膝关节屈曲挛缩畸形全膝关节置换术的软组织平衡

目的探索膝关节屈曲挛缩畸形施行全膝关节置换术的软组织平衡方法。方法采用针对性的软组织平衡程序对33例膝关节屈曲挛缩大于20°(20°~60°)的患者在全膝关节置换术中进行软组织松解,回顾性分析患者术前畸形程度、术中软组织松解情况、术后畸形矫正和膝关节功能等。结果33例患者中20例(60.6%)仅靠软组织松解即可在手术中基本矫正膝关节的屈曲畸形,术中需行股骨远端2次截骨者不到40%,且均为屈曲挛缩大于30°的患者。屈曲挛缩大于40°的患者,除松解紧张侧侧副韧带外,均需松解内外两侧后方关节囊;屈曲挛缩小于40°时,内外翻畸形越严重,两侧后方关节囊需要同时松解的概率越低。临床疗效显示,术中除2例仍残留5°和8°屈曲挛缩畸形外,其余31例患者术中均能完全伸直。随访31.3个月(6~66个月),膝关节评分(HSS评分)由术前的平均28.8分增加到平均79.2分,膝关节平均屈曲挛缩1.3°(-3°~10°)。膝关节活动范围(ROM)由术前平均57.69°增加至97.69°。结论软组织松解是矫正膝关节屈曲挛缩的主要手段,对不同的膝关节疾病和畸形程度其术中软组织松解方法各不相同。良好合理的软组织平衡仍可使高度屈曲挛缩的膝关节在全膝关节置换术后获得明显的功能恢复和畸形矫正。     

重症类风湿性关节炎膝关节屈曲挛缩畸形全膝关节置换术的软组织平衡

目的 探讨重症类风湿性关节炎膝关节屈曲挛缩畸形患者行全膝关节置换(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)软组织平衡的方法及疗效. 方法 1997年11月-2006年5月,收治38例重症类风湿性关节炎膝关节屈曲挛缩畸形患者.男8例,女30例:年龄48～71岁,平均58.2岁.病程2年4个月～16年,平均7.6年.术前膝关节屈曲挛缩(38.2 4±11.3)°,关节活动度为(49.1 q±17.8)° HSS评分为(23.9 q±16.9)分.患者均初次行双侧TKA.术前根据屈曲挛缩畸形程度分为轻度(≤20°)5例,中度(20～60°)26例,重度(≥60°)7例.术中在准确截骨的基础上,对于不同程度的膝关节屈曲畸形采取不同的软组织平衡方法,将软组织松解与平衡归结为后房室结构的松解、内外侧副韧带的平衡等. 结果 术中除5例膝关节残留5～10°屈曲挛缩畸形外,33例患者膝关节均能完全伸直.术后3～6 d 5膝发生下肢深静脉栓塞,术后1周3膝出现皮下浅部感染,经对症处理后愈合.38例患者均获随访,随访时间10个月～8年,中位随访时间37个月.患者膝关节屈曲挛缩度为(2.4 4±5.7) °,关节活动度为(96.3 4±14.6) °,膝关节HSS评分为(81.7 4±10.4)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).HSS评分获优27例(71.05%),良6例(15.79%),可5例(13.16%),优良率达86.84%. 结论 软组织平衡是矫正膝关节屈曲挛缩畸形的主要手段,合理的软组织平衡可避免过量截骨,使屈曲挛缩的膝关节在TKA术后获得明显的畸形矫正、活动度增加和功能恢复.     

人工全膝关节置换术治疗单侧膝内翻合并屈曲挛缩畸形的临床分析

目的对人工全膝关节置换术(TKA)治疗单侧膝内翻合并屈曲挛缩畸形进行临床分析。方法对15例膝内翻(内翻角度5～20°)合并屈曲挛缩畸形(屈曲畸形角度>20°)患者行人工全膝关节置换术。分析术中软组织的松解、下肢力线的恢复以及术后双下肢的等长问题。结果术中除1例原屈曲挛缩角度60°者手术矫正后仍残留5°屈曲,其余14例术后均达到膝关节完全伸直。结论对于膝内翻合并屈曲挛缩畸形,股骨、胫骨要求对线准确,保证假体置入后股骨头中心、膝关节中心与踝关节中心位于一条直线,使力线得到矫正;软组织松解的平衡要求每完成一步都要进行测量,预防术后关节不稳;下肢长度要恢复等长,防止术后跛行。     

