劳拉西泮片在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性

目的研究劳拉西泮片(镇静药)在中国健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性。方法健康志愿者20名,随机双交叉单剂量口服试验和参比制剂劳拉西泮片3mg;于服药后48h内,抽取静脉血;用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中劳拉西泮浓度;用3P97药代动力学程序计算相对生物利用度并评价2种制剂生物等效性。结果劳拉西泮的药代动力学参数Cmax分别为(35.77±6.84),(36.95±4.60)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(2.38±0.56),(2.23±0.48)h;t1/2(Ke)分别为(13.72±2.07),(13.83±2.49)h;AUC(0-48)分别为(542.19±84.33),(527.53±63.52)ng·h·mL-1;AUC(0-inf)分别为(605.22±93.52),(599.37±71.56)ng·h·mL-1。试验制剂与参比制剂的相对生物利用度F=(103.5±15.9)%。结论2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊的人体药物动力学和生物等效性研究

目的 研究奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊在人体内药动学和生物等效性.方法 健康志愿者20名,随机双交叉单剂量口服通化神源药业有限公司研制的奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊(试验制剂)和海口康元制药有限公司生产的奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊(参比制剂),剂量分别为40 mg,剂间间隔为1周.分别于服药后12 h内多点抽取静脉血,用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定血浆中奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊的浓度.用DAS(Drug And Statistics,version 2.0)药动学程序计算相对生物利用度并评价两种制剂生物等效性.AUC0-12,AUC(0-inf)和Cmax经方差分析和双单侧t检验,Tmax进行秩和检验.结果 单剂量口服奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊试验和参比制剂后,血浆奥美拉唑的Cmax分别为(1 146.77±386.58)ng·mL-1和(1 138.93±360.90)ng·mL-1;Tmax分别为(2.40±0.53 )h和(2.28±0.44)h;AUC(0-12)分别为(4 853.61±1 960.52)ng·h·mL-1和(4743.06±1 740.71)ng·h·mL-1;AUC(0-inf)分别为(5 111.76±2 031.72)ng·h·mL-1和(4 942.71±1 833.39)ng·h·mL-1.AUC(0-12)的90%可信区间为94.6～106.3%,AUC(0-inf)的90%可信区间为96.5～107.2%,Cmax的90%可信区间为95.9～104.3%.结论 试验制剂与参比制剂的人体相对生物利用度为(101.32±14.90)%,试验制剂与参比制剂具有生物学等效性.     

盐酸利托君片在中国健康志愿者体内的生物等效性

目的:研究不同生产厂家生产的利托君片的生物等效性。方法:根据身高体重相近原则,18例健康女性受试者采用双周期两交叉给药方案,分别一次性口服2片(10 mg.片-1)试验盐酸利托君片或参比盐酸利托君片,用LC-MS/MS内标法测定健康受试者血浆中盐酸利托君浓度,采用DAS 2.0.1软件计算药动学参数,并进行2种制剂的生物等效性评价。结果:经药动学参数计算其参比药t1/2=(2.623±1.223)h,Cmax=(12.425±6.891)ng·mL-1,Tmax=(0.769±0.555)h,AUC0~t=(28.416±9.102)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0~∞=(33.199±12.338)ng·h·mL-1;试验制剂t1/2=(2.539±0.670)h,Cmax=(14.475±11.262)ng·mL-1,Tmax=(0.741±0.509)h,AUC0~t=(30.499±11.402)ng·h·mL-1、AUC0~∞=(34.258±12.094)ng·h·mL-1。试验制剂的相对生物利用度AUC0~t=(109.6±23.0)%,AUC0~∞=(108.0±26.2)%。结论:受试制剂与参比...     

