激素耐药肾病的病理特点

介绍激素耐药肾病综合征5种病理类型,分别是局灶节段性肾小球硬化、IgA肾病、膜增殖性肾炎、IgM肾病和Clq肾病。就它们的定义、病理特点、病理分型和病理分级分别作了阐述。并结合已做的工作,与国外资料进行比较。     

肾脏病理类型与肾病综合征激素耐药的关系

糖皮质激素用于小儿肾病综合征的治疗已近半个世纪，虽然对多数患儿可起到诱导缓解的作用，但仍有部分病例出现激素耐药，造成肾病综合征激素耐药的原因甚多，如反复感染、激素治疗不正规、‘肾上腺皮质功能低下、高凝状态、长期使用清蛋白等，同时肾病综合征本身的病理类型是导致激素耐药的重要原因；激素耐药性肾病综合征的病理类型呈多样化，病理类型之间存在转型，肾病综合征激素耐药是临床医师经常遇到的一个棘手的问题，了解激素耐药性肾病综合征的病理特点，对其治疗有重要的指导作用。现就肾脏疾病的病理类型与。肾病综合征激素耐药的关系进行探讨，以引起临床医师的高度重视。     

激素耐药型和激素依赖型肾病患儿肾脏病理计量分析

目的 探讨病理计量分析评价激素耐药型（SR）和激素依赖型（SD）肾病综合征患儿的肾脏病理损害及其临床应用意义。方法 采用自行研制的评分法,对73例SR型和SD型肾病患儿的肾脏病理从病理类型、肾小球病变、小管间质病变、肾脏总的病理损害4个方面计量分析,并以血尿素氮为应变量,临床表现和肾脏病理计分为自变量进行逐步回归分析。结果 （1）病理类型评分结果：微小病变、局灶节段肾小球硬化、膜性肾病、系膜毛细血管性肾小球肾炎和系膜增生性肾小球肾炎五组间的年龄、病程、复发次数、血尿素氮、胆固醇、白蛋白、尿蛋白定量、肾脏总的病理损害的差异均无显著意义,而五组患儿的肾小球病变计分分别为1,5,5,6,5,微小病变组与其他各组比较差异有显著意义（H＝19．278,P＜0．01）。（2）73例患儿肾小球病变计分结果：正常2例（3％）,轻度53例（73％）,中度17例（23％）,重度1例（1％）。且正常、轻度、中度三组间血尿素氮、小管间质病变的差异有显著意义（H＝8．40,P,0．01;H＝11．56,P＜0．05）。（3）肾小管间质病变计分结果：轻度23例（34％）,中度37例（18％）,且轻、中、重三组间病程、复发次数、血尿素氮、肾小球病变计分的差异均有显著意义。（H值分别为25．016,38．775,14．944,10．625,P值均＜0．01）。（4）肾脏损害的总分结果：轻度33例（45％）,中度34例（7％）,重度6例（8％）,轻、中、重三组间病程、复发次数、血尿素氮的差异有显著意义（H值分别为19．42,14．335,18．923,P值均＜0．01）。（5）以血尿素氮为应变量行逐步回归分析,小管间质及肾小球损害对血尿素氮均有显著影响,小管间质病变的回归系数为0．862（P＜0．01）;肾小球病变的回归系数为0．212（P＜0．05）。结论 采用评分法对肾脏病理进行主分评价其病变程度,具有临床实用性,尤其对小管间质病变的计分评价对判断肾功能受损更有价值。     

肾病综合征激素耐药型的诊治

肾病综合征激素耐药型的诊治杨霁云肾上腺皮质激素（简称激素）用于治疗小儿肾病综合征（简称肾病）逾４０年，已作为该征之首选药用于临床。虽多数患儿可由之诱导缓解，但勤复发、激素依赖及激素耐药仍为治疗棘手的问题，而常称之“难治性肾病”。一、概述根据我国儿科肾...     