屈曲挛缩畸形的膝关节置换术

目的：探讨屈曲挛缩畸形的膝关节行关节置换的方法及疗效。方法：收集膝关节屈曲挛缩畸形病例56例,63膝,行膝关节置换。分别记录术前术后膝关节畸形程度,HSS评分,活动范围。并进行比较。结果：所有病例获得随访,屈曲挛缩畸形均得到改善,膝关节HSS评分由术前20．7分提高到术后平均73．6分。膝关节活动范围由术前平均32．6°（0°～55°）提高到术后平均92．7°（80°～125°）。结论：晚期骨性关节病所致的屈曲挛缩畸形的膝关节行膝关节置换术,着重注意软组织松解,力线调整。疗效满意。     

人工全膝关节置换术治疗单侧膝内翻合并屈曲挛缩畸形效果观察

目的探讨人工全膝关节置换术治疗单侧膝内翻合并屈曲挛缩畸形的效果。方法对28例单侧膝内翻合并屈曲挛缩畸形患者应用人工全膝关节置换术治疗,术后随访12个月,比较治疗前后膝关节股胫角、屈曲挛缩度、膝关节屈伸活动度和HSS评分及疗效。结果患者均顺利完成手术。随访12个月,患者膝关节股胫角,屈曲挛缩度,膝关节屈伸活动度与治疗前比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);依据膝关节HSS评分治疗优良率92.86%(26/28),未出现下肢不等长、跛行和严重感染等。结论人工全膝关节置换术治疗单侧膝关节内翻合并屈曲挛缩畸形,可明显改善膝关节功能,效果确切。术中软组织松解是矫正膝关节内翻屈曲挛缩畸形的关键。     

便携式步态分析仪量化评价全膝关节置换病人的步态特征

[目的]利用便携式步态分析仪了解患者膝关节置换前后的步态参数变化及特点,指导全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)后的康复治疗,进而得出适用于临床的评价方式。[方法]通过便携式步态分析仪对行单侧TKA的患者进行术前及术后3个月的步态分析,评估术后步态参数改善程度。[结果]患者手术侧肢体摆动时间、步幅持续时间、摆腿强度、蹬地强度、跖屈强度、步速、步频、步长、步幅及行走中活动度在行TKA后3个月有明显改善。[结论]1全膝关节置换患者术后3个月疼痛明显减轻,膝关节活动度增加,功能得到良好改善;2对于术后康复锻炼,除常规增加膝关节活动锻炼外,还应加强股四头肌的锻炼,以增强术后膝关节稳定性,改善功能;3便携式步态分析仪(portable motion analyzer,PMA)可以客观地记录全膝关节置换患者术前及术后的步态参数,对评价手术效果及指导功能康复具有一定的参考价值。     

全膝关节置换术后的手法松解

背景：全膝关节置换术后初期对部分屈曲角度不能超过90°的患者可能须进行麻醉下的手法松解，以改善关节活动度。本目的是评价全膝置换术后手法松解的治疗效果。方法：90例患者（113膝）因术后平均10周时患膝屈曲角度≤90。而进行了手法松解。分别于全膝关节置换术之前、手术、手法松解前、手法松解后即刻以及术后6个月、1年、3年、5年以量角器测量膝关节的屈曲角度。黑：90例患者中81例（90％）在手法松解后膝关节屈曲角度获得改善。膝关节平均屈曲角度在全膝关节置换术前102°，中皮肤缝合后111°，手法松解前70°。术后5年随访时膝关节屈曲角度较手法松解前平均提高35°（p〈0．0001，配对t检）。术后12周之内进行手法松解的患者与术后12周之后进行手法松解的患者相比，平均屈膝角度的改善程度无显著差，最终仍进行手法松解的患者其术前膝关节协会疼痛评分明显低于未进行手法松解的患者（更痛，p=0．0027）。结论手法松解可以改善全膝关节置换术后膝关节屈曲角度。术前疼痛明显的患者术后更趋向于须手法松解。可信水平：治疗性研究，Ⅲ级。进一步可信度参见作者介绍。     

