缺血性脑血管病患者的颈动脉粥样硬化临床研究

目的分析国人颈动脉粥样硬化（CAS）斑块发病特征及与缺血性脑血管病的相关性。方法以2006年6月至2009年6月在安徽铜陵有色职工总医院神经内科住院的164例急性缺血性脑血管病患者为研究对象,应用超声诊断仪检测双侧颈动脉,评价粥样硬化斑块的发病部位、形态、大小与数目,采用非条件多元逻辑回归分析颈动脉粥样硬化的危险因素及与缺血性脑血管病的关系。结果85.9%（141/164）患者存在不同程度颈动脉粥样硬化。颈动脉粥样硬化病变特点以斑块多见（134/164,81.7%）,中重度狭窄发生率较低（26/164,15.8%）;颈动脉斑块以颈总动脉分叉处最多见（69/134,51.4%）。斑块发生率及颅外段颈动脉狭窄程度与脑血管病危险因素有明显相关性。结论缺血性脑血管疾病患者颈动脉粥样硬化病变可能以斑块居多,颈动脉粥样硬化与缺血性脑血管病有关。     

Surgical reconstruction of the proximal subclavian and vertebral arteries

The diagnosis and management of atherosclerotic lesions of the extracranial internal carotid artery has become fairly well established. Symptoms of basilar artery hypoperfusion may be due to stenotic lesions at the origin of either or both vertebral arteries or the proximal subclavian artery. Surgical correction can offer relief of symptoms. For the past decade, we have used a direct anastomosis from the vertebral or subclavian artery distal to the lesion to the adjacent common carotid artery. We have done this procedure 579 times, with one death and no neurologic deficit. A lymph fistula required closure in one patient, and reoperation was necessary in three patients because of bleeding. The results have been excellent, and we continue to offer this method of restoring arterial circulation in patients with cerebellar symptoms and vertebral hypoperfusion.     

Superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass and external carotid reconstruction for carotid restenosis after angioplasty and stent placement

The recent proliferation of endovascular treatment of carotid atherosclerotic disease will increase the number of patients who require treatment for recurrent carotid stenosis after angioplasty and stent placement. The optimal management of these patients has not yet been defined. We describe a 66-year-old woman who required 2 surgical procedures for recurrent in-stent carotid stenosis. She experienced numerous transient ischemic attacks 5 months after left extracranial internal carotid artery angioplasty and stenting for asymptomatic stenosis. Angiography showed high-grade in-stent restenosis, left intracranial carotid artery stenosis, and poor collateral flow to the left middle cerebral artery circulation. The patient underwent a superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass, and the transient ischemic attacks resolved. Five months later, angiography showed progressive stenosis of the external carotid artery at the site of the stent. The patient underwent successful external carotid reconstruction with an on-lay patch. Extracranial-intracranial bypass grafting may be used successfully in the treatment of recurrent extracranial carotid artery stenosis after angioplasty and stent placement. Also, external carotid artery reconstruction at the site of an internal carotid artery stent can be performed safely.     

Blunt carotid artery trauma: a case report

Blunt carotid artery trauma represents only 3% of all carotid artery injuries, but 42% of reported cases have been associated with severe neurologic deficits. We present a case of blunt injury to the right internal carotid artery with subsequent thrombosis and neurologic deficit. Computed tomography (CT) of the head without contrast was normal, a finding that emphasizes the importance of obtaining carotid arteriograms in any patient with a focal neurologic deficit but a normal CT of the head. We review the incidence, mechanism, presentation, and treatment of blunt carotid injuries. We also stress the importance of observing for blunt carotid injuries in the patient with blunt cervical trauma in order to allow earlier intervention, since patient outcome is dependent on that early recognition and intervention.     

Prospective study of the effectiveness and durability of carotid endarterectomy

In a series of 252 consecutive patients who underwent 282 carotid endarterectomies, we conducted clinical and angiographic follow-up for 2 to 6 years (mean, 3.2 years). Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was done postoperatively in 95% of cases. Clinical follow-up was achieved in 97% of cases, and DSA follow-up was obtained in 66% of cases. The overall group had a 1% operative minor morbidity (three cases of minimal new neurologic deficit), no major morbidity, and a 0.7% mortality (one death from stroke and one from myocardial infarction). Complications correlated well with the patient's preoperative risk category. During follow-up, 10 minor strokes, only 1 of which was attributable to the reconstructed artery, and 10 transient ischemic attacks, 3 of which were presumably related to recurrent stenosis, occurred. Asymptomatic mild to moderate restenosis of the internal carotid or common carotid artery was identified in 10% of follow-up DSAs and severe stenosis or occlusion in 3%. Stenosis in the opposite common carotid or internal carotid artery progressed in 48 cases (26% of follow-up DSAs and ultrasound studies), and 10 of these became symptomatic. An actuarial analysis of patients who had endarterectomy indicated that the cumulative probability of ipsilateral stroke was 1.5% at 1 month and 2% at 5 years. The cumulative probability of ipsilateral stroke, transient ischemic attack, or reversible ischemic neurologic deficit was 4% at 1 month and 8% at 5 years or less than 1% per year after the first month, with censoring at the time of the second surgical procedure.     

