膝症状性骨关节炎320例X线分析

目的：探讨膝骨关节炎Ｘ线特点及临床意义。方法：临床就诊组２０６例，流行病学调查组１１４例，共４７６个病膝。摄常规正、侧位片，分析Ｘ线征象并作骨关节炎分级。结果：两组病膝胫股关节内侧部骨关节炎征象较外侧部显著，胫骨纵轴线与胫骨平台关节面切线的外侧交角（胫骨角）为９２°±１４６°。就诊组病膝的Ｘ线改变（尤其髌股关节和髌上囊肿胀），较流行病学调查组明显。结论：膝胫股关节的骨关节炎主要发生在内侧部，可能与胫骨上端的内翻有关。膝关节炎Ｘ线改变的程度，尤其髌股关节和关节囊肿胀，与临床表现相关。     

Prevalence of generalised osteoarthritis in patients with advanced hip and knee osteoarthritis: the Ulm Osteoarthritis Study

OBJECTIVES: Different prevalences of generalised osteoarthritis (GOA) in patients with knee and hip OA have been reported. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate radiographic and clinical patterns of disease in a hospital based population of patient subgroups with advanced hip and knee OA and to compare the prevalence of GOA in patients with hip or knee OA, taking potential confounding factors into account. METHODS: 420 patients with hip OA and 389 patients with knee OA scheduled for unilateral total joint replacement in four hospitals underwent radiographic analysis of ipsilateral and contralateral hip or knee joint and both hands in addition to a standardised interview and clinical examination. According to the severity of radiographic changes in the contralateral joints (using Kellgren-Lawrence > or = grade 2 as case definition) participants were classified as having either unilateral or bilateral OA. If radiographic changes of two joint groups of the hands (first carpometacarpal joint and proximal/distal interphalangeal joints defined as two separate joint groups) were present, patients were categorised as having GOA. RESULTS: Patients with hip OA were younger (mean age 60.4 years) and less likely to be female (52.4%) than patients with knee OA (66.3 years and 72.5% respectively). Intensity of pain and functional impairment at hospital admission was similar in both groups, while patients with knee OA had a longer symptom duration (median 10 years) compared with patients with hip OA (5 years). In 41.7% of patients with hip OA and 33.4% of patients with knee OA an underlying pathological condition could be observed in the replaced joint, which allowed a classification as secondary OA. Some 82.1% of patients with hip and 87.4% of patients with knee OA had radiographic changes in their contralateral joints (bilateral disease). The prevalence of GOA increased with age and was higher in female patients. GOA was observed more often in patients with knee OA than in patients with hip OA (34.9% versus 19.3%; OR = 2.24; 95% CI: 1.56, 3.21). Adjustment for the different age and sex distribution in both patient groups, however, takes away most of the difference (OR = 1.32; 95% CI: 0.89, 1.96). CONCLUSION: The crude results confirm previous reports as well as the clinical impression of GOA being more prevalent in patients with advanced knee OA than in patients with advanced hip OA. However, these different patterns might be attributed to a large part to a different distribution of age and sex in these hospital based populations.     

无症状膝骨关节炎(附110例调查报告)

110名无膝关节症状正常人调查结果,≤30岁,31岁～40岁,41岁～50岁,51岁～60岁,>60岁无症状膝骨关节炎(OA)(或称X线OA),X线OA的检出率各为18％,38％,57％,63％和61％,28％X线有骨质疏松(OP)表现,女性高于男性(32％对25％),60岁以上男、女OP检出率各为50％和61％。本组人群X线OA检出率高于北京报告(53％对25％),但60岁以后X线OA检出率低于北京(54％对67％),原因尚待讨论。本组和北京30岁以下无症状膝骨关节炎检出,提示OA的发生,可能在青年时期已经开始。     

