禽H9N2亚型流感病毒能感染人的发现

目的了解禽（Ｈ９Ｎ２）亚型流感病毒是否能感染人。方法对人、鸡和猪进行Ｈ９亚型毒株血清流行病学调查。对流感样患者和鸡咽喉部采样,用常规鸡胚双腔法分离流感病毒并进行毒株鉴定。对分离出Ｈ９Ｎ２亚型毒株的患者进行个案调查。结果约１９％的人含有对Ｈ９Ｎ２毒株的抗体,其ＨＩ滴度为≥２０,从流感样患者中分离到５株Ｈ９Ｎ２病毒。结论Ｈ９Ｎ２亚型毒株能自然感染人。     

1994～1997年深圳地区流感病毒活动及H3N2亚型毒 …

目的 了解几年流感病毒在深圳地区活动的特点及甲３（Ｈ３Ｎ２）亚型毒株ＨＡ１基因演变概况。方法 病毒分离采用常规的鸡胚双腔接种,毒株检和常量半加敏ＨＩ测定。新鲜收获含病毒粒的鸡胚尿囊液用来提取ＲＮＡ,经逆转录合成ｃＤＮＡ,经聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）扩增,产物纯化采用双脱氧链末端终止法进行核苷酸序列测定。结果 近几年来深圳地区流感活动概况与全国情况相一致;在人群中仍同时流行Ｈ３Ｎ２,Ｈ１Ｎ１ 型和乙型毒     

1994～1997年深圳地区流感病毒活动及H3N2亚型毒株HA1基因演变特点

目的　了解近几年流感病毒在深圳地区活动的特点及甲３（Ｈ３Ｎ２） 亚型毒株ＨＡ１ 基因演变概况。方法　病毒分离采用常规的鸡胚双腔接种,毒株检定用常量半加敏ＨＩ测定。新鲜收获含病毒粒的鸡胚尿囊液用来提取ＲＮＡ,经逆转录合成ｃＤＮＡ,经聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ） 扩增,产物纯化,采用双脱氧链末端终止法进行核苷酸序列测定。结果　近几年来深圳地区流感活动概况与全国情况相一致：在人群中仍同时流行Ｈ３Ｎ２,Ｈ１Ｎ１ 亚型和乙型毒株,当甲型毒株活动减弱时,乙型毒株活动就增强,反之,甲型毒株增强时,乙型毒株就减弱。随着时间的推移,Ｈ３Ｎ２ 亚型毒株ＨＡ１ 基因不断地发生点突变,这种突变严重受人群免疫压力所影响,１９９６ 年的毒株与１９９５ 的毒株相比,不仅氨基酸替换点中多数是位于抗原决定簇区或受体结合部位上,并增加两个糖基化位点,故导致Ｈ３Ｎ２ 毒株於１９９６ 年活动明显增强。结论　近来在深圳地区人群中仍同时流行着Ｈ３Ｎ２,Ｈ１Ｎ１ 亚型和乙型流感病毒。然而,不同年其优势毒株是不一样的。１９９６ 年Ｈ３Ｎ２ 毒株活动增强是由于其ＨＡ１ 区氨基酸序列发生替换所造成。     

从人群中分离到1株A／PR／8／34（H1N1）类病毒

１９９１年５月从１名上呼吸道感染的儿童患者中分离出１株流感病毒。经血清学鉴定和分析，分离物为Ａ／ＰＲ／８／３４（Ｈ１Ｎ１）类似毒株。病毒ＨＡ１区基因经核苷酸序列分析，分离物与Ａ／ＰＲ／８／３４毒株间有１２个位点不同，导致了ＨＡ１区蛋白分子上４个氨基酸的替换。在病毒基因组寡核苷酸指纹图分析中发现，分离物与Ａ／ＰＲ／８／３４毒株相比较丢失了２个点，而插入了９个点。因此，Ａ／广东／６／９１（Ｈ１Ｎ１）毒株不是由Ａ／ＰＲ／８／３４（Ｈ１Ｎ１）通过实验室污染而来。     