支架置入及经皮血管成形治疗颅外颈动脉狭窄

背景：颈动脉支架置入是一种微创、安全、简便的介入治疗方法,对于身体基础状况差不能耐受开放手术的颈动脉狭窄患者尤其有意义。 目的：探讨支架置入联合经皮血管成形治疗颅外颈动脉狭窄的临床效果。 方法：纳入颅外颈动脉狭窄患者29例,其中男19例,女10例,年龄45-78岁,进行支架置入及经皮血管成形治疗,治疗前及治疗后24 h进行美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表量表、神经功能评分及CT检查;随访3-12个月,复查凝血指标及颈动脉B超。 结果与结论：1例患者为右侧颈总动脉分叉部完全闭塞,经治疗仅颈外动脉管径恢复50.0%,其余患者均经血管造影证实完全恢复至正常水平,治疗成功率为97%。29例患者治疗后24 h的颈动脉病变血管长度、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表量表、神经功能评分均较治疗前明显改善（P＜0.01,P＜0.05）。随访3-12个月,所有患者均未出现脑梗死和短暂脑缺血发作,颈动脉狭窄明显改善,6个月复查时患者出现再狭窄,再狭窄率为3%。表明经皮血管成形联合生物材料支架置入治疗颅外颈动脉狭窄可以获得良好的临床效果。     

彩色多普勒在颈动脉内膜切除术中的应用

目的:探讨彩色多普勒(CDFI)在颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)治疗颈动脉狭窄中的临床价值。方法:CEA治疗前经CDFI检查的颅外段颈动脉狭窄患者27例,其中12例患者行数字减影脑血管造影(CAG)检查。结果:CDFI显示40侧颈总或/和颈内动脉内-中膜增厚,34侧伴有斑状强回声,31侧管腔狭窄,程度为40％-95％,中位数是76％;2侧颈内动脉闭塞。CDFI诊断颈动脉狭窄结果与CAG检查比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:CDFI在显示颅外段颈动脉管壁病变方面有很高的敏感性,并且能准确地判定颈动脉管腔狭窄程度,可作为筛选CEA患者的可靠手段,也能用作CEA患者治疗后随访。     

The application of duplex surveillance after carotid intervention

Carotid duplex ultrasound testing provides a safe and accurate method to detect and grade the severity of atherosclerotic internal carotid artery stenosis both before and following carotid intervention. Testing after surgical endarterectomy or stent angioplasty allows assessment of the technical success by excluding residual stenosis. The focus of duplex surveillance after carotid intervention is to identify recurrent stenosis, repair site occlusion, and progression of contralateral internal carotid artery disease. Patients who develop a neurologic event or a duplex-detected >75% diameter-reducing internal carotid artery stenosis with a peak systolic velocity >300 cm/s and end-diastolic velocity >125 cm/s should be further evaluated by angiographic imaging and should be considered for reintervention if an appropriate lesion is confirmed. Duplex surveillance allows the vascular surgeon to evaluate patency of the rendered intervention, its stenosis-free durability, and its effectiveness in stroke prevention.     

缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄特点及相关危险因素分析

目的:分析脑动脉狭窄的分布特点,探讨相关危险因素对脑动脉狭窄的影响.方法:对98例缺血性脑血管病患者行主动脉弓及全脑血管造影,回顾性分析脑动脉狭窄特点及相关危险因素的影响.结果:98例患者中,70例存在脑动脉狭窄或闭塞,颅外段者20例(28.5%),颅内段者32例(45.7%),颅内、颅外均受累者18例(25.7%),...     

The natural history of asymptomatic extracranial arterial disease

The natural history of a group of 76 patients without neurological symptoms, but with untreated extracranial arterial disease demonstrated by angiography 10 years ago, was studied. During this period 46 patients died, and coronary artery disease was the most common cause of death (n = 25). Six patients suffered a lethal stroke, five patients had a stroke before they died from other causes and five of the six surviving patients, who became symptomatic developed TIAs, followed by a stroke in two cases, leaving only one who suffered a sudden stroke without premonitory warning symptoms. Although the overall cumulative stroke rate (18 per cent) was three times higher than normal, the cerebrovascular territories affected corresponded only twice with the original extracranial carotid lesion. Therefore, early carotid endarterectomy is inadvisable for the majority of asymptomatic patients and repetitive non-invasive prospective study of these patients is favoured for selection of more appropriate timing for individual treatment.     

