Association of thyroid function with white coat hypertension and sustained hypertension

This study aimed to explore the relationship of thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) levels with hypertension subtypes. 1056 euthyroid adults were included as research samples. They underwent measurement of clinic blood pressure and 24‐hours ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Then, they were divided into normotension (NT), white coat hypertension (WCH), masked hypertension (MHT), and sustained hypertension (SHT) groups. The 24‐hours dynamic electrocardiogram was performed to analyze the heart rate variability (HRV), so as to reflect the cardiac autonomic function. The relationship between hypertension subtypes, thyroid function, and HRV was analyzed. The TSH concentration was significantly higher in the SHT group than in the NT group (P = 0.001). The FT3 concentration was higher in the SHT group than in the NT and MHT groups (P = 0.013, P = 0.008), while the FT4 concentration was significantly higher in the WCH group than in the NT group (P = 0.002). The changes in HRV were observed between the SHT, WCH, and MHT groups and the NT groups, as well as between the SHT and the MHT groups. The multiple linear regression analysis also showed that FT3, HRV (RMSSD and PNN50), and blood pressure levels linearly correlated with one another (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the linear regression analysis showed a linear negative correlation between FT4 and HRV (SDANN) in the WCH + NT group (P = 0.001). Thyroid function was closely related to hypertension subtypes such as WCH probably due to the changes in the cardiac autonomic function.     

White‐coat and masked hypertension diagnoses in chronic kidney disease patients

The purpose of this study was to analyze which 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure measurement (ABPM) parameters should be used on masked hypertension (MH) and white‐coat hypertension (WCH) diagnoses in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Non‐dialysis CKD patients underwent 24‐hour ABPM examination between 01/27/2004 and 02/16/2012. They were followed from the 24‐hour ABPM to January/2014 in an observational study. The WCH definitions tested were as follows: (a) office blood pressure (BP) ≥ 140/90 mm Hg and daytime ABPM BP ≤ 135/85 mm Hg (old criterion); and (b) office BP ≥ 140/90 mm Hg and 24‐hour ABPM BP ≤ 130/80 mm Hg, daytime ABPM BP ≤ 135/85 mm Hg, and nighttime ABPM BP ≤ 120/70 mm Hg (new criterion). The MH definitions tested were as follows: (a) office BP < 140/90 mm Hg and daytime ABPM BP > 135/85 mm Hg (old criterion); and (b) office BP < 140/90 mm Hg and 24‐hour ABPM BP > 130/80 mm Hg or daytime ABPM BP > 135/85 mm Hg or nighttime ABPM BP > 120/70 mm Hg (new criterion). The two definitions' predictive capacity was compared, regarding both WCH and MH. Cardiovascular mortality was the primary and all‐cause mortality was the secondary outcome. Cox regression was adjusted to the variables: glomerular filtration rate, age, diabetes mellitus, and active smoking. There were 367 patients studied. The old criterion (exclusive mean daytime ABPM BP) was the only to distinguish sustained hypertension from WCH (adjusted HR: 3.730; 95% CI: 1.068‐13.029; P = .039), regarding all‐cause mortality. Additionally, the old criterion was the only one to distinguish normotension and MH, regarding cardiovascular mortality (adjusted HR: 7.641; 95% CI: 1.277‐45.738; P = .026). Therefore, WCH and MH definitions based exclusively on daytime ABPM BP values (old criterion) were able to better distinguish mortality in this studied CKD cohort.     

白大衣高血压患者的血小板功能

目的:探讨白大衣高血压(WCH)患者的血小板功能.方法:选初诊的原发性高血压(EH)患者、 WCH 患者、正常血压(NT)者各35例,通过诊室血压测量和24 h动态血压监测,同时测定并比较3组血小板最大聚集率(PAGTmax)、血浆血小板α-颗粒膜蛋白(GMP-140)含量、平均血小板容积(MPV) 、血小板数量的变化.结果:和NT对照组相比,EH组和WCH组 PAGTmax、血浆血小板GMP-140含量、MPV均明显增加(P<0.05)而三组血小板计数无统计学差异,同时EH组的PAGTmax、血浆血小板GMP-140含量、MPV均高于WCH组(P<0.05).EH组和WCH组MPV与24 h平均舒张压、GMP-140含量均正相关( P<0.05).结论:WCH存在血小板活化,可能和心血管事件发生率增加有关.     