我国人群中一种新重配的H1N2亚型流感病毒株的发现

１９９６年１月太原铁路卫生防疫站从上感患者中分离到３株流感病毒。经血清学鉴定，它们不同于１９８９和１９９２年所发现的Ｈ１Ｎ２亚型毒株，其ＨＡ的抗原性类似于Ａ／ＰＲ／８／３４（Ｈ１Ｎ１）病毒，而明显不同于当前人群中流行的Ｈ１Ｎ１亚型毒株。病毒粒不同基因节段迁移率比较表明，它们的１～４基因节段迁移率接近于Ａ／ＰＲ／８／３４（Ｈ１Ｎ１）毒株，５～６基因节段迁移率类似于Ａ／武汉／３５９／９５（Ｈ３Ｎ２）病毒，而７～８两节段既不同于Ａ／ＰＲ／８／３４（Ｈ１Ｎ１），又不同于Ａ／武汉／３５９／９５（Ｈ３Ｎ２）病毒。故可认为它们是一种新重配的Ｈ１Ｎ２亚型毒株。     

鹅流感病毒2／96—H5N1亚型毒株RNA1—3及RNA5节段核？…

目的 明确广东鹅流感病毒２／９６－Ｈ５Ｎ１亚型毒株ＲＮＡ１－３和ＲＮＡ５节段核芏酸全序列及其所编码蛋白的氨基酸序列,以及这些基因节段与香港禽流感病毒１５６／９７－Ｈ５Ｎ１亚型毒株相应节段间的关系。方法 病毒粒ＲＮＡ经逆转录合成ｃＤＮＡ,经聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）扩增,产物纯化,采用双脱氧链末端终止法进行核苷酸序列测定。结果 广东鹅流感病毒２／９６－Ｈ５Ｎ１亚型毒株ＲＮＡ１－３和ＲＮＡ５节段长度分别为     

鹅流感病毒2/96-H5N1亚型毒株RNA1-3及RNA5节段核苷酸全序测定

目的　明确广东鹅流感病毒２９６Ｈ５ Ｎ１ 亚型毒株ＲＮＡ１３ 和ＲＮＡ５ 节段核苷酸全序列及其所编码蛋白的氨基酸序列,以及这些基因节段与香港禽流感病毒１５６９７Ｈ５ Ｎ１ 亚型毒株相应节段间的关系。方法　病毒粒ＲＮＡ经逆转录合成ｃＤＮＡ,经聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ） 扩增,产物纯化,采用双脱氧链末端终止法进行核苷酸序列测定。结果　广东鹅流感病毒２９６Ｈ５ Ｎ１ 亚型毒株ＲＮＡ１３ 和ＲＮＡ５ 节段长度分别为２３４１,２ ３４１ ,２ ２３３ 和１５６５ 个核苷酸。它们分别编码ＰＢ２（ 含７５９ 个氨基酸）,ＰＢ１（ 含７５７个氨基酸） ,ＰＡ（ 含７１６ 个氨基酸） 和ＮＰ蛋白（ 含４９８ 个核苷酸） 。这些蛋白与香港禽流感病毒１５６９７Ｈ５ Ｎ１ 亚型毒株相应蛋白氨基酸序列的同源性分别为９６－４％ ,９７－２％ ,９７－３ ％ 和９７－０％ 。结论　本毒株ＲＮＡ１３ 和ＲＮＡ５ 节段长度分别为２ ３４１,２ ３４１,２ ２３３ 和１ ５６５ 个核苷酸,它们与香港１５６９７Ｈ５ Ｎ１ 亚型毒株间存在着差异     

甲型流感病毒（N1N2）亚型毒株血凝素和神经氨酸酶基 …

目的 研究新分离到的Ｈ１Ｎ２亚型毒株血凝素（ＨＡ）和神经氨酸酶（ＮＡ）基因的来源。方法 病毒通过鸡胚增殖后提取其ＲＮＡ,通过逆转录合成ｃＤＮＡ,经ＰＣＲ扩增和产物纯化,用双脱氧链终止法进行核苷酸序列测定,并用ＭｅｇＡｌｉｇｎ（１．０３版）和Ｅｄｉｔｓｅｑ（３．６９版）软件进行种系发生学分析。结果 新分离到Ｈ１Ｎ２毒株ＨＡ１区氨基酸序列与Ａ／ＰＲ／８／３４（Ｈ１Ｎ１）和Ａ／Ｇｕａｍｇｄｏｎｇ／６／９     

抗甲3型流感病毒多克隆抗体和单克隆抗体对当前毒株(H_3N_2)的抗原性分析

我国被认为是流感病毒大流行株的发源地及新变异株的多发地［１］。当前流感病毒在人群中仍同时流行着Ｈ３Ｎ２和Ｈ１Ｎ１亚型及乙型流感病毒，优势毒株为Ｈ３Ｎ２亚型［２］。因此，很有必要了解甲３型流感病毒的变异动态。作者分别以鸡抗甲３型多克隆抗体和抗血凝素（Ｈ...     