Variability in knee radiographing: implication for definition of radiological progression in medial knee osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVES—(1) To assess reproducibility of medial knee joint space width (JSW) measurement in healthy subjects and osteoarthritic (OA) patients. (2) To define minimal relevant radiological change in knee JSW based on the reproducibility of its measurement.
PATIENTS AND METHODS—(1) Healthy volunteers: in the first part of the study, 20 knees of healthy adult volunteers were radiographed in the weightbearing, anteroposterior extended view, twice, two weeks apart, using three different radiographic procedures: (a) without guidelines, (b) with guidelines and without fluoroscopy, (c) with guidelines and fluroroscopy. (2) Knee OA patients: in the second part of the study, 36 knees of OA patients were radiographed twice with guidelines and without fluoroscopy. JSW was measured blindly using a graduated magnifying glass. Based on the Bland and Altman graphic approach, cut off points defining minimal relevant radiological change are proposed.
RESULTS—Standard deviation (SD) of differences in JSW measurement between two sets of knee radiographs in healthy subjects were 0.66 mm for radiography performed without guidelines, 0.37 mm for radiography performed with guidelines and without fluoroscopy, and 0.31 mm for radiography with guidelines and fluoroscopy. SD of differences in JSW measurement in OA patients were 0.32 mm for radiography performed with guidelines and without fluoroscopy. A minimal relevant change in JSW between two radiographs performed in healthy subjects can be defined by a change of at least 1.29 or 0.59 mm when radiographs are taken without guidelines, and with guidelines and fluoroscopy, respectively. When radiographs are taken with guidelines and without fluoroscopy, the change must be at least 0.73 mm. A similar figure, 0.64 mm was observed in knee OA patients.
CONCLUSION—Definition of radiological progression varies greatly according to the radiographic procedure chosen. Use of guidelines reduces the threshold of progression required to consider that change between two measures is relevant.

Keywords: radiography; knee; osteoarthritis     

透明质酸钠治疗膝骨关节炎疗效观察

对46例65个膝关节炎(OA)采用透明质酸钠治疗,结果疼痛、晨僵、步行不适、步行距离均有明显改善。21.5％临床缓解,43.1％显效,29.2％有效,有效率达93.8％。除个别注射后关节红肿、痛外,未见其他毒副作用。注射后关节肿痛经NSAIDs治疗2天～3天缓解,且病情比注射前有所改善。透明质酸钠治疗膝OA,除缓解疼痛外,还可改善关节功能,疗效持续时间长,且无毒副作用。     

Bone marrow lesions in the knee: the clinical conundrum

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a common, debilitating condition. Twelve percent of people aged 60 years or older have symptomatic knee OA. With increasing global incidence of obesity, the prevalence of OA is set to dramatically rise Cartilage deterioration is a hallmark of the disease, but other areas are equally as important, such as changes to the subchondral bone. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has enabled us to view bone marrow lesions (BMLs) in the subchondral bone, allowing progress to be made in understanding their natural history, effect on pain, structural deterioration and other factors. The focus of this review is to try to put a new clinical perspective for the patients with BMLs in relation to pain, functional decline and prognosis.     

Evidence based guidelines and current practice for physiotherapy management of knee osteoarthritis

