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Ingeborg Hedderich 《Pr?vention und Gesundheitsf?rderung》2016,11(1):34-39
Background
Nowdays the health situation of teachers is of increasing societal and political interest. In addition, the German school system is—after ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 2009—facing a profound change towards an inclusive school system.Goal
With respect to this background, the present article focuses on special education teachers. In order to gain new insights on both teachers’ stress experience and related coping strategies, empirical knowledge to close the present gap in research will be presented.Results
In the theoretical part, the current state of research is presented. In second part, the empirical findings of the conducted exploratory research are described. The research is based on the evaluation of ten content-analyzed interviews with special education teachers (from different German states). The evaluation led to the main finding that, according to the teachers’ statements, both stress experience and coping strategies are highly influenced by context factors such as amount of work, work organization, work conditions, and team interaction. Consequently, the findings point to a necessity for intervention.3.
Background
Persons with psychosocial disabilities face disparate access to healthcare and social services worldwide, along with systemic discrimination, structural inequalities, and widespread human rights abuses. Accordingly, many people have looked to international human rights law to help address mental health challenges. On December 13, 2006, the United Nations formally adopted the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) – the first human rights treaty of the 21st century and the fastest ever negotiated.Methods
This study assesses the CRPD’s potential impact on mental health systems and presents a legal and public policy analysis of its implementation in one high-income country: Canada. As part of this analysis, a critical review was undertaken of the CRPD’s implementation in Canadian legislation, public policy, and jurisprudence related to mental health.Results
While the Convention is clearly an important step forward, there remains a divide, even in Canada, between the Convention’s goals and the experiences of Canadians with disabilities. Its implementation is perhaps hindered most by Canada’s reservations to Article 12 of the CRPD on legal capacity for persons with psychosocial disabilities. The overseeing CRPD Committee has stated that Article 12 only permits “supported decision-making” regimes, yet most Canadian jurisdictions maintain their “substitute decision-making” regimes. This means that many Canadians with mental health challenges continue to be denied legal capacity to make decisions related to their healthcare, housing, and finances. But changes are afoot: new legislation has been introduced in different jurisdictions across the country, and recent court decisions have started to push policymakers in this direction.Conclusion
Despite the lack of explicit implementation, the CRPD has helped to facilitate a larger shift in social and cultural paradigms of mental health and disability in Canada. But ratification and passive implementation are not enough. Further efforts are needed to implement the CRPD’s provisions and promote the equal enjoyment of human rights by all Canadian citizens – and presumably for all other people too, from the poorest to the wealthiest countries.4.
Erika Berggren Y. Orrevall A. Ödlund Olin P. Strang R. Szulkin L. Törnkvist 《The journal of nutrition, health & aging》2016,20(4):428-438
Objective
Evaluate the effectiveness of a continuing educational intervention on primary health care professionals’ familiarity with information important to nutritional care in a palliative phase, their collaboration with other caregivers, and their level of knowledge about important aspects of nutritional care.Design
Observational cohort study.Setting
10 primary health care centers in Stockholm County, Sweden.Participants
140 district nurses/registered nurses and general practitioners/physicians working with home care.Intervention
87 professionals participated in the intervention group (IG) and 53 in the control group (CG). The intervention consisted of a web-based program offering factual knowledge; a practical exercise linking existing and new knowledge, abilities, and skills; and a case seminar facilitating reflection.Measurements
The intervention’s effects were measured by a computer-based study-specific questionnaire before and after the intervention, which took approximately 1 month. The CG completed the questionnaire twice (1 month between response occasions). The intervention effects, odds ratios, were estimated by an ordinal logistic regression.Results
In the intra-group analyses, statistically significant changes occurred in the IG’s responses to 28 of 32 items and the CG’s responses to 4 of 32 items. In the inter-group analyses, statistically significant effects occurred in 20 of 32 statements: all 14 statements that assessed familiarity with important concepts and all 4 statements about collaboration with other caregivers but only 2 of the 14 statements concerning level of knowledge. The intervention effect varied between 2.5 and 12.0.Conclusion
The intervention was effective in increasing familiarity with information important to nutritional care in a palliative phase and collaboration with other caregivers, both of which may create prerequisites for better nutritional care. However, the intervention needs to be revised to better increase the professionals’ level of knowledge about important aspects of nutritional care.5.