副流感病毒兰州株的分离与鉴定

目的 副流感病毒兰州株的分离与鉴定。方法 应用鸡胚和人胚肺成纤维突变细胞株分离病毒;应用血凝和血抑以及近年来多株流感国际和国际和国家株（Ｈ１Ｎ１亚型６株,Ｈ３Ｎ２亚型２株,Ｂ型４株）作抗原抗体交互试验,还用４类主要呼吸道病毒单克隆间接免疫荧光法与２株兰州株的病毒抗原基质片作特异性交叉反应。结果 ２株兰州株在鸡胚中培养血凝效价滴度高达１：５１２（＋＋）,它们与流感毒甲型（Ｈ１Ｎ１和Ｈ３Ｎ２）以及乙型     

深圳地区人和鸡群中H9N2亚型流感病毒病原学和血清流行病学调查

目的：了解甲型流感病毒N9N2亚型毒株在深圳地区鸡群和人群中的分布。方法：采用常规的鸡胚双腔法来分离病毒。抗体测定，采用红细胞凝集抑制（HI）试验和中和试验测定法。结果：从深圳地区农贸市场鸡群中分离到27株H9N2亚型流感病毒，但未能从人群中分离到H9N2病毒。约有26％人血清中检测到H9亚型毒株的抗体，（HI滴度≥20），同时还发现抗体阳性率和几何均数随人群年龄增长而增高，同时与职业有关。然而，在鸡群中H9毒株的抗体阳性率仅为7％。结论：禽H9N2毒株不仅能感染人，而且在深圳地区人群和禽类中较为广泛的分布。人H9N2很大可能来源于鸡的H9N2毒株。     

Serological survey of antibodies to influenza A viruses in a group of people without a history of influenza vaccination

A serological survey for antibodies to influenza viruses was performed in China on a group of people without a history of influenza vaccination. Using the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, we found seropositivity rates for seasonal H3N2 to be significantly higher than those for seasonal H1N1. Samples positive for antibodies to the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus increased from 0.6% pre-outbreak to 4.5% (p <0.01) at 1 year post-outbreak. Interestingly, HI and neutralization tests showed that 1.4% of people in the group have antibodies recognizing H9N2 avian influenza viruses, suggesting that infection with this subtype may be more common than previously thought.     

Radioimmunoassay of influenza A virus haemagglutinin. II. Antigenic cross-reactions of influenza A (H3 subtype) viruses as determined by radioimmunoassay and haemagglutination inhibition tests

Individual rabbits differed greatly in their antibody response to the "strain-specific" and "cross-reactive" antigenic determinants on the haemagglutinin (HA) subunit of influenza virus recombinant MRC11 (H3N2) and influenza virus Dunedin (H3N2), after immunization with whole virus or bromelain-released haemagglutinin (B-HA). Consequently, diverse cross-reactions between htese viruses and A/Hong Kong/68 virus were found in the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test as well as in homologous radioimmunoassay (125I-B-HA from MRC11:anti MRC11 serum, and 125I-B-HA from Dunedin: anti Dunedin serum) when sera from different animals were employed. Radioimmunoassay (RIA), over and above to the HI test, was able to differentiate clearly the respective HAs also with antisera reacting to the same HI titre with both corresponding influenza virus strains. Thus it appeared that antigenic differences could be identified with higher sensitivity by homologous RIA than by the HI test and that multiple antigenic determinants were reactive on the 125I-B-HA in the RIA procedure employed. MRC11 and A/HK/68 viruses were also compared by heterologous RIA (125I-B-HA from MRC11: anti A/HK/68 serum). It was found that preferentially antigenic determinants with a high degree of cross-reactivity could be studied in the heterologous system.     