激素耐药肾病综合征的治疗

激素耐药型肾病综合征又称激素抵抗型肾病综合征(steroid-resistant nephrotic svndrome,SRNS),其定义根据我国儿科肾小球疾病临床分类标准为：原发性肾病综合征以泼尼松足量治疗8周,尿蛋白仍阳性。当临床表现为SRNS,需及时行肾活检了解病理改变。     

儿童肾病综合征激素耐药机制研究进展

激素耐药是儿童原发性肾病综合征治疗的难点,其产生机制较复杂。近来研究发现,多药耐药基因1(multidrug resistance gene l,MDR1)及其产物P-糖蛋白170(P-glycoprotein170)、糖皮质激素受体( glucocorticoid receptor,GR)、肾脏病理、基因突变、并发症等均与激素耐药密切相关。该文就儿童原发性肾病综合征的激素耐药机制进行综述,以指导临床治疗。     

环孢素治疗激素耐药型肾病综合征的研究进展

儿童激素耐药型肾病综合征(SRNS)的治疗相对棘手,目前治疗上常用的免疫抑制剂有环孢素(CsA)、环磷酰胺、他克莫司等。CsA的药物代谢动力学不稳定,需定期监测其血药水平。CsA对SRNS儿童的诱导缓解率优于安慰剂及环磷酰胺,与他克莫司相当。SRNS儿童在CsA停药后易出现复发,其复发率为45%～64%。为增强CsA的疗效、减少其肾毒性,推荐应用小剂量、长疗程CsA治疗儿童SRNS的方案。     

环磷酰胺冲击治疗儿童激素耐药型肾病综合征的疗效

目的 探讨激素耐药型肾病综合征(SRNS)患儿大剂量环磷酰胺(CTX)冲击治疗的疗效及影响疗效的相关因素.方法 总结本院2004年12月～2009年12月收治的资料完整并进行CTX静脉冲击治疗的38例SRNS患儿的病例资料及随访情况,并就其缓解情况及与临床分型、病理类型、临床指标之间的关系及药物不良反应进行回顾性分析.结果 1.本组完全缓解18例(47%),部分缓解11例(29%),总有效率76%;部分缓解患儿均发生于疗程6个月内,延长疗程无累积缓解率增加;未缓解患儿1例在起病5 a内进展至终末期肾病.2.SRNS患儿单纯型肾病组缓解率高于肾炎型肾病组.3.SRNS病理改变以非微小病变肾病为主,即以系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(MsPGN)、局灶节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)为主;其中MsPGN缓解率较高,而FSGS缓解率相对较低.4.不良反应发生率为53%,最常见不良反应为一过性胃肠道反应,占36%,其次为轻度脱发(10%)、白细胞降低(7%),无严重感染、出血性膀胱炎发生.结论 CTX冲击联合激素治疗SRNS疗效肯定;临床类型、病理类型等因素可能与疗效及预后有关,单纯型肾病、MsPGN有效率较高,FSGS患儿CTX冲击疗效较差,发展为终未期肾病的风险较高.     

肾病综合征激素耐药与NPHS2基因

肾病综合征(NS)表现为大量蛋白尿、低蛋白血症、高胆固醇血症和不同程度的浮肿。10％～20％原发性NS患儿对激素耐药,其中很多进展到终末肾。多年来国内外大量学者一直致力于探索NS发生激素耐药的机制,而新近的研究表明,一些家族性激素耐药型NS(SRNS)因NPHS2基因突变所致,而在部分非家族性即散发性(sporadic)SRNS患儿也检测到NPHS2基因突变,     

激素耐药型肾病综合征发病机制及治疗对策研究进展

激素耐药型肾病综合征(steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome,SRNS)在临床上多易反复发作,迁延不愈,最终发展为终末期肾病(end-stage renal disease,ESRD),是临床上最棘手的问题,本文就SRNS的发病机制和治疗对策研究进展作一综述。实用儿科临床杂志,2006,21(19):1346-1348     

糖皮质激素治疗肾病综合征耐药的机制探讨

糖皮质激素(GC)是治疗原发性肾病综合征的首选药物,而激素的耐药问题使其治疗面临严峻挑战.GC在体内发挥效应需经历一系列连续的复杂过程,此效应途径中的任何一个环节出现异常,都有可能导致Gc耐药的发生.近年来的研究表明,GC受体前代谢酶、多药耐药基因及其编码蛋白质、GC受体、受体附件蛋白、NPHS2基因等都可能与GC耐药有关,而如何从复杂纷纭中寻找到GC耐药的分子标志物将是今后研究的方向.     