Objectives: To document physiotherapy provision for patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) in relation to the United Kingdom (UK) recently published National Institute of health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines for osteoarthritis. Design: Questionnaire survey of chartered physiotherapists. Method: 300 postal questionnaires were distributed to Physiotherapy Departments requesting information regarding source of referrals, treatment aims, preferred methods of treatment and service delivery. Results: Responses were received from 83 physiotherapists (28 %), predominantly working in the UK National Health Service. Approximately equal numbers of referrals came from primary and secondary care. Aims of physiotherapy management were to; encourage self‐management; increase strength and range of movement; reduce pain; and improve function. To achieve these, exercise was utilised by 100% of practitioners, often supplemented with electrotherapeutic modalities (66%), manual therapy (64%) and acupuncture (60%). The majority of patients received individual treatment for a total contact time of 1–2 hours, whilst most group interventions lasted 5–6 hours. Approximately half (54%) of respondents reported using outcome measures to determine treatment efficacy. Conclusions: Although knee OA is usually managed in primary care, the similar number of referrals from primary and secondary care may suggest a deviation from evidence‐based management guidelines. The guidelines' recommendations of exercise, patient education and self‐management are observed by physiotherapists, but other modalities are often used despite poor or no research evidence supporting their efficacy. Whether any of these interventions are clinically beneficial is speculative as treatment outcomes were frequently under‐evaluated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effectiveness of home exercise on pain and disability from osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomised controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of a home based exercise programme, designed to improve quadriceps strength, on knee pain and disability. METHODS: 191 men and women with knee pain aged 40-80 were recruited from the community and randomised to exercise (n = 113) or no intervention (n = 78). The exercise group performed strengthening exercises daily for six months. The primary outcome measure was change in knee pain (Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis index (WOMAC)). Secondary measures included visual analogue scales (VAS) for pain on stairs and walking and WOMAC physical function scores. RESULTS: WOMAC pain score reduced by 22.5% in the exercise group and by 6.2% in the control group (between group difference p < 0.05, unpaired t test). VAS scores for pain also reduced in the exercise group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Physical function scores reduced by 17.4% in the exercise group and were unchanged in controls (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: A simple programme of home quadriceps exercises can significantly improve self reported knee pain and function.     

单髁置换术治疗老年人内侧单间室膝骨关节炎的临床疗效

目的分析固定平台单髁置换术治疗老年内侧单间室骨关节炎的临床疗效。方法解放军总医院骨科2005年1月至2010年3月收治膝关节骨关节炎患者38例,男14例,女24例;年龄60~72(66.0±5.6)岁。站立行走内侧关节间隙疼痛,术前膝关节正侧位X线等影像学检查提示内侧单间室膝骨关节炎。术前美国特种外科医院(HSS)评分(52.6±16.7),疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分(6.3±1.2),膝关节内翻畸形(8.9±1.6)°,关节活动度(112.6±23.5)°。结果手术时间(45.0±10.2)min,无血管、神经等副损伤,伤口均Ⅰ期愈合,无切口感染等并发症发生;所有患者均随访,无死亡、退出等情况,随访时间71~133(102.0±12.2)个月。末次随访时,膝关节HSS评分(91.8±17.9),VAS评分(1.8±0.9),膝关节内翻畸形(4.7±0.9)°,关节活动度(129.7±36.8)°;与术前相比,均具有显著的改善(P0.05)。结论固定平台单髁置换术治疗老年内侧单间室骨关节炎具有较好的临床疗效。     

The shape of the distal femur: a palaeopathological comparison of eburnated and non-eburnated femora

OBJECTIVES: To determine the difference in shape of the distal femur, viewed axially in two dimensions, between eburnated and non-eburnated femora. METHODS: A comparison of 52 non-eburnated and 16 eburnated femora drawn from a large archeological skeletal population. Eburnation was taken to indicate late stage osteoarthritis. Shape variability, based on landmarks, was quantified using a principal components analysis after a Procrustes alignment. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was found between the two groups. This was with respect to the patellar groove and the shape of the medial condyle. The latter difference is consistent with bone remodelling as a knee stabilising mechanism. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomical shape can be quantified using an uncomplicated statistical technique. It was used to quantify the shape of the distal femur and demonstrate shape differences associated with osteoarthritis of the knee.     

A double blind,randomized, placebo controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of erythromycin in patients with knee effusion due to osteoarthritis