M. H. Jaafar S. Mahadeva P. Subramanian Maw Pin Tan 《The journal of nutrition, health & aging》2017,21(4):473-479
Objective
To explore the perceptions of healthcare professionals’ (HCPs) in a South East Asian nation towards percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) feeding.Design
Semi-structured, qualitative interviews.Settings
A teaching hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.Participants
A total of 17 healthcare professionals aged 23-43 years, 82% women.Results
Thematic analysis revealed five themes that represent HCPs’ perceptions in relation to the usage of PEG feeding: 1) knowledge of HCPs, 2) communication, 3) understanding among patients, and 4) financial and affordability.Conclusion
The rationale for reluctance towards PEG feeding observed in this regions was explained by lack of education, knowledge, communication, team work, and financial support. Future studies should assess the effects of educational programmes among HCPs and changes in policies to promote affordability on the utilization of PEG feeding in this region.6.
Nicole Gardner-Neblett Steven J. Holochwost Kathleen Cranley Gallagher Iheoma U. Iruka Samuel L. Odom Elizabeth Pungello Bruno 《Child & youth care forum》2017,46(4):473-493
Background
Although shared book reading is seen as an effective way to support children’s early literacy and language development, less is known about the factors associated with toddlers’ engagement with books.Objective
The goal of the current study was to examine younger and older toddlers’ engagement with books during one-on-one reading with a teacher in an interactive versus non-interactive manner and during independent exploration.Method
Using single-case design, the study examined how engagement among toddlers (N = 6) in a childcare classroom varied under different book reading/exploration conditions.Results
Results indicated that overall engagement was greater when teachers read interactively compared to when children explored books on their own, with this effect differing for younger versus older toddlers.Conclusions
Understanding how teachers reading to younger and older toddlers is associated with children’s engagement with books compared to children’s engagement when exploring books on their own can inform early care and education reading practices with toddlers. Implications for book reading with toddlers in group childcare are discussed.7.
Jette Lindegaard Pedersen P. U. Pedersen E. M. Damsgaard 《The journal of nutrition, health & aging》2016,20(8):845-853
Objectives
To compare the effects of two nutritional follow-up interventions with regard to preventing short-term deterioration in ADL, and to compare their effects on physical function, emotional health, and health-related quality of life.Design
Randomized clinical trial with two intervention groups and one control group, and a follow-up period of eight weeks.Setting
Intervention in the participants’ homes after discharge from hospital.Participants
Inclusion: Malnourished geriatric patients and patients at risk of malnutrition (MNA<24), aged 75 years and older, living at home and alone.Exclusion
Nursing home residents and patients with terminal illnesses or cognitive impairment.Randomization
At discharge, the patients were assigned to one of three groups: ‘home visit’, ‘telephone consultation’, or ‘control’ group.Intervention
Individually tailored nutritional counselling of the patient and the patient’s daily home carer by a clinical dietician one, two, and four weeks after discharge from hospital. The counselling was either in-person at the patients’ homes, or by telephone. The control group received no follow-up after discharge.Measurements
Primary outcome: Change in ADL (Barthel-100 score) at discharge and eight weeks later.Secondary outcomes
Change in physical performance (handgrip strength, 30-sec. chair stand test, CAS), quality of life and depression measurements (SF-36, Depression List, Geriatric Depression Score), and Avlund mobility-tiredness score (Mob-T).Results
Two-hundred and eight participants were randomized, 73 to home visits and 68 to telephone consultations. The control group comprised 67 patients. The mean age of the participants was 86.1 years. At eight weeks after discharge, 157 completed the follow-up (home visit 52, telephone consultation 51, and control group 54). The mean age of these patients was 85.8 years. More patients in the home visit group improved or maintained their ADL (96%), compared to the telephone (75%) and control groups (72%), p<0.01. No difference was detected among the groups with regard to physical measurements, health-related quality of life, and emotional health.Conclusion
Early nutritional follow-up after discharge, performed as home visits, prevents deterioration of ADL in malnourished, independent, geriatric patients who live alone and thereby preserves their independence.8.
Mayara Fontes Marx Leslie London Alex Müller 《BMC international health and human rights》2018,18(1):33
Background
Despite 20 years of democracy, South Africa still suffers from profound health inequalities. Gender roles and norms are associated with individuals’ vulnerability that lead to ill-health. For instance, gender inequality influences women’s access to health care and women’s agency to make health-related decisions. This paper explores gender-awareness and inclusivity in organisations that advocate for the right to health in South Africa, and analyses how this knowledge impacts their work?Methods
In total, 10 in-depth interviews were conducted with members of The Learning Network for Health and Human Rights (LN), a network of universities and Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) which is explicitly committed to advancing the right to health, but not explicitly gendered in its orientation.Results
The results show that there is a discrepancy in knowledge around gender and gendered power relations between LN members. This discrepancy in understanding gendered power relations suggests that gender is ‘rendered invisible’ within the LN, which impacts the way the LN advocates for the right to health.Conclusions
Even organizations that work on health rights of women might be unaware of the possibility of gender invisibility within their organisational structures.9.
