经导管主动脉瓣植入术患者的围术期护理

目的总结经导管主动脉瓣植入术患者的护理方法。方法对97例主动脉瓣狭窄患者行经导管主动脉瓣植入术,术前重点评估心功能分级和临床症状,完善术前检查;术后密切观察患者意识和生命体征的变化;定时记录心率、心律、氧饱和度及血压,做好呼吸机、临时起搏器及各种管路的护理,观察并及时处理脑卒中、血管并发症、主动脉瓣反流和传导阻滞等并发症。结果 97例行心电监护4.2d;术后3例使用有创呼吸机,8例使用无创呼吸机;13例穿刺处出血;20例安置永久起搏器。术中及术后72h以内无死亡,术后呼吸困难、胸痛及晕厥等症状明显改善,出院时心功能均为Ⅰ~Ⅱ级。结论对经导管主动脉瓣植入术术后患者,进行严密的病情观察和系统的护理,有利于及时发现并处理异常,促进患者早日康复。     

Changing strategy for aortic stenosis with coronary artery disease by transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is combined with aortic stenosis (AS) in 40–50 % of patients with typical angina. Recently, transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has changed the guideline for AS in patients with high comorbidity. At the same time more than 60 % of isolated CABG has been performed without cardiopulmonary bypass in Japan. CABG is recommended and should be considered in patients with primary indication for AVR and luminal stenosis >70 % in major coronary arteries and the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) by guidelines. AVR is indicated for severe AS undergoing CABG. It is generally accepted to perform AVR for moderate AS at the time of CABG by valve guidelines. However, prophylactic AVR for moderate AS associated with CABG may increase the early operative risk and expose the patients to postoperative long-term valve related complications. AVR after previous CABG poses potential risk for mortality and morbidity. The presence of patent ITA is a significant risk of its injury and difficulty of myocardial protection during aortic cross-clamping. Therefore, at present, for severe AS previous CABG with patent ITA should be one of the definite indications of TAVI. Rationale of TAVI in patients with severe AS and CAD has not been clearly delineated. The safety of TAVI irrespective of the extent and anatomy of CAD is still controversial. PCI is not appropriate before TAVI in high-risk patients with CAD. In the near future hybrid TAVI will be realistic considering least operative mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients.     

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation in Jehovah's Witness patients with symptomatic severe aortic valve stenosis

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is currently reserved for high or prohibitive surgical-risk patients with aortic valve stenosis. We report on successful TAVI in two Jehovah's witness patients. It offers a simple and effective treatment of severe aortic valve stenosis in high-risk patients who refuse the use of allogeneic blood and blood products.     

经导管主动脉瓣植入术治疗重度主动脉瓣狭窄

目的 观察经导管主动脉瓣植入术（TAVI）治疗重度主动脉瓣狭窄（AS）的效果。方法 回顾性收集18例接受TAVI的重度AS患者,记录TAVI即刻成功率,观察治疗过程中及治疗后相关并发症;随访记录治疗后1、3个月瓣膜功能及心血管事件。结果 18例实施TAVI成功。对3例AS合并冠心病患者行一站式TAVI+经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,对2例冠状动脉阻塞高风险患者通过“烟囱”或“开窗”技术加以预保护。1例顽固性心力衰竭患者接受体外膜氧合器辅助下TAVI;1例尿毒症患者于TAVI前、后接受血液透析。TAVI即刻成功率100%（18/18）。TAVI过程中1例发生心脏压塞而转外科治疗;1例因中度瓣周漏而植入另1枚瓣膜。治疗后3例存在轻度瓣周漏,1例因三度房室传导阻滞而植入永久性心脏起搏器。未见严重并发症。治疗后即刻及1、3个月,超声心动图显示主动脉瓣口流速［（203.47±70.65）、（219.64±67.49）、278.00（188.50,289.00）cm/s］和跨瓣压差［（17.16±14.05）、0（0,20.50）、12.00（0,32.50）mmHg］均较治疗前［470.50（428.75,553.25）cm/s、79.50（53.25,112.50）mmHg］降低（P均＜0.05）。治疗后3个月内无死亡、卒中、急性冠脉综合征及新发房颤等严重心血管事件发生。结论 TAVI治疗重度AS安全,且短期疗效好。     

Beating aortic valve replacement surgery as an alternative to transcatheter aortic valve implantation in a patient with severe aortic stenosis and left ventricular dysfunction

Background

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is the standard treatment for high-risk patients with aortic stenosis (AS); however, alternative treatments for patients who are ineligible for TAVI are controversial.

Case presentation

56?year-old female who required 6 γ dobutamine support due to congestive heart failure was diagnosed as severe aortic stenosis with bicuspid valve. Echocardiography revealed left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 15%. The patient was relatively young for TAVI, and TAVI was not licensed for patient presenting with a bicuspid aortic valve in places other than the limited institutions in Japan. On pump beating aortic valve replacement (AVR) was performed with selective antegrade coronary artery blood perfusion. She resumed a completely normal lifestyle by 3 weeks after the operation.

Conclusions

A relatively young patient for TAVI who was diagnosed as aortic stenosis with severely reduced ejection fraction and bicuspid valve is reported. Beating AVR with a continuously selective antegrade-perfusion was achieved safely with good clinical results in a patient with severely reduced left ventricular (LV) function. Beating AVR can be considered as a potential alternative for patients who are ineligible for conventional surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) and TAVI.

