9个办法让夏季室内空气污染降到最低

您家里的空气可能远没有您想象中那么干净。目前，室内空气污染已经成为对公众健康危害最大的五种环境因素之一，那么，我们如何才能最大程度地把室内空气污染降到最低呢？     

室内空气污染对人体健康的危害

室内空气污染已经成为全世界各国共同关注的问题，被公认为人类健康最危险的杀手之一。在对室内空气的检测中，共发现300多种挥发性有机物，某些有害气体浓度比户外高出十倍甚至几十倍，其中致癌物质就有20多种，致病病毒200多种。国际上一些专家研究指出人们在经历了“煤烟污染”和“光化学烟雾污染”对人们健康的危害之后，正在经历着以“室内空气污染”为代表的第三次污染时代的到来。     

室内空气污染对人体健康影响及其改善措施

室内空气污染对人体健康影响及其改善措施南京鼓楼区卫生防疫站赵龙健冼海林江苏省卫生防疫站徐强张秀珍室内空气质量对人体健康的影响已引起人们的普遍关注。国内外有关研究人员经过长期调查和连续监测，结果表明：人们生活密切的居室、办公室、公共场所等室内环境，已成...     

深圳市某区室内空气污染调查分析与控制

目的 室内空气污染与每个人的健康密切相关,室内也是人类活动的主要场所。因此,调查研究室内空气污染物的污染状况很有必要。方法 对深圳市某区35户家庭室内空气污染物进行调查分析,调查的污染物包括甲醛、二氧化氮和苯系物(苯、甲苯、二甲苯),参考室内空气质量标准(GB/T 18883—2002)中的标准值进行判断。结果 通过研究发现,这5种室内污染物的浓度均未超过国家室内空气质量标准,表明深圳市宝安区家庭室内空气质量良好,不会对居民健康产生威胁和危害。结论 深圳市某区室内二氧化氮、甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯的整体污染情况较轻,对居民的居室环境影响较小。     

室内空气污染与管理现状

许多专家已较早地认识到了大气污染对人体健康的危害。20世纪中期，逐渐认识到室内空气污染有时比室外更严重，室内空气中污染物的浓度均为室外的2～5倍，少数情况下可高达100多倍。因为室内空气污染的种类多、污染源更广泛，影响因素也很复杂，对人体健康造成的危害也是多方面的。近几年，室内空气污染问题已经成为许多国家极为关注的环境问题之一，     

谈室内环境污染的来源、危害及防治

室内环境质量好坏直接影响人们的健康,随着人类物质生活水平提高，室内装修污染和微生物污染的普遍性与严重性已达到令人震惊的程度。该文对室内空气污染的成因及对人体健康的危害进行了分析，并提出相应的污染防治措施。     

室内空气污染对人体健康危害及防治研究综述

室内污染的空气中可检出300多种污染物,室内有害气体浓度可高出室外数十倍,人体所患疾病中68％与室内空气污染有关。“室内”主要指住宅居室内部环境,但从广义上已经包括了室内办公场所和各种室内公共场所,人一生中有2／3以上的时间是在室内度过,室内空气质量的好坏,直接影响人体的健康。开展对室内空气污染问题的研究,普遍受到人们的重视。现将近年来国内外关于装修装饰后室内空气污染、居室尘螨、大气细颗粒物（PM2.5）等对人体健康危害及防治的研究综述如下。     

2005-2006年荆门市室内空气质量检测结果分析

目的了解荆门市室内空气质量及其室内空气污染的原因及影响。方法于2005-2006年对荆门市117家居室及办公室进行空气质量调查,采集空气样本,按照GB/T18883-2002《室内空气质量标准》进行氨、甲醛、二氧化碳、细菌总数的检测和评价。结果氨及二氧化碳均未检出,细菌总数合格率为83.8%(294/351),甲醛浓度合格率为29.7%(99/333)。结论室内空气质量的主要检测指标甲醛不合格情况比较严重,反映了室内空气受到不同程度的污染,室内空气污染对健康的危害应引起广泛重视。     

室内空气污染与人体健康的关系

阐述了室内空气污染的定义、种类、来源及国内外相关研究现状。分析了燃烧产物、被动吸烟、总挥发性有机物(VOC)、甲醛、氡及其子体、室内微生物对人体健康的危害。探讨了白血病、致病建筑物综合征与室内空气污染的关系。指出由于我国建筑装修(饰)行业管理不到位,法律、法规不健全,建材质量在整体上落后,未能与经济的高速发展同步,且存在地方保护和有法不依、执法不严的现象,使得室内空气污染问题突出,对人体健康造成了很大的危害。提出了规范我国室内空气质量标准的建议。     