阿奇霉素软胶囊在健康志愿者的药代动力学与相对生物利用度

目的建立人血浆中阿奇霉素(大环内酯类抗生素)的高效液相色谱-质谱测定方法,用于研究阿奇霉素软胶囊在人体的药代动力学及相对生物利用度。方法18例健康男性志愿者单剂量口服阿奇霉素软胶囊受试制剂或参比制剂500mg后,用建立的方法测定阿奇霉素的血药浓度,用3P97药代动力学软件求算药代动力学参数,以双单侧t检验进行生物等效性评价。结果受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数:Cmax分别为(676.6±283.1),(663.4±298.3)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.9±0.5),(2.0±0.6)h;t1/2分别为(50.4±14.3),(49.1±14.5)h;AUC0-144分别为(5025.1±881.9),(4857.5±946.8)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(5827.3±898.0),(5638.9±998.5)ng·h·mL-1。相对生物利用度为F0-144=(105.8±22.8)%。结论2制剂为生物等效制剂。     

洛伐他汀胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性研究

目的:考察两种洛伐他汀胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性.方法:20名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服试验制剂或参比制剂,采用LC/MS/MS法测定全血中药物浓度,用DAS2.1软件计算药代动力学参数.结果:试验制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数如下:t1/2分别为(4.67±2.34),(5.30±2.62)h;tmax分别为(1.90±0.50),(2.13±0.39)h;Cmax分别为(8.37±0.84),(8.29±1.00)ng·mL-1;AUC0-t分别为(32.25±6.49),(32.71±7.59)ng.h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(33.62±6.94),(34.71±8.62)ng·h·mL-1.试验制剂的相对生物利用度F=(99.60±8.30)%.结论:受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

硝呋太尔人体药代动力学研究

目的:进行硝呋太尔试验制剂(T)与参比制剂(R)健康志愿者体内药代动力学和相对生物利用度研究.方法:20名健康男性受试者随机交叉单剂量口服试验制剂和参比制剂各400mg,用液相色谱法测定给药后不同时间的血浆浓度,计算主要的药代动力学参数.结果:硝呋太尔试验制剂(T)与参比制剂(R)单剂量口服的主要药动学参数T1/2分别为(3.62±0.79)h和(3.58±1.05)h,Tmax分别为(2.33±0.29)h和(2.30±0.34)h,Cmax分别为(46.36±20.18)ng/mL和(44.89±19.89)ng/mL,AUC0-12分别为(143.37±36.30)ng·h·mL-1和(139.81±38.43)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞分别为(159.22±44.39)ng·h·mL-1和(155.02±43.23)ng·h·mL-1.试验制剂硝呋太尔片相对生物利用度F为(103.13±8.73)%.结论:对AUC0～12,AUC0-∞、Cmax和Tmax分别进行方差分析后,进行双单侧检验及90%置信限判断,两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

苯磺酸氨氯地平片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究苯磺酸氨氯地平片(抗高血压药)的相对生物利用度,并求证该制剂的生物等效性.方法 24名男性健康受试者随机交叉给药,先后口服单剂量试验制剂及参比制剂苯磺酸氨氯地平片剂5 mg,采用LC-MS/MS法测定血药浓度,计算2者的药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度,并评价2制剂的生物等效性.结果 口服试验制剂及参比制剂5 mg的主要药代动力学参数如下:t1/2分别为(47.15±17.28)、(43.22 ± 16.63)h;tmax分别为(5.81±2.09)、(6.38±2.33)h;Cmax分别为(4.77±1.28)、(4.37±1.14)ng·mL-1;AUC0-t分别为(176.39±57.95)、(182.55±58.36)ng·mL-1h;AUC0-t分别为(185.65±59.01)、(192.83±62.72)ng·mL-1h;试验制剂对于参比制剂的平均相对生物利用度F值:AUC0-t为(98.1±18.5)%,AUC0-∞为(98.6±20.0)%;tmax经非参数检验无显著性差异,试验制剂的平均生物利用度(AUC0-t、AUC0-∞)均大于98%,2种制剂的Cmax、AUC0-t和AUC0-∞双向单侧t检验和[1-2α]置信区间法的等效性分析均为合格,tmax经非参数秩和检验无显著性差异.结论 2种氨氯地平片剂为生物等效制剂.     