Objective: The efficacy of erythromycin in treatment of knee effusion due to osteoarthritis was evaluated. Method: We assessed efficacy and safety of erythromycin during 16 weeks in patients enrolled in a randomized double‐blind study. One hundred and eight patients with knee effusion due to osteoarthritis (OA) received 12‐week courses of erythromycin or placebo allocated randomly, and were followed for 4 months. Acetaminophen 650 mg/day was used in both groups, while they received no other anti‐inflammatory drugs (such as corticosteroid or nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs) during the course of the study. Our patients were divided in two groups, erythromycin in doses of 200 mg four times per day was given to the first group (51 patients) over the first 3 months of the study and in the second group we used placebo with the same dosage and schedule (53 patients). Outcomes improvement for the erythromycin‐treated group was assessed by a significantly higher mean score from baseline to the end of the trial, compared with placebo group. Patients were examined monthly during the treatment period. Measurement values included recording of Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaire subscales (pain, stiffness and function), range of motion and knee circumference. Results: Erythromycin produced a higher response rate than placebo in treatment of knee effusion due to OA. Significant reduction in knee circumference (P < 0.0005) and pain (P < 0.001) with functional improvement (P < 0.0005) were seen. At the first month after treatment, 11.8% (6 patients) in erythromycin and 9.4% (5 patients) in placebo groups had 50% pain reduction, which was not significant (P = 0.75). At the fourth month, 50% reduction of pain was seen in 45.1% (23 patients) of the erythromycin and 11.3% (6 patients) of the placebo group. This was statistically significant (P < 0.0005). Erythromycin treatment was well tolerated and mild adverse events caused no discontinuation during the study. Conclusion: This is a placebo‐controlled study of macrolid efficacy on knee effusion due to OA in a short period. Results of this research showed the better efficacy of erythromycin in controlling effusion and pain with functional improvement in patients with knee effusion due to OA.     

Systems for implementing best practice for a chronic disease: management of osteoarthritis of the hip and knee

BACKGROUND: Effective implementation of evidence-based care has been associated with better health outcomes; however, evidence-based clinical practice guidelines have been used with varying success. AIMS: This study aimed to develop integrative tools to support implementation of best practice recommendations for nonsurgical management of osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip and knee and to identify barriers to effective implementation. METHODS: Published, peer reviewed clinical practice guidelines were updated and translated into an OA care pathway. Key decision nodes in the pathway were identified by a Multidisciplinary Working Group. Qualitative research methods were used to inform pathway development and to identify barriers and enablers for pathway implementation. Qualitative components included purposively selected stakeholder focus groups, key informant interviews and patient process mapping of 10 patient journeys in different settings over a 3-month period. All interviews, facilitated by a trained project officer, were semistructured, recorded, then thematically analysed and summarized. RESULTS: An OA care pathway, clinician and patient toolkits were developed that met the needs of multidisciplinary end-users. Several system- and setting-specific barriers to pathway implementation were identified. Opportunities to improve patient access, interprofessional communication, patient information and education and continuity of care processes were identified. CONCLUSION: Integrative tools for implementation of best evidence care for patients with OA of the hip and knee were tailored to end-user needs and preferences. Multiple barriers exist that potentially limit effective implementation of best evidence. Comprehensive assessment of barriers and enablers to effective guideline or pathway implementation is recommended before implementation and evaluation.     

The effect of joint aspiration and corticosteroid injections in osteoarthritis of the knee

Aim: To evaluate the benefits of knee joint aspiration and injection in knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: A retrospective, pilot study involved 110 patients with knee OA from a dedicated OA clinic in a Melbourne tertiary hospital from 2007 to 2009. Only those who had completed two Multiple Attribute Prioritization Tool (MAPT) questionnaires within 6 months of the initial review were included. The MAPT was designed to help prioritise patients on orthopedic waiting lists. Three groups were analyzed: patients who had no corticosteroid injection or aspiration, patients who received corticosteroid injections, and patients who received both joint aspiration with corticosteroid injections. Results: Patients who had both joint aspiration and injection reported an improvement in pain compared with those who had no injection (56.3%vs. 32.2%, P = 0.03). Those who had joint injections also did better than those without injection (62.7%vs. 32.2%, P = 0.001). Reduced analgesia use was noted in 12.5% of patients with aspiration and injection compared with 1.7% with no injection or aspiration (P = 0.03). Improved walking distance was noted in 22.4% of patients who had injections compared with 8.5% of patients with no injections (P = 0.03). No significant differences in MAPT scores among the different treatment groups were noted. Conclusion: This pilot study appears to show a beneficial trend in giving corticosteroid injections and to aspirate the knee in OA patients. Further studies are needed to address the mechanical benefits, quadriceps strengthening and pain reduction with knee aspiration, as well as the effects that different volumes of fluid may have on knee mechanics and symptoms.     