Erica D. McCray Cecelia Ribuffo Holly Lane Kristin M. Murphy Joseph C. Gagnon David E. Houchins Richard G. Lambert 《Child & youth care forum》2018,47(2):259-281
Background
The well-documented statistics regarding the academic struggles of incarcerated youth are disconcerting, and efforts to improve reading performance among this population are greatly needed. There is a dearth of research that provides rich and detailed accounts of reading intervention implementation in the juvenile corrections setting.Objective
The present study attempted to address this gap in the research base by developing a grounded theory of literacy intervention implementation in one juvenile correctional school.Methods
Qualitative methods were used for data collection (i.e., individual and focus group interviews) and analysis (i.e., grounded theory). Study participants included representatives from all facets of the facility, including education (both students and adults), security, and administration, to allow for a comprehensive examination of the context.Results
The context affected the faculty, staff, and students in different ways and influenced the commitment to and implementation of the intervention. Additionally, teachers’ experience and background seemed to influence their perception of the program. Individual student characteristics affected their motivation for participation.Conclusions
There were many contextual factors, some that contributed to the success of the intervention, and others that impeded its success. It is important that interventions being considered for implementation in challenging or atypical settings account for the contextual variables that can affect outcomes. In the current study, influential factors identified were related to the physical environment, leadership, teachers, security personnel, and the students’ backgrounds.10.
Background
Relationship education (RE), often employed for adults, has become increasingly available for teenagers. However, non-romantic relationships are rarely assessed as a potential outcome domain influenced by RE.Objective
Informed by life course theory and the ecological systems perspective, this study examines the influence of RE on both dating and parent–adolescent relationships, and the associations between such changes.Methods
Using a one-sample, non-controlled design, we conducted repeated measures analysis of covariance, and hierarchical linear regression analyses to examine the influence of RE participation on 3658 ethnically diverse adolescents’ knowledge and use of healthy skills in their parent–adolescent and dating relationships and whether these changes are linked.Results
Results indicate significant and positive influences on participants’ knowledge and use of healthy relationship skills in their parent–adolescent and dating relationships. Further, results indicate that change in the current dating relationship is associated with concurrent change in the parent–adolescent relationship.Conclusion
The results of this study provide preliminary evidence for a spillover effect of relationship education efforts, which are traditionally focused on the youth dating relationships, to parent–adolescent relationship dynamics. Future research considering multiple domains of RE outcomes for youth is warranted and future RE development and implementation may consider integrating parents to maximize program outcomes.11.
A.‑L. Bartsch M. Härter A. L. Brütt A. Buchholz 《Pr?vention und Gesundheitsf?rderung》2018,13(3):237-247
Background
The study “ENTER: Evaluation of a collaborative smoking cessation intervention” is a cluster-randomized controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of a smoking cessation intervention implemented in the German primary care setting in collaboration with AOK NORDWEST in Westphalia-Lippe and Schleswig-Holstein.Objectives
A process evaluation was performed with the aim of investigating barriers and facilitators to intervention implementation and giving recommendations for future interventions.Materials and methods
Between November 2015 and January 2016 semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted with AOK employees and general practitioners of the intervention group. Interviews focused on contextual factors (e.?g. responsibilities for implementing the intervention), the communication between network partners and the process of referring patients to smoking cessation courses.Results
Overall, 21 interviews were completed (8 AOK employees, 13 general practitioners). Intervention implementation was facilitated because physicians perceived smoking cessation counseling to be important and were supported by their office staff. Challenges were seen in patients’ motivation for participation in smoking cessation courses and meeting the minimum number of course participants.Conclusions
Successful intervention implementation would be facilitated by motivating patients to participate in smoking cessation courses and informing them about the effectiveness of the courses. Patient’s preferences for different smoking cessation aids should be investigated in order to increase the use of effective aids.12.
13.