     

Reversibility of pulmonary artery hypertension in aortic stenosis after aortic valve replacement

Fifty-two surgical patients with isolated aortic valve stenosis were studied preoperatively and postoperatively to determine the incidence of pulmonary hypertension and its response to surgical intervention. Pulmonary artery systolic hypertension was classified as absent (group 1, less than 30 mm Hg), mild (group 2, 30 to 39 mm Hg), moderate (group 3, 40 to 59 mm Hg), and severe (group 4, greater than 60 mm Hg). Thirty-seven of our patients (71%) had preoperative pulmonary hypertension. There was a positive correlation between left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and both systolic and diastolic pulmonary artery pressures preoperatively (p less than 0.001). After operation we found a decrease in mean systolic pulmonary pressure in group 4, from 85.8 +/- 23 mm Hg to 41.2 +/- 10.4 mm Hg (a 52% decrease, p less than 0.001), and in group 3, from 48.9 +/- 5.9 mm Hg to 32.1 +/- 7.1 mm Hg (a 34% decrease, p less than 0.001). A significant decrease in the mean diastolic pressure was found only in group 4, in which the pressure decreased from 33.7 +/- 8.7 mm Hg to 26.0 +/- 7.6 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). The operative mortality was 1.9%. Our data indicate that pulmonary artery hypertension in aortic stenosis is common, is related to end-diastolic pressure, and can be expected to improve in the early postoperative period.     

Outcome of transcatheter aortic valve replacement in bicuspid aortic valve stenosis with new-generation devices

Open in a separate window OBJECTIVESTo compare device success and paravalvular leak rates of 3 new-generation transcatheter aortic valve replacement devices in patients with bicuspid aortic valve stenosis and to test their biomechanical performance in a computer-based simulation model of aortic root with increasing ellipticity.METHODSThis retrospective multicentre study included 56 bicuspid aortic valve patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement with new-generation devices: Lotus/Lotus Edge (N = 15; 27%), Evolut-R (N = 20; 36%) and ACURATE neo (N = 21; 37%). Three virtual simulation models of aortic root with increasing index of eccentricity (0–0.25–0.5) were implemented. Stress distribution, stent–root contact area and paravalvular orifice area were computed.RESULTSDevice success was achieved in 43/56 patients (77%) with comparable rates among Lotus (87%), Evolut-R (60%) and ACURATE neo (86%; P = 0.085). Moderate paravalvular leak rate was significantly lower in the Lotus group as compared to Evolut-R group (0% vs 30%; P = 0.027) and comparable to the ACURATE neo group (0% vs 10%; P = 0.33). By index of eccentricity = 0.5, Lotus showed a uniform and symmetric pattern of stress distribution with absent paravalvular orifice area, ACURATE neo showed a mild asymmetry with small paravalvular orifice area (1.1 mm²), whereas a severely asymmetric pattern was evident with Evolut-R, resulting in a large paravalvular orifice area (12.0 mm²).CONCLUSIONSTranscatheter aortic valve replacement in bicuspid aortic valve patients with new-generation devices showed comparable device success rates. Lotus showed moderate paravalvular leak rate comparable to that of ACURATE neo and significantly lower than Evolut-R. On simulation, Lotus and ACURATE neo showed optimal adaptability to elliptic anatomies as compared to Evolut-R.     

Right ventricular function in patients with aortic stenosis undergoing aortic valve replacement.

The effects of aortic stenosis (AS) on right ventricular function during cardiac surgery are not fully understood. Forty patients undergoing aortic valve replacement with either a systolic transvalvular gradient of less than 100 mm Hg (82.1 +/- 5.5 mm Hg; group 1, n = 20) or greater than 120 mm Hg (131.1 +/- 6.9 mm Hg, group 2, n = 20) were investigated with regard to right ventricular function in the perioperative period. Right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF), right ventricular end-systolic volume (RVESV), and right ventricular end-diastolic volume (RVEDV) were measured by means of the thermodilution technique. Before cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), RVEF was significantly lower in group 2 patients (34% +/- 6%) than in group 1 (45% +/- 5%). After CPB, RVEF increased significantly in group 2 (28% +/- 4% to 49% +/- 5%), and no further differences were noted between the groups. In the patients with a higher systolic transvalvular gradient, RVEDV and RVESV were lower at the start of surgery, but increased after opening the pericardium. Cardiac index was also lower in these patients. Pericardiotomy resulted in a decrease in right ventricular end-systolic pressure (RVESP) only in the patients of group 2. In these patients more epinephrine was necessary to maintain stable hemodynamics during the post-bypass period. It is concluded that patients with AS are at risk of reduced right ventricular function when the systolic transvalvular pressure gradient is more than 120 mmHg. Knowledge of the complex interaction between the two sides of the heart may enable anesthesiologists to optimize management during the perioperative period.     

经导管主动脉瓣植入术的麻醉管理

背景 对于有临床症状的严重主动脉瓣狭窄患者而言,实施标准主动脉瓣置换术(surgical aortic valve replacement,SAVR)可能有禁忌或高风险.经导管主动脉瓣植入术(transcatheter aortic valve implantation,TAVI)是一种可供选择的治疗方式. 目的 阐述TAVI围手术期的麻醉管理与监测. 内容 实施TAVI患者的术前评估、风险分级、麻醉的准备和麻醉方法的选择以及行TAVI术中和术后监测管理. 趋向 设备更新与开发、进一步的研究和经验的积累将促使TAVI成为一种在心脏导管室开展的经皮入路微创手术,以后可以更加广泛地应用于有手术禁忌、合并并发症以及严重、不稳定心脏病的危重主动脉瓣狭窄患者.