Effects of bariatric surgery for knee complaints in (morbidly) obese adult patients: a systematic review

Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of knee osteoarthritis, and over the past 30 years the prevalence of obesity has more than doubled. In an advanced‐stage knee osteoarthritis is treated with total knee arthroplasty, and the demand for primary total knee arthroplasties is expected to grow exponentially. However, total knee arthroplasty in obese patients is associated with more complications, longer hospital stay and higher costs. We aimed to determine the effects of bariatric surgery on knee complaints in (morbidly) obese (body mass index >30 kg m^?2) adult patients. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, TRIP, BIOSIS‐Previews and reference lists of retrieved publications were systematically searched from earliest available up to 20 April 2014 for any English, German, French and Dutch studies. There was no restriction on study design. We included studies on the effect of surgically induced weight reduction on knee complaints in (morbidly) obese adult patients, with a minimal follow‐up of 3 months. Studies on the effects of lipectomy or liposuction and studies in which patients had already received a total knee arthroplasty were excluded. Thirteen studies were included in this systematic review with a total of 3,837 patients. Although different assessment tools were used, an overall significant improvement in knee pain was seen in 73% out of the used assessments. All studies measuring intensity of knee pain, knee physical function and knee stiffness showed a significant improvement after bariatric surgery. The quality of evidence was very low or too low for most of the included studies and moderate for one study. Bariatric surgery with subsequent marked weight loss is likely to improve knee pain, physical function and stiffness in (morbidly) obese adult patients. However, with the current available evidence, there is need for high‐quality studies.     

The effects of different antihypertensive drugs on pain and joint space width of knee osteoarthritis – A comparative study with data from Osteoarthritis Initiative

Hypertension was one common comorbidity of knee osteoarthritis (KOA), but the effect of different types of antihypertensive drugs on pain and joint space width (JSW) was unclear and not compared. Four hundred ninety KOA patients using one of the beta‐blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, Calcium channel blockers (CCBs), or thiazide diuretics were followed for four years. The blood pressure, cumulative knee replacement rate, Womac pain, and JSW were compared among groups. All data were from the Osteoarthritis Initiative project. The CCBs group has the highest systolic blood pressure, replacement rate, and pain score at most visit timepoints. At baseline, the CCBs group was with significantly higher pain score than the beta‐blockers group (3.3 vs 1.3, p < .05), the angiotensin receptor blockers group (3.3 vs 1.4, p < .05), and the thiazide diuretics group (3.3 vs 1.6, p < .05) in male; the CCBs group was with significantly higher pain score than the beta‐blockers group (3.8 vs 2.0, p < .01), and the angiotensin receptor blockers group (3.8 vs 2.2, p < .05) in female. The results of females at 36 months were similar to the baseline. Among the common antihypertensive drugs, CCBs were associated with high replacement rates, high pain scores, and less JSW in KOA patients.     

Osteoarthritis of the knees in the COPCORD world

This paper examines and summarizes data on knee osteoarthritis (AO) in Community Oriented Program For Control Of Rheumatic Disorders (COPCORD) publications. A literature search was made through PubMed, Google, Proceedings of Asia-Pacific League of Associations for Rheumatology (APLAR) congresses, and Abstracts from APLAR congresses. Data were compiled to examine the prevalence of knee OA and knee pain, sex ratio, urban/rural differences and other risk factors. Data on knee pain and OA were available in a total of 36 COPCORD publications. The pooled prevalence of knee OA was 7.9% in adults above the age of 15 years. It was more common in women. Overweight, squatting and cycling appeared to be modifiable risk factors for knee OA. OA of the knee is the commonest rheumatic disease in studied communities. Further research is needed for identification of its modifiable risk factors and development of strategies for reduction of the community burden of this malady.