黛力新对白大衣性高血压患者的疗效

目的通过常规降压药物尼群地平和抗焦虑药物黛力新及安慰剂的比较，了解黛力新对白大衣性高血压治疗效果。方法80例白大衣性高血压患者随机分为3组，分别接受尼群地平、黛力新及安慰剂治疗各8周。结果黛力新治疗组在降压效果及改善心理行为方面均明显优于其他两组。结论黛力新治疗白大衣性高血压有效。     

Prevalence and clinical outcomes of white‐coat and masked hypertension: Analysis of a large ambulatory blood pressure database

The aim of this study was to analyze prevalence and clinical outcomes of the following clinical conditions: normotension (NT; clinic BP < 140/90 mm Hg; 24‐hour BP < 130/80 mm Hg), white‐coat hypertension (WCHT; clinic BP ≥ 140 and/or ≥90 mm Hg; 24‐hour BP < 130/80 mm Hg), masked hypertension (MHT; clinic BP < 140/90 mm Hg; 24‐hour BP ≥ 130 and/or ≥80 mm Hg), and sustained hypertension (SHT; clinic BP ≥ 140 and/or ≥90 mm Hg; 24‐hour BP ≥ 130 and/or ≥80 mm Hg) in a large cohort of adult untreated individuals. Systematic research throughout the medical database of Regione Lazio (Italy) was performed to estimate incidence of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and hospitalizations for HT and heart failure (HF). Among a total study sample of 2209 outpatients, 377 (17.1%) had NT, 351 (15.9%) had WCHT, 149 (6.7%) had MHT, and 1332 had (60.3%) SHT. During an average follow‐up of 120.1 ± 73.9 months, WCHT was associated with increased risk of hospitalization for HT (OR 95% CI: 1.927 [1.233‐3.013]; P = .04) and HF (OR 95% CI: 3.449 [1.321‐9.007]; P = .011). MHT was associated with an increased risk of MI (OR 95% CI: 5.062 [2.218‐11.550]; P < .001), hospitalization for HT (OR 95% CI: 2.553 [1.446‐4.508]; P = .001), and for HF (OR 95% CI: 4.214 [1.449‐12.249]; P = .008). These effects remained statistically significant event after corrections for confounding factors including age, BMI, gender, smoking, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, and presence of antihypertensive therapies.     

白大衣性高血压的特征和临床意义

目的 :确定白大衣效应和白大衣性高血压的特征及其临床意义。方法 :应用心理行为方法探讨白大衣性高血压的机制。结果 :报道白大衣效应和白大衣性高血压的发生率及其与原发性高血压的联系。结论 :白大衣性高血压的发生与心理行为因素有关 ,宜进一步探讨其防治方法     

白大衣高血压与隐性高血压患者心血管危险因素及靶器官损害比较

目的 比较白大衣高血压与隐性高血压患者心血管危险因素及靶器官损害.方法 入选2009年12月至2012年12月在我院进行查体人员327例,其中理想血压者157例,隐性高血压患者92例,白大衣高血压78例,所有患者均行心脏、颈动脉超声及实验室检查.结果 白大衣高血压组患者空腹血糖及体质量指数高于理想血压组而低于隐性高血压组患者,P＜0.01或P＜0.05;白大衣高血压组患者诊所测量血压显著高于隐性高血压组及理想血压组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.01或P＜0.05）;白大衣高血压组左室质量指数、尿微量白蛋白、血肌酐、IMT显著高于理想血压组而低于隐性高血压组,P＜0.01或P＜0.05.结论 与理想血压组患者相比,隐性高血压及白大衣高血压组患者均存在显著的靶器官损害,且隐性高血压组较白大衣高血压组严重.     

Masked and white coat hypertension,the double trouble of large arteries: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Arterial damage of large arteries, addressed as c‐f PWV, is recognized as independent predictor for future cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to systematically investigate the association of the four hypertension phenotypes with carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (c‐f PWV), in untreated patients. PubMed and Cochrane Library were searched to identify studies comparing c‐f PWV levels between normotensives, sustained hypertensives, white‐coat hypertensives (WCH), and masked hypertensives (MH). Meta‐analysis was performed to compare the difference c‐f PWV levels between these groups. Newcastle‐Ottawa quality assessment scale for cross‐sectional studies was used to assess study quality. MH and WCH patients had significantly increased c‐f PWV values compared to the normotensive groups (d = 0.96 m/s, 95% CI: 0.49‐1.42; I2 = 85%, P < .01 for MH and d = 0.85 m/s, 95% CI: 0.48‐1.22; I2 = 89%, for WCH). Moreover, the sustained hypertensive population was found to have significantly increased values of c‐f PWV compared to MH (d = −0.70 m/s, 95% CI: −0.87 to −0.54; I2 = 12%, P = .33) but not compared to WCH population (d = −0.75 m/s, 95% CI: −1.52‐0.02; I ² = 96%,). Finally, there was no significant difference between MH and WCH population (d = 0.06 m/s, 95% CI: −1.04 to 1.15; I ² = 96%,). MH and WCH population may have increased values of c‐f PWV compared to the normotensive group. These results demonstrate that these phenotypes are not clinically innocent, in the untreated population.     