Minimal-lesion nephrotic syndrome with early resistance to steroid therapy.

The initial and long-term clinical course of six children with steroid-resistant, minimal-lesion nephrotic syndrome was evaluated. All children experienced remission after two to five weeks of combined cyclophosphamide-prednisone therapy. Following cyclophosphamide treatment, three patients have relapsed and have become steroid sensitive. The clinical outcome was quite favorable. These data suggest: (1) cyclophosphamide may induce a prompt remission in patients with minimal glomerular lesions who have early resistance to corticosteroids; (2) relapses which occur after cyclophosphamide should be treated with prednisone alone, even though the patient was previously steroid resistant; (3) the ultimate outcome is related more to the nature of the histopathologic lesion than to a lack of steroid responsiveness.     

环孢素A治疗儿童不同病理类型肾病综合征83例的疗效观察

目的　研究环孢素A(CyA)治疗儿童不同病理类型肾病综合征的临床疗效及意义。方法　 83例肾病综合征患儿入院后逐渐减用激素 ,给予口服CyA ,剂量 5mg/ (kg·d) ,疗程 3～ 6个月 ,并监测血浓度调整CyA的剂量。结果　 83例患儿经治疗后 ,尿蛋白转阴者 4 5例 (完全缓解率 5 4 % ) ,尿蛋白减少者 2 3例 (部分缓解率 2 8% ) ,未缓解 15例 (18% ) ;总有效率达 82 %。不同病理类型治疗反应 :微小病变型肾病有效率为 86 % ,系膜增殖性肾小球肾炎为 84 % ,膜增殖性肾小球肾炎为 3/ 5 ,局灶节段性肾小球硬化为 2 / 4。显效时间为 7～ 4 5d ,其效应多出现于用药 1个月内。服药后分别于 1周和 2周末 ,测定CyA的血药浓度 ,有效血浓度维持在 10 0～ 2 0 0 μg/L ,可使大部分患儿病情顺利缓解 ,疗程一般在 3～ 6个月。 83例患儿都进行了随访 ,其中 6 8例经CyA治疗缓解后的 17例在减量或停药后出现复发 ,复发率为 2 5 % ,复发的患儿重新服用CyA仍然有效。治疗过程中 5例患儿出现一过性尿肌酐的增加 ,8例尿N 乙酰 β D 氨基葡萄糖苷酶轻微增加 ,一般减量或停药后可逆转。 结论　CyA是替代皮质激素治疗难治性肾病的较好方法之一 ,能有效而快速达到治疗难治性肾病的目的 ,其治疗效果与有效的血药浓度和病理类型有关     

Treatment of steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome

Childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a chronic glomerular disorder, and if untreated, is associated with increased risk of life-threatening infections, thromboembolism, lipid abnormalities, and malnutrition. The aim of the management of NS in children is to induce and maintain complete remission with resolution of proteinuria and edema without encountering serious adverse effects of therapy. Over 90% of cases in children are due to minimal change disease (MCD) and a majority of them will respond to corticosteroid therapy. Steroid sensitive NS is considered to be a relatively benign condition; progression to end stage renal failure is extremely rare and over 80% achieve spontaneous remission in later childhood. The early disease is characterized by a relapsing course, placing the child at risk of acute complications. The occurrence of frequent relapses necessitates clear therapeutic strategies in order to maintain sustained remission and minimize steroid toxicity. Numerous therapeutic regimens have been proposed utilizing steroid sparing agents such as alkylating agents, principally, cyclophosphamide and chlorambucil, calcineurin inhibitors namely cyclosporin A and immunomodulatory drug levamisole with variable success and associated side-effects. It is therefore important that the benefits and risks of these agents are weighed before considering their use in the treatment of patients with NS.     

Encephalopathy associated with steroid treated nephrotic syndrome

Four children with nephrotic syndrome convulsed and became comatose during steroid therapy. The attacks were associated with hypokalemia and occurred around the time of diuresis. The blood pressure readings were constant in two patients and transiently increased in the other two during the convulsions. All four patients had poorly controlled proteinuria more than one month before the attacks. Various factors including hypertension with secondary cerebral vasoconstriction, hypercoagulable state leading to cerebral microthrombosis and steroid therapy may have contributed to the problem. It is suggested that monitoring patients with electroencephalogram during steroid therapy in long-standing nephrotic states before diuresis may be useful. Hypokalemia should be taken as an ominous sign.     