Patient care following carotid endarterectomy.

Individuals with carotid artery disease often enter the health care system for surgery. Since carotid endarterectomy is a surgical procedure with associated risks, it is essential for health care providers to understand operative interventions and cardiac and neurologic responses to provide competent postoperative care.     

Prevalence of concomitant atherosclerotic arterial diseases in patients with significant cervical carotid artery stenosis in Taiwan

Backgrounds Atherosclerotic stenosis of extracranial carotid arteries is an important cause of ischemic stroke in Taiwan, an ethnic Chinese population. Concurrent atherosclerotic arterial disease is an important issue in the management of patients with carotid stenosis, but its prevalence and extent are unknown. Methods One hundred and sixty-three consecutive patients with angiographically proven significant cervical carotid artery stenosis (≥50% stenosis) were enrolled in this study. Angiography was done to document concurrent coronary, renal, and limb artery stenosis. Clinical symptoms and signs were also correlated with the angiographic findings. Results One or more significant concurrent arterial stenotic disease was found in 73% of the patients. The most frequent were coronary artery disease, found in 68% of the patients, while renal artery stenosis and limb artery stenosis were found in 20% and 21% of the patients, respectively. Age, diabetes, history of angina pectoris, intermittent claudication, and asymmetric arm blood pressures were significantly associated with the presence of concurrent arterial stenosis. However, 41% of the patients with concurrent coronary artery disease did not have any clinical symptoms or history of myocardial infarction. Conclusions Our data indicated that concurrent advanced and extensive arterial disease is common in patients with significant cervical carotid stenosis, and also suggest the importance of global evaluation of systemic atherosclerosis in these patients to achieve optimal management.     

Noninvasive evaluation of vertebrobasilar insufficiency

The diagnosis of vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI) is a clinical challenge because its manifestations are subjective and difficult to quantify. We evaluate 61 patients with the clinical diagnosis of VBI and 30 control patients with other medical problems. We used duplex scanning to study the extracranial carotid, vertebral, and subclavian arteries, and a 2-MHz transcranial Doppler (TCD) to examine the intracranial vertebral and basilar arteries. Extracranial lesions were more common in VBI patients than among controls, including stenosis of the subclavian artery with and without subclavian-vertebral steal and stenosis of the vertebral artery. Intracranial abnormalities identified in the vertebrobasilar circulation included stenosis and occlusion of the intracranial vertebral artery and basilar artery steal. Overall, significant lesions were detected in 32.8% of VBI patients and 3.0% of controls (P less than 0.05). Systolic artery velocity (cm/sec) in the extracranial vertebral artery was higher in controls (65.9 +/- 23.3) than in VBI patients who had no evidence of vertebrobasilar steal (43.0 +/- 17.4, P less than 0.05). Patients with a steal mechanism had an intracranial vertebral artery systolic velocity of 90.0 +/- 38.9, compared with 53.0 +/- 15.0 in controls (2P less than 0.050). Intracranial vertebral artery systolic velocity was higher among VBI patients with significant carotid artery disease (greater than 50%, 76.7 +/- 28.8) than in those with less severe disease (less than 50%, 47.3 +/- 13.8, P less than 0.05). Evaluation and quantitation of the vertebrobasilar circulation using both intra- and extracranial noninvasive studies may afford further insight as to the pathophysiology of vertebrobasilar insufficiency and provide a readily available, direct, and simple method of initial and serial assessment of VBI patients.     

Diagnosis of an intracranial arteriovenous malformation using extracranial carotid Doppler sonography

Carotid sonography is a well-established technique in the evaluation of patients with neurologic symptoms. We describe the case of a woman in whom duplex Doppler sonography of the extracranial carotid circulation showed high-velocity diastolic flow and a low resistance index without turbulence or morphologic abnormality of the artery. A suspected cause of this finding was low-resistance distal circulation secondary to low-resistance intracranial circulation due to an arteriovenous malformation. This diagnosis was later confirmed by CT. Because of the significant risk of bleeding associated with an asymptomatic intracranial arteriovenous malformation, duplex Doppler sonographic findings suggesting a low-resistance waveform in the presence of a morphologically normal carotid artery should prompt further imaging.     

