影响经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术术后肺动脉压力正常化的相关因素研究

目的　探讨继发性肺小动脉病变对经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术 (PBMV)术后肺动脉高压正常化的影响。方法　对 5 2 3例二尖瓣狭窄合并肺动脉高压的患者 ,PBMV术前、后测定其肺动脉收缩压 (PASP)、左房收缩压 (LASP)等血流动力学指标 ,运用多因素logistic回归分析影响术后肺动脉压正常化的因素 ,并将患者分为重度肺动脉高压组 (A组 )和非重度肺动脉高压组 (B组 )进行比较分析。结果　A组患者的PASP由术前的 (89 6 9± 16 2 7)mmHg(1mmHg =0 133kPa)下降为术后的 (5 3 0 4±16 5 2 )mmHg ,B组患者的PASP值由术前的 (48 2 3± 11 4 7)mmHg降至术后的 (33 6 4± 9 0 1)mmHg。logistic回归表明 ,术前PASP水平高是影响术后肺动脉压正常化的显著因素。A组中术后肺动脉压力下降至正常的患者比例 (4 5 % )明显低于B组 (42 5 % ) ;与B组比较 ,A组患者无论在术前、术后LASP与PASP均缺乏良好的线性关系。结论　由于继发性肺小血管改变引起的“二级狭窄”是造成PBMV术后肺动脉压力不能恢复至正常的主要原因。     

Measurement of mitral valve area in mitral stenosis by Doppler ultrasound

The mitral valve area in mitral stenosis was determined fromDoppler velocity recordings and by cross-sectional echocardiography.There was good agreement (r = 0.93) between the two methodsin 18 adult patients with mitral stenosis. The results confirmthat the non-invasive continuous wave Doppler ultrasound techniqueis of diagnostic value in the assessment of mitral stenosis.     

Measurement of the end-diastolic pressure gradient and mitral valve area in mitral stenosis by Doppler ultrasound

The pressure gradient across the mitral valve in mitral stenosiswas determined by measurement of the maximum recorded velocityof the mitral jet at end-diastole using non-invasive Dopplerultrasound The accuracy of the Doppler ultrasound techniquewas evaluated in 25 adult patients with mitral stenosis. In10 patients, simultaneous ultrasound recordings and manometricrecordings were made during cardiac catheterization. In seventeenpatients with pure mitral stenosis, the mitral valve area wascalculated from the manometric data using the Gorlin formulaand from the ultrasound data. Good correlation was found betweenthe Doppler ultrasound and the manometric method for the determinationof both the end-diastolic pressure gradient and the mitral valvearea. Results confirm that the non-invasive Doppler ultrasoundtechnique is of diagnostic value in the assessment of mitralstenosis.     

经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术治疗二尖瓣狭窄伴瓣膜明显畸形的临床疗效观察

分析经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术（PBMV）治疗二尖瓣狭窄伴严重瓣膜畸形（超声评分≥10分）的临床疗效和安全性。本组共32例，男12例，女20例，平均48岁。手术成功率100％。术后二尖瓣口面积（MVA）从0．91±0．12cm2增加到1．48±0．21cm2（P＜0．05），平均左房压力从23．1±5．2mmHg降到16．8±4．9mmHg，平均肺动脉压从48．9±12．8降到了31．2±14．0mmHg（P＜0．05）。本组手术前后二尖瓣反流程度无明显增加，出院时仅2例发生了明显的二尖瓣反流，无心包填塞、栓塞和死亡，即手术并发症为6．3％。有84％的患者术后心功能改善，心功能恶化者占6．3％。结论：PBMV治疗二尖瓣狭窄伴严重瓣膜畸形的手术成功率高，并发症少，虽对血流动力学的改善不完全，但能改善绝大多数患者的临床症状。     