腘动脉与膝关节后囊间隙阻滞联合收肌管阻滞对全膝关节置换术后镇痛的影响

目的比较腘动脉与膝关节后囊间隙(IPACK)阻滞联合收肌管阻滞(ACB)与坐骨神经阻滞(SNB)联合ACB的镇痛效果和对阻滞后小腿三头肌肌力的影响。方法选择择期行单侧全膝关节置换术(TKA)患者50例,男13例,女37例,年龄50～80岁,BMI 18～39 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。随机分为两组:IPACK阻滞联合ACB组(IA组)和SNB联合ACB组(SA组),每组25例。麻醉诱导前分别在超声引导下采取0.25%罗哌卡因实施相应神经阻滞。IA组行IPACK阻滞(20 ml)和ACB(10 ml);SA组行SNB(20 ml)和ACB(10 ml)。确认阻滞效果后,实施喉罩全麻。手术结束后,患者均采用静脉自控镇痛。记录术前1 d、离开PACU即刻、术后4、8、24、48 h及术后90 d静息及活动时VAS疼痛评分。记录术后48 h舒芬太尼用量、镇痛泵按压次数和补救镇痛例数。记录离开PACU、术后4、8、24、48 h小腿三头肌和股四头肌肌力。结果与SA组比较,IA组镇痛效果并不劣于SA组,VAS疼痛评分差值的95%CI上限均低于预设值1.0。IA组小腿三头肌肌力在出PACU即刻、术后4、8 h明显优于SA组(P0.001)。两组术后48 h内舒芬太尼用量、镇痛泵按压次数、补救镇痛率和股四头肌肌力差异无统计学意义。结论 IPACK阻滞联合ACB可提供与SNB联合ACB相当的术后镇痛效果,同时又最大限度的保留小腿三头肌肌力。     

人工膝关节置换术患者的步态分析

目的 研究人工膝关节置换术患者的步态特征.方法 通过VICON步态分析仪对2005年3月～2006年4月期间行人工膝关节置换术的22例患者术前、术后步态进行分析.结果 人工膝关节置换术后,患者步态参数及关节屈曲角度在6个月以内明显改善,术后1年患者步态仍未达到正常人群的水准.结论 对人工膝关节置换术患者进行步态分析能够准确地描述患者真实的步态.     

膝关节屈曲畸形的全膝关节置换术

目的探讨全膝关节置换术对矫正膝关节屈曲畸形所采用的方法和临床经验。方法 46例膝关节屈曲畸形患者均行常规后稳定型膝关节置换术。结果 40例屈曲畸形患者得以完全矫正,2例残留<5°的屈曲,3例残留5°～10°的屈曲,1例残留10°～15°的屈曲。随访时间0.5～2 a,平均1.8 a。KSS膝关节评分由术前平均29分提高至81分,功能评分由术前平均32分提高至84分。结论全膝关节置换术时,彻底松解膝关节周围软组织、保护软组织平衡,可以适当增加股骨远端和胫骨平台的截骨,是矫正屈曲畸形的有效方法。     

Classification and treatment of postburn proximal interphalangeal joint flexion contractures in children

Two hundred and sixty-four surgically treated proximal interphalangeal joint flexion contractures in children were reviewed. A classification system on the basis of contracture severity was devised to assess the efficacy of treatment. Contracture severity was determined from preoperative radiographs and physical examination. Eighty-eight percent of the digits were successfully treated (postoperative contracture less than 20 degrees). Unsatisfactory results (12% of digits) were directly proportional to the severity of the contracture and tended to occur in older children with large total body surface burns. The time interval between burn and contracture release did not correlate with contracture severity or therapeutic failure. The most common cause of an unsatisfactory result was failure to fully release the contracture.     