短暂性脑缺血发作患者颅内外动脉狭窄的分布与预后的相关临床分析

目的观察短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）患者颅内外动脉狭窄的分布情况,评价颅内外动脉狭窄的分布与预后的关系。方法对121例TIA患者行经颅多普勒（,TCD）,颈动脉彩超和头颈部磁共振血管成像（MRA）检查,统计颅内外动脉狭窄的分布,随访1年,观察卒中的再发率。结果121例患者中,单纯颅内动脉、单纯颅外动脉及颅内外动脉混合狭窄分别为52．1％（63／121）、15．90%（16／121）、25．6％（31／121）,颅内动脉狭窄高于颅外动脉（75．7％、24．3％）。最常见的受累部位为大脑中动脉和颈内动脉颅内段。随访1年后,颅内外动脉混合狭窄者卒中再发率高于单纯颅内、外动脉狭窄者。结论TIA患者以颅内动脉狭窄多见,不同颅内外动脉狭窄的分布可能是TIA患者卒中复发的血管性预测因子。     

颈动脉连续波多普勒超声评估颅内侧支循环

目的探讨颈动脉连续波多普勒超声评估颅内侧支循环。方法对80例无脑供血动脉狭窄性病变患者,在行颈总动脉压迫试验时采用4 MHz连续波探头检测对侧颈内动脉起始段和同侧椎动脉寰枢段血流速度变化。并对连续波多普勒超声与经颅多普勒超声检测的侧支循环方式结果进行比较。结果颈动脉连续波多普勒超声检出前交通动脉侧支开放76例(95%),经颅多普勒超声检出前交通动脉侧支开放76例(95%)。在受检的160个后交通动脉侧支中,颈动脉连续波多普勒超声检出后交通动脉侧支开放140个(88%),经颅多普勒超声检出132个(83%)。结论颅外动脉连续波多普勒超声结合颈总动脉压迫试验检测颅内侧支循环既安全又方便,其准确率与经颅多普勒超声一致。     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术前、术中、术后颅内外血流动力学变化的研究

目的研究颈动脉内膜剥脱术(CEA)前、术中、术后颈动脉及颅内动脉的血流动力学变化.方法用彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)和经颅多普勒超声(TCD)对27例CEA患者术前术后病变局部管径、流速及同侧大脑中动脉(MCA)术前、术中、术后流速、搏动指数(PI)和交通支开放情况进行分析.结果CEA术后,颈动脉管径、血流速度恢复正常.患侧的MCA流速及PI升高(P＜0.001).侧支循环关闭.术中患侧MCA流速下降幅度＜40%与前交通开放相关(P=0.01 5).结论CEA后颅外和颅内动脉的血流动力学恢复正常.CDFI与TCD结合,可评价CEA患者术前、术中、术后颅内外动脉的血流动力学变化,为CEA手术提供可靠的客观依据,并可作为评价手术效果的有效方式.     

Subclavian steal syndrome: an update.

The clinical findings in this series of 22 cases of subclavian steal syndrome showed a predominance of men (13:9), a mean age of 51 years, and a predominance of left subclavian artery obstruction. There was a blood pressure differential of more than 20 mm Hg and diminished pulses ipsilaterally in most. Main indications for surgical repair were transient neurologic symptoms. Twenty-one of our patients had surgical repair of the subclavian steal syndrome; six had concomitant carotid artery surgery. The most common surgical procedure performed consisted of a carotid subclavian bypass graft. One patient had only carotid revascularization; 19 patients have had good long-term results. One patient, with tetralogy, died and three had complications. The asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patient may be given a trial of medical treatment. Symptomatic patients can have extrathoracic bypass with a very low risk. Surgery is indicated if significant associated carotid lesions are present.     

颈内动脉颅外段巨大动脉瘤的外科处理：附1例报告

报告一例颈内动脉颅外段巨大的动脉瘤外科处理的经验，介绍颈联合径路鼻咽，口咽侧壁得到良好的暴露，本例行单纯切除，术后无神经系统后遗症，对颈内动脉颅外段动脉瘤的病因，临床表现及外科处理方法进行了讨论。     

Prevalence of carotid artery stenosis in Taiwanese patients with one ischemic stroke

PURPOSE: Ethnic differences in the distribution of atherosclerosis in the brain-supplying vessels are well described. However, only scarce data exist on the prevalence of extracranial carotid artery stenosis in Taiwanese patients who have had a single ischemic stroke. METHODS: Color-coded duplex sonography was used to evaluate the carotid arteries in a hospital-based study on 276 consecutive first-time Taiwanese stroke patients. Significant atherosclerotic lesions of the internal carotid arteries (ICA) were defined as a stenosis of more than 50% or an occlusion. RESULTS: The prevalence of significant carotid lesions was 6% (35/552) in the entire cohort and 8% (17/224) in patients with hemispheric strokes. Among patients with large-artery atheroscleroses, according to criteria of the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment, only 27% had significant extracranial ICA disease whereas 69% had intracranial vessel stenoses. Older patients tended to have more severe ICA lesions, while other risk factors were not correlated with carotid stenosis. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of more than 50% ICA stenosis was low in Taiwanese patients with first hemispheric ischemic strokes, indicating that it is not a major cause of ischemic stroke in this population.