二尖瓣形态对经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术近远期疗效的影响

目的 观察不同瓣膜形态的二尖瓣狭窄患者行经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术的近远期疗效.方法 根据Wilkins超声二尖瓣形态学积分,将385例二尖瓣狭窄患者分为＞8分组(125例)和≤8分组(260例).均采用改良Inoue法对患者行经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术.术后进行随访,并比较两组患者的临床疗效.结果 经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术成功370例,＞8分组经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术的成功率低于≤8分组(92.8％比97.7％,P＜0.05).术后6个月,两组患者各项超声心动图检查指标均较术前显著改善(均P＜0.05);与≤8分组(254例)比较,＞8分组(116例)经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术后左心房平均压、肺动脉收缩压、跨瓣压差及二尖瓣瓣口面积的改变值均较小[分别为(14.22±5.02)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)比(15.44±5.19) mm Hg、(26.13±9.27) mm Hg比(31.93±9.98)mm Hg、(9.21±4.11)mm Hg比(10.16 ±4.21)mm Hg和(1.02±0.15)cm2比(1.20±0.22)cm2,均P＜0.05].经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术成功且完成远期随访[(78±20)个月]的患者共353例,两组患者各项超声心动图检查指标均较术前显著改善(均P＜0.05);与≤8分组(245例)比较,＞8分组(108例)左心房平均压、肺动脉收缩压、跨瓣压差及二尖瓣瓣口面积的改变值均较小[分别为(13.28±5.06) mm Hg比(14.77±5.17)mm Hg、(21.19±9.17) mm Hg比(28.92±9.91) mm Hg、(7.30±4.40)mm Hg比(9.16±4.28)mm Hg和(0.92±0.17)cm2比(1.07±0.20)cm2,均P＜0.05],且再狭窄发生率较高(20.4％比8.2％,P＜0.05).结论 二尖瓣瓣膜形态是决定经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术疗效的关键因素之一.对于超声二尖瓣形态学积分低的患者,经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术成功率较高,术后近期及远期随访疗效较好,再狭窄发生率较低,治疗方案可优先选择经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术.     

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (core valve) prosthesis complicated by mitral stenosis

A 90 year-old male patient, known to have severe aortic stenosis (AS), was admitted with chest pain, shortness of breath and swelling of both lower limbs. He had history of ischemic heart disease and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of left anterior descending artery (LAD) in 2002. He also had long standing hypertension, primary hypothyroidism and hypercalcemia. He had a permanent pacemaker, chronic gastritis, gastrointestinal bleeding and bilateral knee osteoarthritis in 2007. Patient was treated medically for his heart failure symptoms. Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) showed normal ejection fraction >55% and severe aortic stenosis, aortic valve area 0.58 cm², mean G 64 mmHg and peak gradient of 118 mm Hg. In November 2010 the patient was evaluated for the transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) program after a multidisciplinary evaluation. His predicted Euro Score was 28% and both risk and benefits were explained to the family. A 29 mm core valve prosthesis was deployed. The TTE 4 days later showed mitral valve (MV) area = 2.04 cm² and MG across MV = 6 mm Hg. Impingement of anterior mitral valve leaflet (AMVL) by the inflow portion of core valve prosthesis led to mild mitral stenosis (MS). TEE is a helpful tool to diagnose this phenomenon.     

经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术的远期疗效

目的 观察经皮球囊三尖瓣成形术近期及远期疗效.方法 自1992年4月至2008年11月采用Inoue单球囊法对1768例风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄患者行经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术(PBMV)治疗.对其中自1992年4月至1998年8月426例术后10年患者进行随访.球囊扩张前后均采用同步记录左心房和左心室压力,计算二尖瓣跨瓣压差.术前、术后及随访中均采用超声心动图检查和临床心功能评价.结果 1748例完成PBMV治疗,成功率为98.86%.左心房平均压由术前(38±7)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)下降至(12±4)mm Hg(P<0.001),二尖瓣平均跨瓣压差由术前(28±6)mm Hg下降至(8±3)mm Hg(P<0.001),二尖瓣口面积由术前(0.98±0.26)cm~2增加至(1.97±0.39)cm~2(P<0.001).主要并发症为死亡2例,急性心包填塞1例,肺水肿1例,重度二尖瓣反流12例,脑栓塞2例.426例PBMV术后10年随访,心功能仍然维持在纽约心功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级而未冉进行PBMV或换瓣术者288例(67.6%),冉狭窄140例(33.3%),死亡31例(7.5%).结论 PBMV是治疗风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄的有效方法 .     

Net atrioventricular compliance can predict persistent pulmonary artery hypertension after percutaneous mitral balloon commissurotomy

Background

Pulmonary hypertension is a common complication of rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS). Patients with similar mitral valve (MV) areas may have different pulmonary artery pressures. Net atrioventricular compliance (Cn) was found to play an important role in the development of pulmonary hypertension.

