多中心大于胎龄儿新生儿期死亡原因及风险的病例对照研究

目的探讨大于胎龄儿（LGA）新生儿期死亡原因及死亡风险。方法病例对照研究。《中国新生儿死亡原因多中心调查》数据库包括39家三级医院新生儿科胎龄≥24周的所有死亡病例数据,以数据库中的LGA为病例组（单胎出生,晚期早产儿或足月儿）,分别以数据库中全部适于胎龄儿（AGA）和配对的AGA（1∶1）为对照组（匹配条件：单胎、胎龄、性别、来源医院）,比较LGA和AGA新生儿期死亡原因。通过整体人群中LGA和AGA活产婴儿比例,估计整体人群LGA死亡风险。采集母亲因素、围生期因素、新生儿因素和死亡原因。根据WHO ICD-PM分类标准分为11类新生儿期死亡原因。结果2016年7月1日至2019年6月30日数据库中新生儿期死亡的LGA和AGA分别为126和1 183例。LGA组新生儿除出生体重、母亲妊娠期糖尿病患病率外均与匹配AGA组差异无统计学意义。多因素回归分析,矫正出生体重和妊娠期糖尿病因素,LGA组早期新生儿死亡风险较匹配AGA组增加1.94倍（OR=2.938,95%CI: 1.346~6.416,P=0.007）。LGA的主要死亡原因排序为先天性疾病（29.4%）、围产期窒息（21.4%）、呼吸系统疾病和心血管疾病（14.3%）、重症感染（11.9%）。LGA组新生儿全因死亡风险与匹配AGA组差异无统计学意义,LGA组死于重症感染（N6：细菌性败血症,细菌脑膜炎,肺炎,病毒感染等）的风险低于匹配AGA组（OR=0.541,95%CI：0.320~0.912,P=0.019）。结论国内三级医院晚期早产儿和足月单胎LGA的主要死亡原因构成及其比例与AGA相比总体一致,LGA并不增加新生儿期的死亡风险,且死于重症感染风险低于AGA。     

脑源性神经营养因子与新生儿出生体重的关系

目的：该文通过检测新生儿脐血脑源性神经营养因子（brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF）的水平,探讨BDNF与新生儿出生体重的关系,并对相关因素进行分析。方法：根据出生体重,将51 例足月第1胎健康新生儿分为3 组:①小于胎龄组（SGA）8例;②适于胎龄组（AGA ）31例;③大于胎龄组（LGA）12例。测量新生儿身长、体重及其母亲的身高、体重,并对脐血中BDNF、瘦素（LEP）、胰岛素（INS）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）进行检测。结果：SGA组的BDNF明显高于AGA组和大于LGA组,AGA组和LGA组中BDNF没有差异;多元逐步回归分析显示BDNF值与新生儿出生体重、体重指数存在负相关关系。LEP与BDNF不呈相关趋势（P>0.05）,INS与BDNF也不呈相关趋势（P>0.05）。INS 与LEP呈现正相关（P<0.05）。LEP与新生儿体重、产妇体重及其BMI呈正相关,而TC,TG在3组新生儿中差异无显著性。结论：BDNF是新生儿体重的重要影响因素,而且不受LEP,INS的影响。     

小于胎龄儿相关因素的研究

为了解不同类型胎儿体格发育（出生体重，身长，头围）情况及小于胎龄儿相关因素，自1999年5月－2000年12月，对在我院分娩的单胎活产新生儿及其母亲424对，进行前瞻性调查。结果显示：小于胎龄儿（SGA）36例，发生率为8．5％，适于胎龄儿（AGA）294例，大于胎龄儿（LGA）94例，SGA组除出生体重外，身长，头围三项指标均低，与AGA组有非常显著意义（P值均＜0．001），影响SGA体格发育Logistic回归分析：最主要危险因素为母孕早期剧吐，被动吸烟，贫血，羊水量过少和母患妊高征，母亲身高，文化程度，胎盘重量与胎儿体格发育呈正相关，SGA组新生儿生后五天内发病率最高为33．3％，与AGA组的2．7％比较有非常显著意义（P＜0．01），因此，防治常见妊娠合并症，加强孕期营养，提高自我保护意识，将有助于降低SGA发生。     