Disease course in steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome

Objective

To review the disease course in patients with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) and the factors that determine outcome

Design

Retrospective, analytical

Setting

Pediatric Nephrology Clinic at referral center in North India

Participants/patients

All patients with SSNS evaluated between 1990 and 2005

Intervention

None

Main outcome measures

Disease course, in patients with at least 1-yr follow up, was categorized as none or infrequent relapses (IFR), frequent relapses or steroid dependence (FR), and late resistance. Details on complications and therapy with alternative agents were recorded.

Results

Records of 2603 patients (74.8% boys) were reviewed. The mean age at onset of illness and at evaluation was 49.7±34.6 and 67.5±37.9 months respectively. The disease course at 1-yr (n=1071) was categorized as IFR in 37.4%, FR in 56.8% and late resistance in 5.9%. During follow up, 224 patients had 249 episodes of serious infections. Alternative medications for frequent relapses (n=501; 46.8%) were chiefly cyclophosphamide and levamisole. Compared to IFR, patients with FR were younger (54.9±36.0 vs. 43.3±31.4 months), fewer had received adequate (??8 weeks) initial treatment (86.8% vs. 81.7%) and had shorter initial remission (7.5±8.6 vs. 3.1±4.8 months) (all P<0.001). At follow up of 56.0±42.6 months, 77.3% patients were in remission or had IFR, and 17.3% had FR.

Conclusions

A high proportion of patients with SSNS show frequent relapses, risk factors for which were an early age at onset, inadequate initial therapy and an early relapse.     

长春新碱对激素依赖型肾病综合征的治疗

目的：目前对于激素依赖型肾病综合征的治疗仍较困难,我们回顾性地评价了长春新碱对用过环磷酰胺治疗后而仍有复发的激素依赖型肾病综合征患儿的治疗效果。方法：14例口服过一个疗程以上环磷酰胺而仍有复发的激素依赖型肾病综合征患儿接受了长春新碱治疗。长春新碱的用法为每周静脉注射1次,连用4周,然后每月1次,连用4月,每次剂量为1~1.5 mg/m2。结果：13例完成了长春新碱的整个疗程。正处于肾病复发期的8例患儿,6例(75%)完全缓解,蛋白尿在用长春新碱治疗2~3剂后消失。在疗程结束后对处于肾病缓解状态的12例患儿随访,发现4例(33.3%)未再复发,持续保持缓解9~40月(中位数为13.5月);半年内的肾病复发次数由治疗前的1.67次降至0.67次(P<0.05);8例再复发者,7例再次注射长春新碱(1 mg/m2)1~2剂后蛋白尿均消失。除用1.5 mg/m2剂量时腹痛较显著外患儿未出现其他明显副作用。结论：长春新碱能诱导激素依赖型肾病综合征复发患儿的完全缓解,还有可能降低复发频率。对于再复发患儿,少数几次长春新碱的使用可能优于口服一个疗程的泼尼松龙或环孢素。[中国当代儿科杂志,2005,7(6):495-498]     

Management of steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome: revised guidelines

JUSTIFICATION: In 2001, the Indian Pediatric Nephrology Group formulated guidelines for management of patients with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome. In view of emerging scientific evidence, it was felt necessary to review the existing recommendations. PROCESS: Following a preliminary meeting in March 2007, a draft statement was prepared and circulated among pediatric nephrologists in the country to arrive at a consensus on the evaluation and management of these patients. OBJECTIVES: To revise and formulate recommendations for management of steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome. RECOMMENDATIONS: The need for adequate cortico-steroid therapy at the initial episode is emphasized. Guidelines regarding the initial evaluation, indications for renal biopsy and referral to a pediatric nephrologist are updated. It is proposed that patients with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome should, at the first instance, be treated with long-term, alternate-day prednisolone. The indications for use of alternative immunosuppressive agents, including levamisole, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporin are outlined. The principles of dietary therapy, management of edema, and prevention and management of complications related to nephrotic syndrome are described. These guidelines, formulated on basis of current best practice, are aimed to familiarize physicians regarding management of children with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome.