3042例上消化道出血患者病因分析及护理对策

目的 探讨3042例上消化道出血患者的病因,并提出护理对策.方法 回顾性分析本院1991年3月～2009年3月3042例上消化道出血住院患者的病因,并提出对策.结果 消化性溃疡出血为上消化道出血的主要病因,占46.96％,其中十二指肠溃疡呈下降趋势;急性胃黏膜病变为上消化道出血的第2病因,占28.76％,呈上升趋势;年龄＜60岁组患者十二指肠溃疡是上消化道出血的主要病因(占44.35％),年龄≥60岁组患者急性胃黏膜病变为上消化道出血的主要病因(41.21％).结论 消化性溃疡出血与急性胃黏膜病是上消化道出血的主要病因,其中十二指肠溃疡呈下降趋势,其也是年龄＜ 60岁组患者的主要病因;急性胃黏膜病变呈上升趋势,其也是年龄≥60岁患者的主要病因.在护理工作中,应针对不同年龄患者病因与疾病谱变化情况,开展针对性的健康教育,促进患者行为改变,从而达到防病、治病的目的.     

急诊上消化道出血186例临床分析

目的:探讨急诊科上消化道出血的病因构成及特点.方法:回顾性分析我科2010年1月至2012年1月诊治的186例上消化道出血患者的临床资料.结果:(1)上消化道出血主要病因为消化性溃疡46.9％、急性胃黏膜病变12.7％、肝硬化9.0％、胃癌7.2％,贲门撕裂症6.0％.(2)急诊内镜诊断明确的阳性率(95.6％)显著高于非急诊内镜(81.3％),P＜0.01.(3)服用非甾体消炎药(NSAIDs)患者急性胃黏膜病变发生率(39.5％)明显高于未服用者(4.1％),P＜ 0.01;服用NSAIDs患者消化性溃疡发生率(52.6％)虽高于未服用者(39.2％),但差异无统计学意义,P＞ 0.05.结论:服用NSAIDs是上消化道出血的重要原因,急性胃黏膜病变发生率较前有所增加,急诊内镜检查有助于上消化道出血的诊断.     

老年上消化道出血88例临床分析

选择我院2008年3月～2013年3月所收治的88例老年上消化道患者,将其作为观察组,对该组患者的临床症状以及出血原因进行分析;将我院同时期所收治的中青年上消化道出血患者100例作为对照组,对两组患者的病死率以及出血情况进行比较。结果两组患者出现上消化道出血的原因主要为消化性溃疡、急性胃黏膜病变、胃癌、食管静脉曲张。在老年上消化道出血的患者中,消化性溃疡的比例相对较大,急性胃黏膜病有逐渐增高的趋势,同时还伴有一些并发症。在对此类患者进行给药的过程中,一定要慎用阿司匹林或NSAIDs。     

非门脉高压性呕血312例病因分析

目的对312例非门脉高压性呕血患者的病因进行分析。方法所有患者均在呕血24h内进行胃镜检查，明确出血病因。结果非门脉高压性呕血中消化性溃疡为首要病因(55．8％)，其次为急性胃黏膜病变(22．4％)。胃黏膜下血管病变、食管病变及上消化道癌也是引起该类出血的原因之一。结论非门脉高压性呕血病因仍以消化性溃疡为首，急性胃黏膜病变，胃黏膜下血管病变，各种伴幽门通过障碍，食管病变的上消化道出血均可表现为大量呕血，临床医师应给予重视。     

胃镜下48例上消化道出血原因分析

分析48例消化道出血患者的病例资料,对其病因进行分析总结。48例上消化道出血的最常见原因是消化性溃疡23例(48.7%),其次是急性胃黏膜病变8例(16.7%)和食管胃底静脉曲张破裂6例(12.8%)。上消化道出血原因以消化性溃疡占首位。     

胃镜检查对肝硬化上消化道出血的临床价值

目的:评价肝硬化患者并发上消化道出血行胃镜检查的临床价值,探讨上消化道出血病因,分析食管静脉曲张与胃黏膜病变的关系.方法:2000年1月至2010年5月我科收治的139例肝硬化上消化道出血患者行急诊胃镜检查,观察食管静脉曲张程度、门脉高压性胃病(PHG)情况、胃黏膜病变程度及有无溃疡.结果:139例上消化道出血患者中食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血103例(74.1%),PHG出血23例(16.6%),非食管静脉曲张和非PHG13例(9.4%),其中急性胃黏膜病变出血7例(5.0%),消化性溃疡出血5例(3.6%),不明原因出血1例,食管静脉曲张程度与PHG病变呈明显正相关(P＜0.05).结论:食管静脉曲张破裂出血与PHG出血是引起肝硬化并上消化道大出血的主要原因,随着食管静脉曲张程度的加重,PHG逐渐增多和加重,食管静脉曲张破裂出血与PHG可同时并存,急性胃黏膜病变与消化性溃疡等也是导致肝硬化上消化道大出血的常见原因.     

上消化道出血的病因与风险分析

目的分析上消化道出血的原因,指导临床诊治。方法分析49例上消化道出血患者的临床资料,对其病因进行分析总结。结果上消化道出血的最常见原因是消化性溃疡,占52%,其次是急性胃黏膜病变,占20%,食管胃底静脉曲张破裂,占12%;消化道肿瘤,占8%;其他占8%。结论上消化道出血原因以消化性溃疡占首位。     

老年人急性上消化道出血的胃镜检查分析

目的了解老年人急性上消化道出血的病因,探讨病因的深层原因,并提出可行对策,为老年人急性上消化道出血患者提供更好更高水平的诊断治疗对策。方法回顾性总结分析该院内镜室2008年1月～2011年9月行胃镜检查的135例老年人急性上消化道出血患者与同期非老年人急性上消化道出血患者130例就出血病因进行对比分析。结果老年组以消化性溃疡占首位,占51.85%,其次为急性胃黏膜糜烂,占比为29.63%,而胃癌占比为11.11%,为第3位。与非老年人组相比,老年人组的胃溃疡、急性胃黏膜糜烂及胃癌的发病率均要高,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。老年人组的伴随疾病率也高于非老年人组,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论该组老年人急性上消化道出血前三大病因为消化性溃疡、急性胃黏膜糜烂及胃癌。     

非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的药物治疗

非静脉曲张性上消化道出血指的是除食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血以外的各种病因所致的上消化道出血，主要见于消化性溃疡、急性胃黏膜病变、上消化道恶性肿瘤、食管贲门黏膜撕裂综合征等原因。     

278例上消化道出血病例分析

目的 探讨上消化道出血患者的病因及临床特点.方法 回顾性分析该院急诊留观及消化内科2007～2010年收治的278例上消化道出血病例,比较不同年龄段发病原因及临床特点.结果 上消化道出血的病因依次为消化性溃疡；急性胃黏膜病变；食管胃底静脉曲张；消化道肿瘤,各年龄段的出血原因及临床特点各有所不同.结论 各年龄段患者均以消化道溃疡为主,男性多于女性,因各年龄段的临床表现及治疗效果有所不同,可能与生理特点,饮食习惯,社会压力等多因素有关.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.