白大衣高血压对心脏功能的影响

目的 :了解白大衣高血压患者左心结构及左室收缩功能和舒张功能状况。方法 :通过汞柱血压计测量及 2 4h动态血压监测将患者分为白大衣高血压组 (35例 ) ,持续性高血压组 (30例 )及正常血压组 (30例 )。采用彩色多普勒超声心动图测量每组患者的左房及左室结构、左室重量指数 ;测定左室舒张功能并进行组间比较。结果 :各组的左室收缩功能参数无明显差别。白大衣高血压组左房室内径、室间隔及左室后壁、左室重量指数均高于正常血压组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,左室舒张功能参数 (E/ A比值 )低于正常血压组 ,介于持续性高血压组和正常血压组之间。结论 :白大衣高血压患者已出现左室结构改变及舒张功能受损 ,应密切关注并予以防治。     

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隐蔽性高血压是高血压的一种特殊的临床类型,并非少见,往往伴有多重危险因素或靶器官损害。目前其发病机制尚不清楚,临床特点是诊室血压正常,而家庭血压或24 h动态血压高于正常值。此型高血压易漏诊,应注意筛查。     

Is tinnitus an early voice of masked hypertension? High masked hypertension rate in patients with tinnitus

Objectives: Tinnitus is hearing a sound without any external acoustic stimulus. There are some clues of hypertension can cause tinnitus in different ways. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between tinnitus and masked hypertension including echocardiographic parameters and severity of tinnitus.

Methods: This study included 88 patients with tinnitus of at least 3 months duration and 85 age and gender-matched control subjects. Tinnitus severity index was used to classify the patients with tinnitus. After a complete medical history, all subjects underwent routine laboratory examination, office blood pressure measurement, hearing tests and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Masked hypertension is defined as normal office blood pressure measurement and high ambulatory blood pressure level.

Results: Baseline characteristics in patients and controls were similar. Prevalence of masked hypertension was significantly higher in patients with tinnitus than controls (18.2% vs 3.5%, p = 0.002). Office diastolic BP (76 ± 8.1 vs. 72.74 ± 8.68, p = 0.01), ambulatory 24-H diastolic BP (70.2 ± 9.6 vs. 66.9 ± 6.1, p = 0.07) and ambulatory daytime diastolic BP (73.7 ± 9.5 vs. 71.1 ± 6.2, p = 0.03) was significantly higher in patients with tinnitus than control group. Tinnitus severity index in patients without masked hypertension was 0 and tinnitus severity index in patients with masked hypertension were 2 (1–5).

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that masked hypertension must be kept in mind if there is a complaint of tinnitus without any other obvious reason.     

Characteristics of white coat hypertension in Chinese Han patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objectives: This study documented the prevalence and clinical features of white coat hypertension (WCH) among Chinese Han patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T₂DM). Methods: Clinic and ambulatory blood pressure (BP) measurements were compared in 856 patients with T₂DM to determine the frequency of WCH (WCH was defined as clinical blood pressure ≥140/90?mmHg and daytime blood pressure <135/85?mmHg and/or 24-h ambulatory BP (ABP) mean value of <130/80?mmHg on ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM). Weight, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), waist to height ratio (WHtR), fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin level and circadian BP patterns were also measured to find clinical features predictive of WCH in T₂DM. Results: The prevalence of WCH was 7.36% (63/856) in the overall population, 6.13% (29/473) in male and 8.88% (34/383) in female (p?2DM, male WC were independent protective factors, whereas female sex, smoking and alcohol consumption were independent risk factors for WCH in T₂DM. Non-dippers and reverse dippers made up larger proportion of the WCH group (p?Conclusion: WCH is relatively common among T₂DM patients, it is a unique condition distinct from essential hypertension (EH), and WCH patients also exhibit significant differences in clinical parameters.     