佐米曲普坦片及胶囊的人体生物等效性研究

目的:比较受试佐米曲普坦片和胶囊与阿斯利康公司生产的参比佐米曲普坦片在健康人体内的药代动力学过程,并评价其生物等效性.方法:24名健康男性志愿者按体重配对、随机三交叉单剂量口服佐米曲普坦 5 mg,用高效液相色谱质谱选择性离子检测的内标法,测定血浆中药物浓度.结果:单剂量口服佐米曲普坦参比制剂和2种受试制剂 5 mg 后,三者的主要药代动力学参数:参比制剂、受试片剂、受试胶囊的AUC0-14分别为46.13±15.41 ng·h·mL-1,45.94±17.56 ng·h·mL-1,45.73±15.24 ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为48.30±15.93 ng·h·mL-1,47.85±18.22 ng·h·mL-1,47.91±16.10 ng·h·mL-1;cmax分别为8.84±2.86 ng·mL-1,8.90±3.23 ng·mL-1,8.42±2.53 ng·mL-1;tmax分别为2.2±1.4 h,2.3±1.0 h,2.7±1.2 h;t1/2(Kel)分别为2.92±0.62 h,2.85±0.61 h,2.88±0.38 h;MRT分别为4.94±0.72 h,4.88±0.67 h,4.97±0.54 h.由AUC0-14计算2种受试制剂相对生物利用度分别为99.6%±17.5%,100.8%±15.9%.结论:2种受试制剂与参比制剂生物等效.     

石杉碱甲缓释片多剂量给药在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究石杉碱甲缓释片(中枢兴奋药)多剂量给药在健康人体的相对生物利用度及生物等效性.方法 采用双周期自身随机交叉试验设计.24名健康受试者多次口服试验制剂或参比制剂,用液相色谱-串联质谱测定血浆中药物浓度,药代动力学参数用DAS软件处理获得.结果 试验制剂石杉碱甲缓释片组与参比制剂石杉碱甲片组的Cmin(ss)分别为(0.54±0.21)和(0.78±0.20)ng·mL-1;Cmax(ss)分别为(1.65±0.45)和(1.83±0.37)ng·mL-1;Css分别为(1.05±0.28)和(1.22±0.28)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(3.50±1.90)和(1.10±0.40)h;AUC0-t(ss)分别为(30.70±8.20)和(35.10±8.93)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞(ss)分别为(36.90±10.30)和(41.30±11.10)ng·h·mL-1;AUCss分别为(25.30±6.80)和(14.60±3.41)ng·h·mL-1;受试制剂的生物利用度F0-tn为(87.7±11.6)%.受试制剂和参比制剂的AUC0-t和AUC0-∞经对数转换后进行方差分析,2制剂间无显著性差异(P＞0.05).2制剂间tmax有显著差异(P＜0.05),受试制剂tmax明显比参比制剂有所延长,具有缓释的特征.结论 国产石杉碱甲缓释片与石杉碱甲片具有生物等效性,同时受试制剂具有明显的缓释特征.     

加替沙星分散片的人体药动学及生物等效性研究

目的 研究加替沙星分散片的人体药动学和生物等效性.方法 健康志愿者20名,随机双交叉单剂量口服加替沙星分散片(试验制剂)和加替沙星片(参比制剂),剂量分别为400 mg,剂间间隔为1周.分别于服药后24 h内多点抽取静脉血;用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定血浆中加替沙星的浓度.用DAS药动学程序计算相对生物利用度并评价两种制剂生物等效性.AUC(0-24),UC(0-inf)和Cmax经方差分析和双单侧t检验,max进行秩和检验.结果 单剂量口服试验和参比制剂后血浆中的加替沙星的Cmax分别为(3.75±0.74)mg·L-1和(3.88±0.77)mg·L-1;Tmax分别为(0.81±0.31)h和(1.31±0.55)h;AUC(0-24)分别为(18.48±3.69)mg·h·L-1和(18.45±2.67)mg·h·L-1;AUC(0-inf)分别为(19.24±3.64)mg·h·L-1和(19.20±2.66)mg·h·L-1.AUC(0-24)、AUC(0-inf)和Cmax的90%可信区间分别为91.8%～107.2%、92.1%～107.2%和90.4%～103.0%.结论 试验与参比制剂的人体相对生物利用度为(101.01±19.26)%,两制剂具有生物学等效性.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.