经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术治疗二尖瓣狭窄伴中度返流

目的　探讨经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术 (PBMV)治疗二尖瓣狭窄 (MS)伴中度二尖瓣返流(MR)的近、远期疗效。方法　采用自制二尖瓣球囊导管治疗MS伴中度MR患者 6 2例 ,其中二尖瓣膜明显增厚、钙化者 7例 ,对左室最大前后径、二尖瓣口面积、左房平均压、二尖瓣跨瓣压差及心功能(NYHA分级 )等主要指标随访观察 12～ 36个月。结果　术后二尖瓣口面积明显增大 [(0 83± 0 18)cm2 比 (1 86± 0 2 4 )cm2 ,P <0 0 1],左房平均压 [(32± 8)mmHg比 (13± 8)mmHg ,P <0 0 1,1mmHg=0 133kPa]及二尖瓣跨瓣压差 [(18± 9)mmHg比 (5± 3)mmHg ,P <0 0 1]明显降低 ,心功能明显改善 [(2 81± 0 2 4 )级比 (1 4 6± 0 37)级 ,P <0 0 1],左室最大前后径无显著改变 [(4 5± 4 )mm比 (4 6± 4 )mm ,P >0 0 5 ]。对左室最大前后径、二尖瓣口面积及心功能等指标随访观察 12～ 36个月均无明显改变。结论　选择合适病例 ,严格把握球囊扩张终点 ,风湿性二尖瓣狭窄并中度返流患者PBMV的近、远期疗效显著。     

二尖瓣狭窄并中度反流的经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术42例及随访观察

目的　探讨二尖瓣狭窄 (MS)并中度反流 (MR)患者经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术 (PBMV)近远期疗效。方法　采用Inoue单球囊对 42例风心病二尖瓣狭窄并中度反流患者行PAMV治疗。结果　二尖瓣口面积由 (0 92± 0 2 2 )cm2 增至 (1 94± 0 2 5 )cm2 (P <0 0 1) ;二尖瓣跨瓣压差由 (2 7± 1 0 1)kPa降至 (1 0 2± 0 5 6 )kPa(P <0 0 1) ;心功能由 (2 6 1± 0 2 2 )级改善至 (1 42± 0 46 )级 (P <0 0 1) ;左室最大前后径无明显变化 (P >0 0 5 )。 2例患者二尖瓣反流较术前加重。随访 37例患者 (18± 4)个月 ,二尖瓣口面积、左室最大前后径及心功能与术后比较 ,均无明显变化 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　掌握好病例选择 ,严格把握球囊扩张尺度 ,风心病二尖瓣狭窄并中度反流患者PBMV近、远期疗效满意     

经皮腔内球囊二尖瓣成形术对二尖瓣狭窄患者肺功能的影响

目的 :观察单纯二尖瓣狭窄 (MS)患者接受经皮腔内球囊二尖瓣成形术 (PTBMV)治疗前后的肺功能指标的变化。方法 :PTBMV前 3天、术后 1周及 3个月进行定量肺呼吸功能测定 ,并与 10 0例健康体检者 (对照组 )比较。结果 :1MS组各项肺呼吸功能指标均低于对照组 (均 P <0 .0 1) ;2 PTBMV能显著改善上述指标(均 P <0 .0 1) ;3MS组肺呼吸功能指标与心脏血流动力学状态密切相关 (r =0 .5 0～ 0 .82 )。结论 :PTBMV对MS患者肺功能有显著改善作用。表明 PTBMV也是一项能有效改善 MS患者肺功能状态的治疗方法。这一结论进一步拓展了对 PTBMV治疗价值的认识。     

Echocardiography in mitral stenosis

Echocardiography plays a major role in diagnosis, etiology and severity of Mitral Stenosis (MS), analysis of valve anatomy and decision-making for intervention. This technique has also a crucial role to assess consequences of MS and follow up of patients after medical or surgical intervention. In this article we review the role of conventional echocardiography in assessment of mitral stenosis and future direction of this modality using 3D echocardiography.     