Significant correlation between uric acid levels and flow-mediated dilatation in patients with masked hypertension

Background: Serum uric acid (UA) level is associated with prognosis in cardiovascular disorders such as sustained hypertension, diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney diseases. Increased UA levels in sustained hypertension may reflect early renal vascular alterations. However, it remains unclear if serum UA is associated with endothelial dysfunction in masked hypertensive patients. Methods: A total of 100 individuals (57% men and 43% women; mean 45?±?8 years) with masked hypertension were included in the present study. The clinical and laboratory data were collected. Endothelial function was estimated by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery and expressed as percentage change relative to baseline diameter. Results: Univariate regression analysis showed that the FMD was significantly negative correlated with uric acid (r?=??0.300, p?=?0.002), ambulatory 24-h systolic blood pressure (SBP) (r?=??0.275, p?=?0.008), hs-CRP (r?=??0.222, p?=?0.033) and diastolic aortic diameter (r?=??0.243, p?=?0.019). In multivariate linear regression analysis, only uric acid levels and ambulatory 24-h SBP were significantly associated with FMD. Conclusion: There was an independent correlation between UA and FMD, and a higher UA level was related to worse endothelial function which may contribute to hypertension and cardiovascular morbidity.     

Genome-wide association study for white coat effect in Japanese middle-aged to elderly people: The HOMED-BP study

Background: White coat effect (WCE), the blood pressure (BP) difference between clinical and non-clinical settings, can lead to clinical problems such as misdiagnosis of hypertension. Etiology of WCE has been still unclear, especially from genetic aspects. The present article investigated association between genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and WCE in patients with essential hypertension.

Methods: The present cross-sectional analyses were based on 295 Japanese essential hypertensive outpatients aged ≧40 years enrolled in randomized control study, Hypertension Objective Treatment Based on Measurement by Electrical Devices of Blood Pressure (HOMED-BP) study, who were not taking antihypertensive medications before the randomization. Home and clinic BP were measured. WCE was defined by subtracting home BP from clinic BP. Genotyping was conducted with 500K DNA microarray chips. Association between genome-wide SNPs and WCE were analyzed. For replication (p < 10^–4), we analyzed participants from Ohasama study who took no antihypertension medications and whose SNPs were collected.

Results: Genome-wide SNPs were not significantly associated with WCE of systolic and diastolic BP after corrections of multiple comparisons (p < 2 × 10^–7). We found suggestive SNPs associated with WCE of systolic and diastolic BP (p < 10^–4). However, the consistent results were not obtained in the replication study.

Conclusion: The present article showed no significant association between genome-wide SNPs and WCE. Since there were several suggestive SNPs associated with WCE, the present study warrants a further study with bigger sample size for investigating the genetic influence on WCE.     

Left ventricular hypertrophy in isolated and dual masked hypertension

Masked hypertension (MH) is defined as normal office blood pressure (BP) and elevated ambulatory BP (ABP) or home BP or both. This study assessed the association of MH (ie, isolated home, isolated ABP and dual MH) with echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). The present analysis of the PAMELA study included 1087 untreated and treated participants with normal office BP and a measurable LV mass (LVM). A total of 193 individuals (17.7%) had any MH (ie, normal office BP, elevated ABP or home BP or both), 48 had dual MH (25%), 62 isolated ambulatory MH (32%), and 83 isolated home MH (43%). Average LVM indexed to body surface area was superimposable in the three MH phenotypes (being the largest difference between groups <3 g/m²) and significantly higher than in true normotensives. This was also for the LVH prevalence that varied across the MH subgroups in a narrow range (from 8.3% to 10.8%). In conclusion, individuals from the general population with isolated MH, in which either home or ABP was elevated, exhibited an increased risk of LVH similar to that entailed by dual MH. Our findings add the notion both home and ABP measurements are useful to more accurately assess the risk of LVH associated with MH in the community.     

白大衣高血压患者动态脉压及脉压指数的特征分析

目的 分析白大衣高血压(WCH)患者动态脉压(APP)及动态脉压指数(APPI)的特征,探讨WCH对血管硬化的影响.方法 WCH患者60例、高血压I级患者60例(高血压组)和血压正常者50名(对照组)入选本研究,测量其诊室血压和动态血压,对各组APP及APPI进行组间比较.结果 WCH组和高血压组患者的诊室脉压及脉压指数高于对照组(P＜0.01),且WCH组高于高血压组(P＜0.01);高血压组患者24 h APP大于WCH组和对照组(P＜0.01),WCH组患者的白天动态脉压(dAPP)大于对照组(P＜0.01),高血压组患者24 h APPI、白天APPI(dAPPI)和夜间APPI(nAPPI)均大于WCH组和对照组(P＜0.01),WCH组24 h APPI、dAPPI和nAPPI亦均大于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 WCH不同于正常人群,会对血管造成一定程度的损伤,引起血管硬化,但其危害程度小于高血压,造成的损伤作用白天更明显.     

