质资源数据库提供依据。方法：测量21份优良种质植株苗期、成熟期的外观形态,分析成熟期采收的各种质药材的性状特征。结果：测得苗期、成熟期各种质植株的株高、叶片数、叶长和宽、叶舌长、叶鞘长、叶鞘宽和叶柄长数据;叶鞘、叶柄颜色呈多样;叶片被毛稀疏植株较多,叶基呈偏斜和楔形以及叶端呈细尾状渐尖和短渐尖形状;各种质材料苗期、成熟期生长外观形态差别较大,有明显的种间差异;比较各种质药材性状特征的异同。结论：广西莪术植株形态与药材性状具有丰富的多样性,其植株形态和药材性状与其产量和挥发油含量无直接关系,但各种质材料的植株形态和药材性状代表各植株的外观特征,在选育良种时可作为形态特征来甄别。     

不同种质资源的巴戟天化学成分的指纹图谱研究

目的建立巴戟天含蒽醌类化学成分HPLC指纹图谱的分析方法,研究不同种质资源的巴戟天药材的质量。方法采用梯度洗脱的方法进行色谱分离,使用计算机辅助相似度评价软件进行数据处理,对不同种质资源的巴戟天药材指纹图谱的相似度进行比较分析。结果规范化种植基地巴戟天药材指纹图谱相似度较好,但不同种质资源的巴戟天药材指纹图谱有明显的差异。结论所用方法稳定,重复性好,可用于评价不同类型巴戟天药材的质量;不同种质资源的巴戟天药材含蒽醌类化合物化学组成相似,但相对比例有明显的差异。     

石斛属27种药用植物的性状鉴定特征比较

目的 比较中国西南地区产27种石斛属药用植物药材(茎)的性状特征,为石斛药材质量标准的制定提供依据.方法 考察药材来源,并比较性状鉴定.结果 描述了27种石斛属药用植物药材的性状鉴别特征.结论 可为石斛属药用植物药材的准确鉴定提供参考.     

黄柏等生药的真伪鉴定

<正>黄连、黄柏、厚朴、(炙)厚朴、栀子等是几种常用药材,但伪品较多,本试验结合医院日常工作经验,分别对黄连、黄柏、厚朴、(炙)厚朴、栀子药材进行了性状、显微、理化鉴定。以2010版药典规定的药材性状特征为判断依据,结合经验观察进行了性状外观鉴定,并对几个批次药材做了差异性分类,为以后医院所采购中药的鉴别工作积累经验。     

黑龙江寒地山区及平原栽培西洋参生药学研究

本文对黑龙江省山区及平原栽培的西洋参进行了药材性状、显微构造、粉末特征、薄层鉴定和主要化学成分的观察和研究，并与美国产商品西洋参及野生西洋参进行了比较，除在性状和显微构造及人参总皂甙上与野生西洋参略有差异外，其它则优于进口同类商品。     

野生与栽培栀子中4种主要有效成分含量的比较

目的：比较野生、栽培（庭院及GAP）种植的中药栀子中主要有效成分含量的差异。方法：采用HPLC—DAD法，同时在240，330，440nm3个波长下对野生、栽培及GAP种植的中药栀子中4种主要有效成分的含量进行测定。结果：各有效成分在各自浓度范围内线性关系良好；方法精密度、稳定性良好；平均回收率均大于98．1％；该方法下，样品在24h内稳定。野生栀子中栀子苷、栀子酸及氯原酸的含量明显高于栽培栀子，而藏红花素1的含量则低于栽培品。结论：采用多波长检测方法，同时对栀子中多种有效成分的含量进行检测，可以更全面地反映中药的物质信息，使得对不同种植方式的栀子药材的质量评价更科学、严谨。     

黔产黄精的多糖含量测定

目的：对黔产野生和栽培黄精药材和饮片进行多糖含量测定,为准确评价黔产黄精药材及饮片的质量,进一步开发和利用黔产黄精资源服务。方法：利用紫外分光光度法对不同品种、不同产地、不同生长环境的药材及不同炮制方法的黄精饮片进行多糖含量测定。结果：栽培黄精药材中多糖含量较野生黄精要高;不同产地的野生黄精样品中贵州水城产黄精多糖含量最高;不同产地的栽培黄精样品中贵州绥阳产黄精多糖含量最高。结论：不同产地的栽培、野生黄精药材多糖含量有明显区别;不同炮制方法所得的栽培、野生黄精饮片的多糖含量有明显区别。     

不同种质资源山药同属药材腺苷含量比较分析

目的：探明不同种质资源山药同属药材作为山药商品药材使用的依据。方法采用高效液相色谱法测定不同种质资源山药同属药材腺苷含量。结果不同种质资源山药同属药材褐苞薯蓣、参薯和山薯腺苷平均含量分别为0.1250%、0.0850%和0.0950%,其中褐苞薯蓣和山薯的腺苷含量高于薯蓣根茎（山药）腺苷含量（0.0946%）。种质来源于福建邵武产褐苞薯蓣、福建永春参薯、广西合浦山薯的腺苷含量为相应类群药材中腺苷含量最高,分别为0.2163%、0.2018%和0.1201%。结论褐苞薯蓣、参薯和山薯作为山药长期药用及食用是有科学根据的。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.