Characterization of H2 influenza virus hemagglutinin with monoclonal antibodies: influence of receptor specificity

Antigenic analysis of human and avian H2 influenza viruses were done with monoclonal antibodies to the HA molecules in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. These studies revealed that the receptor-binding specificity of the hemagglutinin can markedly influence the antigenic analysis obtained with monoclonal antibodies in HI tests. Influenza viruses that are sensitive or resistant to inhibition by horse serum inhibitors showed marked differences in their reactivity with monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinin. This was apparent with the A/RI/5+/57 and A/RI/5-/57 strains of H2N2 viruses isolated by Choppin and Tamm (1960a), half of the panel of different monoclonal antibodies failed to inhibit hemagglutination of the RI/5- variant, whereas all of the 18 monoclonal antibodies inhibited RI/5+. These findings have important implications in the antigenic analysis of influenza viruses where HI assays are conventionally used to determine the extent of antigenic drift in nature. Antigenic differences were detectable between different human H2 influenza virus isolates from 1957 that were sensitive to inhibition by horse serum, indicating that minor antigenic variation occurs within the first year of appearance of the new subtype. Minor antigenic variation continued in the H2 viruses until 1961, but by 1962 antigenically distinguishable variants that could be discriminated with both monoclonal antibodies and postinfection ferret antisera predominated. Analysis of avian H2 influenza viruses with a panel of monoclonal antibodies indicated that antigenic variation occurs and that multiple different variants cocirculate in the population. There was no progressive antigenic change in the avian H2 influenza viruses with time, as was found with the human H2N2 strains. Topographical mapping of the H2 hemagglutinin by selection of antigenic variants with monoclonal antibodies and analysis of their reactivity patterns by HI showed overlap between the epitopes examined. These results may reflect restriction in the antibody repertoire of the mice used in preparation of the monoclonal antibodies or that the H2 hemagglutinin does not have such discrete nonoverlapping antigenic regions found in the early H3 influenza virus.     

Antigenic relationships between strains of influenza B virus.

An immunological relationship between strains of influenza B virus, considerably differing from one another in haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) tests, was established. The relationships were also evaluated based on the ability of influenza B viruses to replicate in the lungs of mice immunized with strains possessing antigenically distinct haemagglutinin. There was no substantial difference in the protection of animals immunized with homologous or heterologous strains. Studies on the character of the immunological response of men convalescent after influenza B infection or after vaccination showed an antibody increase to both the epidemic virus and chronologically remote viruses considerably differing in antigenic properties. The data obtained suggest that influenza B viruses isolated from 1940 to 1975 belong to one antigenic subtype.     

2006年中国流感病毒抗原性及基因特性研究

目的分析2006年中国季节性流感的流行状况，以及病毒的抗原性和基因变异情况。方法对来自流感监测网络的毒株进行单向血凝抑制试验，在此基础上选择不同时间、地点分离的毒株进行血凝素基因的序列测定，然后分析其基因特性。结果2006年我国同时流行A型（H1N1亚型、H3N2亚型）和B型流感病毒。H1N1亚型毒株和B型Victoria系流感病毒为优势毒株。对H1N1亚型毒株的HA1区序列比较发现，2006年分离的毒株与A，湖北洪山／53／2005（H1N1）比较，在192、193、196、198位发生氨基酸替换的毒株．这些位点位于抗原决定簇的B区。H3N2亚型毒株与A，云南，1145／2005（H3N2）比较，在142、144位发生氨基酸替换。我国流行的B型流感毒株无论是Victoria系和Yamagata系毒株的抗原性均没有发生变异，与2005--2006年我国的流行株B／shenzhen／155／2005、B／tianjin／144／2005类似。结论2006年中国流行的H1N1亚型和H3N2亚型流感病毒的抗原性及基因特性已经发生改变；B型流感病毒的抗原性和基因特性没有改变。     

Pandemic threat posed by avian influenza A viruses

Influenza pandemics, defined as global outbreaks of the disease due to viruses with new antigenic subtypes, have exacted high death tolls from human populations. The last two pandemics were caused by hybrid viruses, or reassortants, that harbored a combination of avian and human viral genes. Avian influenza viruses are therefore key contributors to the emergence of human influenza pandemics. In 1997, an H5N1 influenza virus was directly transmitted from birds in live poultry markets in Hong Kong to humans. Eighteen people were infected in this outbreak, six of whom died. This avian virus exhibited high virulence in both avian and mammalian species, causing systemic infection in both chickens and mice. Subsequently, another avian virus with the H9N2 subtype was directly transmitted from birds to humans in Hong Kong. Interestingly, the genes encoding the internal proteins of the H9N2 virus are genetically highly related to those of the H5N1 virus, suggesting a unique property of these gene products. The identification of avian viruses in humans underscores the potential of these and similar strains to produce devastating influenza outbreaks in major population centers. Although highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses had been identified before the 1997 outbreak in Hong Kong, their devastating effects had been confined to poultry. With the Hong Kong outbreak, it became clear that the virulence potential of these viruses extended to humans.     