Early Steps to School Success (ESSS): Examining Pathways Linking Home Visiting and Language Outcomes
Iheoma U. Iruka Deborah Brown Judith Jerald Kimberly Blitch 《Child & youth care forum》2018,47(2):283-301
Background
Improving the home environment and parenting practices to support children’s early development and learning is a key focus of many. Home visiting is one potential strategy to improve the home environment and parenting; however, more data about current programmatic efforts is needed, especially for children with multiple risks living in low-wealth communities.Objective
Secondary analysis was conducted using the Early Steps to School Success home visiting program data to examine the pathway through which home visiting participation is associated with children’s early language outcomes and whether this pathway varies by quantity of risk factors.Methods
In addition to conducting regression analyses, multiple group path analyses were done to examine the indirect relationship between home visiting participation and children’s early language outcomes through the home environment and literacy practices, and variation of this relationship by risks.Results
Participation in home visiting was indirectly associated with children’s receptive language through a responsive and language-rich home environment.Conclusion
Home visiting is one strategy to improve the quality of home environment and parenting practices, especially for children experiencing multiple risks.14.
Gabrielle Coppola Maria Grazia Foschino Barbaro Antonietta Curci Michele Simeone Alessandro Costantini Marvita Goffredo Alessandra Latrofa Daria Di Liso Wendy K. Silverman 《Child & youth care forum》2018,47(6):845-861
Background
The clinical relevance of Anxiety Sensitivity (AS) is well established, as well as the association between parents’ and children’s AS. However, there is little data data on the indirect relation between parents’ AS and children’s anxiety and somatic-hypochondriac symptoms through children’s AS, and the few findings available are inconsistent.Objective
The study examined, in a community sample, whether children’s AS was associated to their anxiety and somatic-hypochondriac symptoms, and tested whether children’s AS mediated the link between parents’ AS and children’s anxiety and somatic-hypochondriac symptoms.Methods
A total of 392 children and one of their parents completed a battery of questionnaires.Results
Children’s AS mediated the links between parents’ AS and children’s anxiety and somatic-hypochondriac symptoms. These pathways were moderated by the child’s age, in that they were significant for older children (ages 11–17 years old), but not for younger ones (ages 8–10 years old).Conclusions
The findings advance understanding of how parental AS might be implicated in children’s AS and clinical symptoms.15.
Sandra Gijzen Jessica Petter Monique P. L’Hoir Magda M. Boere-Boonekamp Ariana Need 《Zeitschrift fur Gesundheitswissenschaften》2017,25(4):357-370
Aim
Child Death Review (CDR) is a method in which every child death is systematically and multidisciplinary examined to (1) improve death statistics, (2) identify factors that give direction for prevention, (3) translate the results into possible interventions, and (4) support families. The aim of this study was to determine to what extent procedures of organizations involved in the (health) care for children in The Netherlands cover these four objectives of CDR.Subject and methods
Organizations in the Eastern part of The Netherlands and Dutch umbrella organizations involved in child (health) care were asked to provide their protocols, guidelines or other working agreements that describe their activities and responsibilities in case of a child’s death. Eighteen documents and nine interview reports were made available. For the analyses we used scorecards for each CDR objective.Results
The procedures of Perined, the National Cot Death Study Group, Dutch Cot Death Foundation and Child Protection Service cover the largest part of the objectives of CDR. Organizations pay most attention to the translation of results into possible interventions. Family support gets the least attention in protocols, guidelines and other working agreements.Conclusion
Dutch organizations separately cover parts of CDR. When the procedures of organizations are combined, all CDR objectives are covered in the response to only specific groups of child deaths, i.e., perinatal deaths, Sudden Unexpected Deaths in Infants and fatal child abuse cases. Further research into the conditions that are needed for an optimal implementation of CDR in The Netherlands is necessary. This research should also evaluate the recently implemented NODOK procedure (Further Examination of the Causes of death in Children), directed to investigate unexplained deaths in minors 0–18 years old.16.
Background
The ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) involves a new emphasis on empirical research. The requirement of including children as sources of information in studies is, as yet, uncommon in health research.Objectives
An examination of the methodological challenges arising from a standardised survey of children. Among other things the intention is to address the question of how well information from parents and primary school children (1st and 3rd year) correlates regarding physical activity, nutrition, well-being and social behaviour in order to examine to what extent the surveying of children leads to valid data.Materials and methods
In all, 1561 schoolchildren and their parents were interviewed during the evaluation of a health promotion programme. The children’s questionnaire was designed as a visually supported, self-administered questionnaire. Spearman’s rho, kappa or biserial rank coefficients were calculated as conformance dimensions.Results
The conformity of the information provided by parents and children was generally low to moderate but higher in the second survey. For clearly observable and evaluable behaviours, correspondences were higher, while for questions that related to subjective experience, correlations were rare.Conclusions
The UNCRC’s requirement for the inclusion of elementary school children in empirical research by means of standardised surveys is desirable but the low correspondence between the responses of parents and children places high demands on the interpretation of the data. A number of methodological questions, such as the contextual dependence of the answers, remain open.17.