经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术疗效和术后左心房重构的可控影响因素

目的 探讨经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术(PBMV)治疗二尖瓣狭窄的疗效和术后左心房重构的可控影响因素.方法 选取我院1998年3月至2002年6月行PBMV的二尖瓣狭窄患者96 例.收集术前、术后1周和术后4～6年超声心动图、12导联心电图等临床资料进行回顾性分析.采用多元逐步回归方法分析影响术后左心房重构的可控临床因素.结果 PBMV术前左心房内径与术后1周比较差异无统计学意义[(44.6±6.6)cm比(42.8±6.5)cm,P>0.05];术后4～6年左心房内径为(47.2±5.7)cm,均大于术前和术后1周(P均<0.05).与术前比较,术后1周和4～6年二尖瓣口面积均较大[(2.02±0.43)cm2和(1.98±0.36)cm2比(1.06±0.32)cm2,P均<0.05].术后1周和术后4～6年心功能Ⅰ和Ⅱ级(纽约心脏病学会分级)患者比例均高于术前(P<0.01).多元回归分析显示,与术后4～6年左心房内径相关的可控因素包括术后4～6年收缩压水平、术后1周二尖瓣口面积、术前心房颤动、术前Wilkins积分≤8分,术前左心房内径(P均<0.05).结论 PBMV治疗二尖瓣狭窄的近期效果明显.术后4～6年收缩压水平、术后1周二尖瓣口面积、术前心房颤动、术前Wilkins积分≤8分、术前左心房内径是影响术后左心房内径的重要因素.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the outcome and assess related factors affecting left atrial remodeling after percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV) in patients with mitral valve stenosis. Methods From March 1998 to June 2002,there were 96 mitral valve stenosis patients who underwent PBMV in our hospital. Echocardiographic,12 leads united electrocardiogram and other clinical datas were collected at preoperation,1 week after operation,and 4-6 years after operation to retrospectiveanalysis. Multiple stepwise regression analysis was used to assess controllable factors of left atrial remodeling. ResultsLeft atrial diameter reduced from (44.6±6.6)cm before PBMV to (42.8±6.5)cm (P>0.05) 1 week after PBMV and enlarged to (47.2±5.7)cm (all P<0.05) at the end of 4-6 years follow up post operation. The mitral valve area (MVA) increased from (1.06±0.32) cm2 before PBMV to (2.02±0.43) cm2 1 week after PBMV and (1.98±0.36)cm2 4-6 years post operation (all P<0.05). Heart function assessed by NYHA classification improved significantly at 1 week and 4-6 years after surgery compared with pre-operation(P<0.01). Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that systolic blood pressure at 4-6 years after operation, MVA at 1 week after operation, preoperative atrial fibrillation, Wilkins score≤8, preoperative left atrial diameter were the independent predictive factors of left atrial remodeling at 4-6 years after PBMV.Conclusions PBMV was an effective therapy option for patients with mitral valve stenosis.Systolic blood pressure at 4-6 years after operation, MVA at 1 week after operation, preoperative atrial fibrillation, Wilkins≤8, preoperative left atrial diameter are the predictive factors of left atrial remodeling after PBMV.     

Simplifying proximal isovelocity surface area as an assessment method of mitral valve area in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis by fixing aliasing velocity and mitral valve angle

We aimed to test the ability of a simple equation using proximal isovelocity surface area method (PISA), created by fixing the angle to 100° and the aliasing velocity to 33 cm/s, to calculate mitral valve area (MVA) and assess severity in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS).Methods and resultsIn a series of 51 consecutive patients with rheumatic MS, MVA was assessed by four methods, conventional PISA equation (PISA_conventional), simple PISA equation (PISA_simple), pressure half time (PHT), and planimetry (PLN) which was taken as the reference method. All methods correlated significantly with PLN with the highest correlation found in case of PISA_conventional and PISA_simple (r = 0.97, 0.96, p < 0.001), while the correlation in case PHT was relatively weaker (r = 0.69, p < 0.001). Bland–Altman analysis revealed that the level of agreement with PLN was better in case of both PISA methods than PHT and, moreover, were close to each other. The number of cases that showed agreement of severity grade with planinetry was better in case of PISA_conventional (42 cases) and PISA_simple (44 cases) than that in case of PHT (34 cases, p = 0.037). Finally, the measure of agreement with Cohen’s Kappa test was better in case of PISA_conventional and PISA_simple than that in case of PHT.ConclusionProvided that aliasing velocity is fixed at 33 cm/s, PISA can effectively predict mitral valve area and severity of MS by a simple equation, with the advantage of easy and accurate calculation over other methods.     