A novel monoclonal antibody effective against lethal challenge with swine-lineage and 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses in mice

The HA protein of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses (H1N1pdm) is antigenically closely related to the HA of classical North American swine H1N1 influenza viruses (cH1N1). Since 1998, through mutation and reassortment of HA genes from human H3N2 and H1N1 influenza viruses, swine influenza strains are undergoing substantial antigenic drift and shift. In this report we describe the development of a novel monoclonal antibody (S-OIV-3B2) that shows high hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neutralization titers not only against H1N1pdm, but also against representatives of the α, β, and γ clusters of swine-lineage H1 influenza viruses. Mice that received a single intranasal dose of S-OIV-3B2 were protected against lethal challenge with either H1N1pdm or cH1N1 virus. These studies highlight the potential use of S-OIV-3B2 as effective intranasal prophylactic or therapeutic antiviral treatment for swine-lineage H1 influenza virus infections.     

Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of swine influenza H9N2 subtype virus A/swine/HeBei/012/2008/(H9N2)

The H9N2 subtype influenza virus (IV) is a remarkable member of the influenza A viruses because it can infect not only chickens, ducks and pigs, but also humans. Pigs are susceptible to both human and avian influenza viruses and have been proposed to be intermediate hosts for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment or adaptation to the mammalian host. To further understand the genetic characteristics and evolution, we investigated the source and molecular characteristics of the H9N2 subtype swine influenza virus (SIV), and observed its pathogenicity in BALB/c mice. The BALB/c mice were inoculated intranasally with 100 median mouse infectious dose of A/swine/HeBei/012/2008/(H9N2) viruses to observe the pathogenicity. The HA, NP, NA and M gene were cloned, sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed with related sequences available in GenBank. The infected mice presented with inactivity, weight loss and laboured respiration, while the pathological changes were characterized by diffuse alveolar damage in the lung. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of HA, NP, NA and M gene was similar with that of A/chicken/Hebei/4/2008(H9N2). The HA protein contained 6 glycosylation sites and the motif of HA cleavage site was PARSSR GLF, which is characteristic of low pathogenic IV. In the HA, NP, M and NA gene phylogenetic trees, the isolate clustered with A/chicken/Hebei/4/2008(H9N2). The isolate possibly came from A/chicken/Hebei/4/2008(H9N2) and was partially varied during its cross-species spread.     

Pigeons are resistant to experimental infection with H7N9 avian influenza virus

To determine the susceptibility of pigeons to the newly emerged avian influenza virus subtype H7N9, we experimentally infected three different types of pigeons (meat, town, and racing) with two different doses (2?×?10⁴ or 2?×?10⁵ EID₅₀) of H7N9 avian influenza virus A/Chicken/China/2013 by either intranasal and intraocular inoculation (IN?+?IO) or intravenous injection (IV). In addition, the potential transmission of H7N9 to pigeons by direct close contact with experimentally infected pigeons and chickens was assessed. Results showed that none of the experimentally infected pigeons exhibited any clinical signs regardless of the infection route and dose. Of the 12 racing pigeons that were randomly selected and necropsied, none of them had any gross lesions. In agreement with this finding, virus was not isolated from all pigeons. No detectable H7-specific antibodies were found in any pigeon. In contrast, 11 of 31 chickens that were either directly infected with H7N9 by IN?+?IO inoculation or by contact with IN?+?IO-infected chickens had conjunctivitis. Virus was isolated from all 31 chickens and H7-specific antibodies were detected in these chickens. However, none of the IV-infected chickens or chickens in direct contact with IV-infected chickens had any clinical signs. No virus was isolated from these chickens and no H7-specific antibody was detected. Overall, we conclude that pigeons are less or not susceptible to the H7N9 virus at the doses used and are not likely to serve as a reservoir for the virus. However, the virus does cause conjunctivitis in chickens and can transmit to susceptible hosts by direct contact.