Background
In the Korean educational system, academic achievement is one of the crucial factors in assessing a student’s academic ability for postsecondary education. Thus, many researchers have been studying ways to improve students’ academic achievement.Objective
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between students’ perceptions of teachers’ motivational behavior and students’ academic achievement, as well as the mediating effects of students’ motivation and self-efficacy on this relation.Methods
Using the Korean Education Longitudinal Study data, we employed structural equation modeling to assess the impacts of different variables (i.e., students’ perceptions of their teachers’ motivational behavior, self-efficacy, and intrinsic motivation) on the academic achievements of 6227 middle school students’. We further examined whether these relationships differed depending on the school subject, specifically, reading, English, and mathematics.Results
The results indicate that students’ self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation mediated the relation between students’ perceptions of teachers’ motivational behavior and students’ academic achievements in all three subjects.Conclusion
This study suggests that students’ self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation increase when students perceive their teachers’ motivational behaviors positively, which ultimately improves their performance in reading, English, and mathematics.18.
C. Wang X. Ji X. Wu Z. Tang X. Zhang S. Guan H. Liu Xianghua Fang 《The journal of nutrition, health & aging》2017,21(6):648-654
Objectives
To explore the relationship of general health decline assessed by frailty and risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD).Design
A seven-year prospective cohort study.Setting
Secondary analysis of data from the Beijing Longitudinal Study on Aging.Participants
Urban and rural communitydwelling people aged 60 and older at baseline.Measurements
Frailty was quantified using the deficit accumulation-based frailty index (FI), constructed from 40 health deficits at baseline. Dementia was diagnosed by DSM-IIIR. AD and vascular dementia (VaD) were diagnosed by NINCDS-ADRDA and NINDS-AIREN. The relationships between frailty and the risk of dementia, AD and death were evaluated through multivariable models.Results
Of 2788 participants at baseline (1997), 171 (11.1%) reported a history of dementia. In seven years, 351 people developed dementia (13%: 223 AD and 128 other types of dementia) and 813 died (29%). After adjustment for age, sex, education, and baseline cognition, baseline frailty status significantly associated with Alzheimer’s disease and dementia and death. For each deficit accumulated, the odds ratio of death increased by 5.7%, and the odds ratio of dementia increased by 2.9% (p < 0.001).Conclusion
Frailty was associated with Alzheimer’s disease and dementia over a seven years period. Frailty index might facilitate the identification of older adults at high risk of dementia for the application of the most effective, targeted prevention strategies.19.
S. M. Robinson K. A. Jameson I. Bloom G. Ntani S. R. Crozier H. Syddall E. M. Dennison C. Cooper A. A. Sayer 《The journal of nutrition, health & aging》2017,21(3):247-253
Objective
To evaluate the use of a short questionnaire to assess diet quality in older adults.Design
Cross-sectional study.Setting
Hertfordshire, UK.Participants
3217 community-dwelling older adults (59-73 years).Measurements
Diet was assessed using an administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ); two measures of diet quality were defined by calculating participants’ ‘prudent diet’ scores, firstly from a principal component analysis of the data from the full FFQ (129 items) and, secondly, from a short version of the FFQ (including 24 indicator foods). Scores calculated from the full and short FFQ were compared with nutrient intake and blood concentrations of vitamin C and lipids.Results
Prudent diet scores calculated from the full FFQ and short FFQ were highly correlated (0.912 in men, 0.904 in women). The pattern of associations between nutrient intake (full FFQ) and diet scores calculated using the short and full FFQs were very similar, both for men and women. Prudent diet scores calculated from the full and short FFQs also showed comparable patterns of association with blood measurements: in men and women, both scores were positively associated with plasma vitamin C concentration and serum HDL; in women, an inverse association with serum triglycerides was also observed.Conclusions
A short food-based questionnaire provides useful information about the diet quality of older adults. This simple tool does not require nutrient analysis, and has the potential to be of value to nonspecialist researchers.20.