室内空气污染监测

室内空气污染监测主要是通过用采样和分析手段，以侦察室内空气中有害物质的来源，组分、数量、动向、转化和消长规律，是以消除污染物的危害，改善室内空气质量和保护居民健康为目的。室内空气污染监测工作按监测目的，可分为室内污染源监测、室内空气质量监测和特定目的监测三大类。     

某市室内空气污染及居民相关卫生知识和健康服务需求调查

目的 研究城市室内空气污染状况及市民对相关知识了解情况及其检测需求,寻求有效的防控手段.方法 于2006年2-7月测定城区装修完工6个月以上的办公场所和居民住宅中室内空气污染状况(甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和γ射线).采用完全随机抽样的方法对部分市民进行问卷调查,了解其对室内空气污染相关卫生知识的知晓率和室内空气卫生质量的检测需求率,以及文化水平、经济状况的影响.结果 装修6个月后仍有近30%的居室空气中甲醛浓度超标.不同功能区的污染程度不同,污染状况从重到轻排序为:儿童卧室＞主卧室＞客厅＞办公室＞厨房.儿童房与主卧室最易超标,超标率分别为64%和44%.参与调查的市民60%以上知道装修是导致污染的主要原因,但提出检测需求的仅有10%.经济状况越好,文化程度越高,其知晓率和需求率越高.结论 目前城市室内空气污染严重,市民对相关知识的知晓率不高且存在认识误区,很少有人提出检测要求.经济状况和文化程度成为控制室内空气污染的制约因素.健康意识促进是今后防控室内空气污染工作的重点.     

室内空气污染成因、危害及防治对策

室内环境质量的好坏直接影响人的健康。随着人类物质生活的提高,装修污染和微生物污染的普遍性与严重性已经达到令人震惊的程度。在监测工作的基础上,对室内空气污染的成因及对人体健康的危害和武汉市室内环境污染现状进行了分析,并提出了相应的污染防治措施。     

The burden of disease from indoor air pollution in developing countries: comparison of estimates

Four different methods have been applied to estimate the burden of disease due to indoor air pollution from household solid fuel use in developing countries (LDCs). The largest number of estimates involves applying exposure-response information from urban ambient air pollution studies to estimate indoor exposure concentrations of particulate air pollution. Another approach is to construct child survival curves using the results of large-scale household surveys, as has been done for India. A third approach involves cross-national analyses of child survival and household fuel use. The fourth method, referred to as the 'fuel-based' approach, which is explored in more depth here, involves applying relative risk estimates from epidemiological studies that use exposure surrogates, such as fuel type, to estimates of household solid fuel use to determine population attributable fractions by disease and age group. With this method and conservative assumptions about relative risks, 4-5 percent of the global LDC totals for both deaths and DALYs (disability adjusted life years) from acute respiratory infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tuberculosis, asthma, lung cancer, ischaemic heart disease, and blindness can be attributed to solid fuel use in developing countries. Acute respiratory infections in children under five years of age are the largest single category of deaths (64%) and DALYs (81%) from indoor air pollution, apparently being responsible globally for about 1.2 million premature deaths annually in the early 1990s.     

Indoor air and human health--sick house syndrome and multiple chemical sensitivity

The number of complaints about the quality of indoor air has increased during the past two decades. These complaints have been frequent enough that the term "Sick House Syndrome or Sick Building Syndrome" and "Multiple Chemical Sensitivity" has been coined. Complaints are likely related to the increased use of synthetic organic materials in house, furnishing, and consumer products; and the buildings, furnishings, and consumer products; and the decreased ventilation for energy conservation in homes. Approximately thousand volatile chemicals have been identified in indoor air. The main sources of these chemicals are house materials, combustion fumes, cleaning compounds, and paints or stains. Exposure to high levels of these emissions and to others, coupled with the fact that most people spend more time indoors than outdoors, raises the possibility that the risk to human health from indoor air pollution may be potentially greater than the risk posed from outdoor pollutants. The complaints most frequently voiced with respect to Sick House Syndrome are irritations of the eye, nose, and throat; cough and hoarseness of voice; headache and mental fatigue. The syndrome of multiple chemical sensitivities is controversial subject with increasing impact on the field of indoor air quality. The controversy surrounding Multiple Chemical Sensitivity includes its definition, theories of etiology and pathogenesis, diagnostic, and life style. Multiple Chemical Sensitivity is considered the hypothesis that is a disease caused by exposure to many chemically distinct environmental substances at very low.     