超声心动图评价左房减容对二尖瓣狭窄术后左心功能的影响

目的:以超声心动图技术评价左房减容术对二尖瓣狭窄患者瓣膜置换术后左心室收缩功能的影响。方法:82例患有二尖瓣狭窄者,实施心脏瓣膜置换术50例(A组),同时行左房减容术者32例(B组),所有患者分别于手术前和手术后3个月接受经胸超声心动图检查,分别测得LVEDD、LVESD、LAEDV、LAESV、FS、EF等参数。结果:B组在心室收缩功能与A组比较改善叫显(P<0.05)。两组左心室心肌重量指数有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:恰当的左房减容术对二尖瓣狭窄患者术后的心功能恢复有一定帮助,并且操作简单。     

Mechanics of percutaneous balloon valvotomy for mitral valvular stenosis

Summary The present study was performed to measure and calculate the mechanical force of percutaneous balloon valvotomy (PBV) for mitral valvular stenosis, using an equation pertaining to the mechanical force of the balloon needed to dilate the stenotic mitral valve. In case 1, the diameter of the mitral valve was enlarged by PBV from 1.43 cm to 2.40 cm and, in case 2, from 1.76 cm to 2.42 cm, with a mechanical force of 321 g and 436 g, respectively, following the equation.     

Impact of pulmonary hypertension on mortality after operation for isolated aortic valve stenosis

Background

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a well-known independent risk factor for mortality and morbidity after cardiac surgery. However, no weight is given to PH in the current guidelines for the management of patients with aortic stenosis (AS) undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR). The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of preoperative PH on early and five-year survival in patients with severe AS undergoing isolated AVR.

Methods

From January 2005 to July 2010, 422 consecutive patients with severe AS underwent isolated AVR. According to systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP), PH was classified as none (sPAPS < 35 mmHg, N = 224), mild–moderate (35 ≤ sPAP < 50 mmHg, N = 159) and severe (sPAP ≥ 50 mmHg, N = 39).

Results

Overall in-hospital mortality was 2.8%. Unadjusted mortality was 0.9%, 3.8% and 10.2% for patients with normal, mild–moderate and severe PH (p = 0.003). In multivariable analysis, severe PH (OR 4.1, 95 CI 1.1–15.3, p = 0.04) and New York Heart Association class III–IV (OR 14.9, 95% CI 1.8–117.8, p = 0.01) were independent risk factors of in-hospital mortality. Multivariable predictors of five-year survival were extracardiac arteriopathy (HR 2.8, 95%CI 1.6–4.9, p < 0.0001), severe PH (HR 2.4, 95%CI 1.2–4.6 p = 0.01), NHYA III–IV class (HR 2.3, 95% CI 1.3–4, p = 0.003), preoperative serum creatinine (HR 2.2, 95%CI, 1.6–3.1,p < 0.0001) and age (HR 1.08, 95%CI 1.03 - 1.13, p = 0.01). Five-year survival was 86% ± 3% with normal sPAP, 81% ± 4% with mild–moderate PH and 63 ± 10% with severe PH (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

In patients undergoing isolated AVR with severe AS, severe PH is an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality and five-year survival     

Three-dimensional echocardiography in mitral valve disease.

Three-dimensional echocardiography offers great promise for improving the understanding of the mitral valve anatomy, function, and pathology. It may have important implications for medical or surgical management of different mitral valve disease. In this article we provide an overview of the three-dimensional anatomy of the mitral valve. Based on the studies using three-dimensional echocardiography we describe the topography of the mitral valve, its nonplanarity as well as dynamics of the mitral annulus. Furthermore, we review the use of three-dimensional echocardiography in the evaluation of different mitral valve disease. Three-dimensional echocardiography has become a new clinical standard in the assessment of the severity of mitral stenosis by means of accurate mitral valve area measurement. Also, unconventional indices, like the geometry and mitral valve volume may be assessed by three-dimensional echocardiography. It is a very suitable technique for monitoring the efficacy and complications of percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty. Three-dimensional echocardiography allows accurate identification and quantification of prolapse of individual segments of the mitral valve leaflets. Three-dimensional color flow imaging makes echocardiography an accurate method also in the assessment of mitral regurgitation severity. Finally, we outline three-dimensional echocardiography as a potentially useful guide for a surgeon, particularly in mitral valve repair.