Follow-up study after treatment of knee flexion contractures in spina bifida patients

Knee flexion contractures in spina bifida patients are seen in all levels of paralysis. The majority is encountered in children with thoracolumbar lesions. Positional deformation, spinal reflex activity, fractures around the knee joint and a weak quadriceps are the main causes of the flexion deformity of the knee. One hundred and forty-five knee flexion contractures in 80 children have been treated between 1980 and 1995; 15 with unilateral contracture, 65 with bilateral involvement. The age at the time of correction in 38 patients with thoracolumbar lesions was between 24 months and 11 years (average, 7.7 years). In 42 patients with sacral or lumbosacral lesions, the age at the time of correction was between 10 and 19 years (average, 16.3 years). Associated surgery was mainly carried out on hip flexors, adductors and triceps surae. Complete posterior release was practiced in thoracolumbar lesions including posterior capsulotomy and release of the posterior cruciate ligament. In lumbosacral lesions, the lengthened tendons are sutured to prevent flexor weakness in the postoperative course. Vascular and neurologic structures are spared. Postoperative serial casts are helpful to achieve full extension without vascular or skin troubles. The long-term results were very good in 59 patients with 106 knees, good in 16 patients with 29 knees, and unsatisfactory in 5 patients with 10 knees. Slow deterioration years after surgery can be anticipated. The main causes are lack of personal initiative to stand and to walk, and obesity.     

N-phenylethyl amitriptyline in rat sciatic nerve blockade

BACKGROUND: The antidepressant amitriptyline is commonly used orally for the treatment of chronic pain, particularly neuropathic pain, which is thought to be caused by high-frequency ectopic discharge. Among its many properties, amitriptyline is a potent Na(+) channel blocker in vitro, has local anesthetic properties in vivo, and confers additional blockade at high stimulus-discharge rates (use-dependent blockade). As with other drug modifications, adding a phenylethyl group to obtain a permanently charged quaternary ammonium derivative may improve these advantageous properties. METHODS: The electrophysiologic properties of N-phenylethyl amitriptyline were assessed in cultured neuronal GH(3) cells with the whole cell mode of the patch clamp technique, and the therapeutic range and toxicity were evaluated in the rat sciatic nerve model. RESULTS: In vitro, N-phenylethyl amitriptyline at 10 microm elicits a greater block of Na(+) channels than amitriptyline (resting block of approximately 90% vs. approximately 15%). This derivative also retains the attribute of amitriptyline in evoking high-degree use-dependent blockade during repetitive pulses. In vivo, duration to full recovery of nociception in the sciatic nerve model was 1,932 +/- 72 min for N-phenylethyl amitriptyline at 2.5 mm (n = 7) versus 72 +/- 3 min for lidocaine at 37 mm (n = 4; mean +/- SEM). However, there was evidence of neurotoxicity at 5 mm. CONCLUSION: N-phenylethyl amitriptyline appears to have a narrow therapeutic range but is much more potent than lidocaine, providing a block duration several times longer than any clinically used local anesthetic. Further work in animal models of neuropathic pain will assess the potential use of this drug.     

Double V-Y flap for correction of proximal interphalangeal joint flexion contractures

A double V-Y flap made up of skin available at the site is an alternative to grafts or cross-finger flaps for release of proximal interphalangeal joint contractures. After the initial incision, the technique involves loosening of the contracted skin so that perpendicular nutrient microvessels are preserved. Suggested postoperative management includes subcutaneous dorsal Kirschner wires to maintain extension without jeopardizing the vascular supply of the flap and gentle stretching of the skin as soon as the wires are removed. Three cases are presented to illustrate the variety of applications of double V-Y technique.     

Alkalinisation of bupivacaine for sciatic nerve blockade

This double-blind study investigates the effect of pH adjustment of bupivacaine 0.5% with adrenaline 1:200,000 on block latency, duration of analgesia and systemic absorption of local anaesthetic after sciatic nerve blockade. Twenty-four adult patients were randomly allocated into one of two groups: Group A (n = 12) received bupivacaine with adrenaline 1:200,000 (pH 3.9) 2 mg/kg, while Group B (n = 12) received alkalinised bupivacaine with adrenaline 1:200,000 (pH 6.4) 2 mg/kg. Increasing the pH of the local anaesthetic solution significantly reduced block latency from 25 minutes in Group A to 12.5 minutes in Group B (p less than 0.001) and prolonged the duration of useful analgesia from 14.1 hours to 18.3 hours (p less than 0.001). There was no significant difference in plasma bupivacaine levels between the two groups. The results indicate that alkalinisation of bupivacaine reduces time to onset and prolongs the duration of useful analgesia when used for sciatic nerve blockade, without significantly increasing systemic absorption.     