Reproducibility of masked uncontrolled hypertension detected through home blood pressure monitoring

Masked uncontrolled hypertension (MUCH) is an entity described in treated hypertensive subjects, where office blood pressure (BP) is well controlled and out‐of‐office BP is elevated. It has been related to a higher cardiovascular risk. However, the reproducibility of MUCH has been scarcely studied. In this study, we aimed to determine the reproducibility of MUCH detected through home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM). Two sets of measurements were performed in hypertensive adults under stable treatment with a 1‐week interval. Each set of measurements included three office BP readings and a 4‐day HBPM with duplicate readings in the morning, afternoon, and evening (the same validated oscillometric device was employed in both settings). We determined the percentage of agreement regarding the presence of MUCH in the two sets of measurements and quantified such agreement through the Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ), its 95% confidence interval, and P value. We included 105 patients (median age 58.6 [IQR 45.6‐67.2] years old, 53.4% men). MUCH prevalence on at least one occasion was 22.3% (95% CI: 15.2‐31.5). The reproducibility of MUCH was scant: κ = 0.19 (95% CI: 0.0002‐0.38), P = 0.02, due to the poor reproducibility of the office BP component of MUCH in comparison with the home BP component: κ = 0.21 (95% CI: 0.03‐0.39), P = 0.01 vs κ = 0.48 (95% CI 0.29‐0.67), P < 0.001, respectively. In conclusion, the reproducibility of MUCH detected through HBPM is minimal, mainly due to the poor reproducibility of office BP measurements. An HBPM‐based strategy for the management of patients with MUCH may be more adequate in terms of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.     

老年隐蔽性高血压患者同型半胱氨酸及部分炎症因子水平的效率

目的 分析血浆同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）、超敏C?反应蛋白（hs-CRP)、白介素?6（IL-6）在老年隐蔽性高血压患者中的水平。方法 选取2012年1月至2013年10月石河子大学医学院第一附属医院老年病科及新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院米东分院内科住院的＞65岁的老年患者,动态血压明确诊断为老年隐蔽性高血压患者60例为隐蔽性高血压组,另选取同期住院健康体检60例非隐蔽性高血压患者为对照组,两组性别、年龄匹配,同期测定血浆Hcy、hs-CRP、IL-6水平,比较两组间差异。结果 隐蔽性高血压组血Hcy水平为（17.64±7.94）mmol/L,对照组为（11.03±5.35）mmol/L,两组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。隐蔽性高血压组hs-CRP、IL-6分别水平为（0.61±0.15）mg/L、（0.20±0.05）mg/L,对照组为（0.50±0.14）mg/L、（0.16±0.04）mg/L,两组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 老年隐蔽性高血压患者Hcy、hs-CRP、IL-6水平升高,但他们是否参与老年隐蔽性高血压的发病有待进一步研究。     

Diagnosis of hypertension: Ambulatory pediatric American Heart Association/European Society of Hypertension versus blood pressure load thresholds

The agreement between the traditionally‐used ambulatory blood pressure (ABP)‐load thresholds in children and recently‐recommended pediatric American Heart Association (AHA)/European Society of Hypertension (ESH) ABP thresholds for diagnosing ambulatory hypertension (AH), white coat hypertension (WCH), and masked hypertension (MH) has not been evaluated. In this cross‐sectional study on 450 outpatient participants, the authors evaluated the agreement between previously used ABP‐load 25%, 30%, 40%, 50% thresholds and the AHA/ESH thresholds for diagnosing AH, WCH, and MH. The American Academy of Pediatrics thresholds were used to diagnose office hypertension. The AHA threshold diagnosed ambulatory normotension/hypertension closest to ABP load 50% in 88% (95% CI 0.79, 0.96) participants (k 0.67, 95% CI 0.59, 0.75) and the ESH threshold diagnosed ambulatory normotension/hypertension closest to ABP load 40% in 86% (95% CI 0.77, 0.94) participants (k 0.66, 95% CI 0.59, 0.74). In contrast, the AHA/ESH thresholds had a relatively weaker agreement with ABP load 25%/30%. Therefore, the diagnosis of AH was closest between the AHA threshold and ABP load 50% (difference 3%, 95% CI ‐2.6%, 8.6%, p = .29) and between the ESH threshold and ABP load 40% (difference 4%, 95% CI ‐2.1%, 10.1%, p = .19) than between the AHA/ESH and ABP load 25%/30% thresholds. A similar agreement pattern persisted between the AHA/ESH and various ABP load thresholds for diagnosing WCH and MH. The AHA and ESH thresholds diagnosed AH, WCH, and MH closest to ABP load 40%/50% than ABP load 25%/30%. Future outcome‐based studies are needed to guide the optimal use of these ABP thresholds in clinical practice.