宜兴市新装修居室内空气污染状况及影响因素

目的了解宜兴市新装修居室室内空气污染水平和分布状况,研究居室装修对室内空气质量的影响,为有效防治室内空气污染提供科学依据。方法依据《室内空气质量标准》(GB/T 18883—2002),采用酚试剂法测定甲醛,气相色谱法测定总挥发性有机物(TVOC)。结果宜兴市2012年-2016年室内空气中甲醛的超标率达17.76%,最大检出浓度超过国家标准5倍以上,TVOC的超标率达65.88%,最大检出浓度超过国家标准15倍以上。各种污染物的超标率均为豪华装修﹥中档装修﹥简单装修。客厅墙面材质的不同,对室内空气中污染物的影响没有明显特征。进家具前后污染物浓度差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论宜兴市室内空气中各种污染物的超标情况严重,并且未见逐年降低趋势,装修工艺、材料、家具、装修后时间等是影响室内空气污染物浓度的主要因素。     

梅州市新装修建筑物室内空气污染状况调查

目的探讨梅州市新装修建筑物室内空气污染状况,为室内空气污染控制提供科学依据。方法对梅州市2002~2004年新装修建筑物室内空气质量进行监测,并分析其污染状况及其污染物种类。结果梅州市室内空气主要受甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯污染,其中甲醛超标率为33.1%,苯超标率为24.8%,甲苯超标率为5.1%,二甲苯超标率为27.6%,氨、一氧化碳、二氧化碳均未超标。结论梅州市新装修建筑物室内空气污染严重,应采取积极有效的防治措施。     

不同消毒技术对空气消毒效果及其影响因素的研究进展

随着人们生活水平的不断提升,工业化进程的加快导致大气环境污染的加剧和室内空气微生物污染程度的加剧,社会对赖以生存的空气质量越来越关注。空气净化和消毒是当下人们改善空气质量切实可行的手段之一。目前,空气消毒技术分为物理消毒法、化学消毒法和重要消毒法,每一种都有其优劣势,该文将分析几种常见的不同消毒技术对空气消毒的影响因素和效果。     

南宁市新装修居室空气污染状况及其对人群健康的影响

目的了解南宁市新装修居室空气污染状况及其对人体健康的影响。方法按照GB/T18883—2002《室内空气质量标准》对南宁市2002—2006年130户新装修居室内空气中甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和放射性水平进行检测;对25户室内空气中甲醛浓度超标的居室进行跟踪检测,并对居民健康状况进行问卷调查。结果130户新装修居室空气样本甲醛浓度合格率为25.6%,氨浓度合格率为27.1%,平均浓度超标倍数分别为3.88倍和1.35倍;而放射性水平及苯、甲苯、二甲苯浓度合格率分别为99.6%,97.6%,89.5%,91.9%。25户室内空气甲醛浓度超标居室入住6～12个月后空气甲醛浓度低于人住时(P<0.01)。健康状况问卷调查结果显示,居民入住时均有不同程度的不良反应出现,其中以咽喉疼痛的发生率最高,达92%。结论甲醛和氨是南宁市新装修居室环境中最主要的污染物,新装修居室空气污染已对人体健康产生一定程度的影响。     

Household air pollution from coal and biomass fuels in China: measurements, health impacts, and interventions

OBJECTIVE: Nearly all China's rural residents and a shrinking fraction of urban residents use solid fuels (biomass and coal) for household cooking and/or heating. Consequently, global meta-analyses of epidemiologic studies indicate that indoor air pollution from solid fuel use in China is responsible for approximately 420,000 premature deaths annually, more than the approximately 300,000 attributed to urban outdoor air pollution in the country. Our objective in this review was to help elucidate the extent of this indoor air pollution health hazard. DATA SOURCES: We reviewed approximately 200 publications in both Chinese- and English-language journals that reported health effects, exposure characteristics, and fuel/stove intervention options. CONCLUSIONS: Observed health effects include respiratory illnesses, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, weakening of the immune system, and reduction in lung function. Arsenic poisoning and fluorosis resulting from the use of "poisonous" coal have been observed in certain regions of China. Although attempts have been made in a few studies to identify specific coal smoke constituents responsible for specific adverse health effects, the majority of indoor air measurements include those of only particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and/or nitrogen dioxide. These measurements indicate that pollution levels in households using solid fuel generally exceed China's indoor air quality standards. Intervention technologies ranging from simply adding a chimney to the more complex modernized bioenergy program are available, but they can be viable only with coordinated support from the government and the commercial sector.     

Indoor and outdoor air pollution: tobacco smoke, moulds and diseases in infants and children

Although outdoor air pollution first brought the issue of air pollution health effects to public attention, it is now indoor air pollution that likely has the greatest impact on children's health. The World Health Organization estimates that the global burden of disease from indoor air pollution is far greater than the burden from outdoor air pollution. This review focuses on two indoor pollutants, one that has been well studied, and another that deserves additional study. There is very strong evidence about the harmful effects of tobacco. Policy to decrease children's tobacco exposure and use should be implemented without delay. The emerging findings linking household inhalation of mould spores and infant pulmonary hemorrhage merit follow-up in other countries, because they may provide clues to some deaths from the sudden infant death syndrome.