Amitriptyline versus bupivacaine in rat sciatic nerve blockade

BACKGROUND: Amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, is frequently used orally for the management of chronic pain. To date there is no report of amitriptyline producing peripheral nerve blockade. The authors therefore investigated the local anesthetic properties of amitriptyline in rats and in vitro. METHODS: Sciatic nerve blockade was performed with 0.2 ml amitriptyline or bupivacaine at selected concentrations, and the motor, proprioceptive, and nociceptive blockade was evaluated. Cultured rat GH3 cells were externally perfused with amitriptyline or bupivacaine, and the drug affinity toward inactivated and resting Na+ channels was assessed under whole-cell voltage clamp conditions. In addition, use-dependent blockade of these drugs at 5 Hz was evaluated. RESULTS: Complete sciatic nerve blockade for nociception was obtained with amitriptyline for 217 +/- 19 min (5 mM, n = 8, mean +/- SEM) and for 454 +/- 38 min (10 mM, n = 7) versus bupivacaine for 90 +/- 13 min (15.4 mM, n = 6). The time to full recovery of nociception for amitriptyline was 353 +/- 12 min (5 mM) and 656 +/- 27 min (10 mM) versus 155 +/- 9 min for bupivacaine (15.4 mM). Amitriptyline was approximately 4.7-10.6 times more potent than bupivacaine in binding to the resting channels (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] of 39.8 +/- 2.7 vs. 189.6 +/- 22.3 microM) at - 150 mV, and to the inactivated Na+ channels (IC50 of 0.9 +/- 0.1 vs. 9.6 +/- 0.9 microM) at -60 mV. High-frequency stimulation at 3 microM caused an additional approximately 14% blockade for bupivacaine, but approximately 50% for amitriptyline. CONCLUSION: Amitriptyline is a more potent blocker of neuronal Na+ channels than bupivacaine in vivo and in vitro. These findings suggest that amitriptyline could extend its clinical usefulness for peripheral nerve blockade.     

大鼠坐骨神经损伤修复后近端轴突再生的初步研究

目的 采用生长相关蛋白-43(GAP-43)对SD大鼠坐骨神经近端新生轴突进行标记,观察坐骨神经损伤修复后近端轴突再生过程.方法 64只SPF级SD大鼠于右侧坐骨神经分叉以上5mm处切断坐骨神经,分别采用原位缝合以及生物可溶性甲壳质套管小间隙(2 mm)缝合方法进行修复,分别于术后1、3、7及14 d取材.观察神经缝合处组织大体形态;套管内坐骨神经生长状态;近端新生轴突形态,并应用图像分析方法对新生轴突数目进行定量分析.结果 套管小间隙缝合组大鼠神经缝合处粘连情况较轻.免疫荧光染色显示:术后14 d,新生纤维神经干形成圆锥形向前生长.形态规则均一.原位缝合组大鼠缝合处粘连较重,新生轴突于7 d左右长过缝合点,坐骨神经远端新生轴突散在分布,形态不规则.免疫荧光染色图像分析结果显示:大鼠坐骨神经损伤修复后,术后3 d原位缝合组新生轴突数目较套管缝合组多.差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);术后7 d套管小间隙缝合组大鼠坐骨神经开始大量再生;术后14 d左右,套管小间隙缝合组新生轴突数目显著高于原位缝合组(P<0.05).结论 甲壳质套管具有良好的生物相容性,套管内新生轴突前沿以圆锥形向前生长,新生轴突形态较原位缝合组好,套管小间隙修复7 d后新生轴突数目开始较原位缝合组多.本实验主要观察了两种术式修复后大鼠坐骨神经新生轴突的生长规律,也从组织学角度解释了生物套管小间隙套接方法的再生效果比原位缝合效果好的可能原因所在.