早产儿血清总胆汁酸升高的危险因素分析

目的 探讨早产儿血清总胆汁酸（TBA）升高的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析入住新生儿重症监护病房的216例早产儿的临床资料。以是否发生TBA升高（TBA > 24.8 μmol/L）,将早产儿分为TBA升高组（53例）和非TBA升高组（163例）。对可能导致TBA升高的影响因素进行单因素分析和非条件多因素logistic回归分析。结果 单因素分析显示,TBA升高和非TBA升高两组出生胎龄、出生体重、小于胎龄儿比例、呼吸机辅助通气比例、禁食时间、静脉营养时间以及新生儿呼吸衰竭、新生儿败血症的发生率的比较差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。非条件多因素logistic回归分析显示,低出生体重（OR=3.84,95% CI：1.53~9.64）、新生儿败血症（OR=2.56,95% CI：1.01~6.47）是早产儿TBA升高的独立危险因素。结论 低出生体重及新生儿败血症可导致TBA升高。     

脐血IGF-1及IGFBP-3与胎儿生长发育的关系研究

目的探讨胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF—1）及胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-2（IGFBP-3）与胎儿宫内生长发育的关系。方法将新生儿根据出生体重与胎龄的关系分为大于胎龄儿（IAG）、适于胎龄儿（AGA）、小于胎龄儿（SGA）三组,分别测定三组新生儿出生时身长、体重及胎盘重量,同时取脐血采用EUSA法测定IGF-1及IGFBP-3水平。结果①三组新生儿出生时身长、体重及胎盘重量3个指标比较差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。②脐血IGF-1及IGFBP-3水平在SGA、AGA、LGA三组间比较,LGA组〉AGA组〉SGA组,各组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）。③胎儿发育的重要指标出生体重、身长及胎盘重量与IGF-1及IGFBP-3水平均呈正相关。结论IGF-1及IGFBP-3与胎儿生长发育密切相关,对胎儿的生长发育起重要的调节作用。     

胎龄≤32周早产儿低血糖的危险因素分析

目的 探讨胎龄≤32周早产儿出生后发生低血糖的危险因素。方法 回顾性纳入2017年1月至2020年6月入住新生儿重症监护病房的86例胎龄≤32周低血糖早产儿作为低血糖组,随机选取同期住院监测血糖正常的早产儿172例为对照组。采用单因素分析与多因素logistic回归分析筛选早产儿低血糖的危险因素。结果 研究期间早产儿共计515例,其中低血糖86例（16.7%）。低血糖组小于胎龄儿（SGA）、剖宫产出生、孕母高血压、产前使用激素的比例均高于对照组（P < 0.05）,而出生体重及血糖检测前已静脉使用葡萄糖的比例均低于对照组（P < 0.05）。SGA（OR=4.311,95% CI：1.285~14.462）、孕母高血压（OR=2.469,95% CI：1.310~4.652）和产前使用激素（OR=6.337,95% CI：1.430~28.095）为早产儿低血糖的危险因素（P < 0.05）,静脉使用葡萄糖（OR=0.318,95% CI：0.171~0.591）为早产儿低血糖的保护因素（P < 0.05）。结论 SGA、孕母高血压和产前使用激素可增加胎龄≤32周早产儿早期发生低血糖的风险;对胎龄≤32周早产儿,建议生后尽早静脉使用葡萄糖,以减少低血糖的发生。     

晚期早产儿中小于胎龄儿的临床特点

目的探讨晚期早产儿中发生小于胎龄儿(SGA)的围产期因素及新生儿期患病特点。方法对2009年10月至2010年9月在我院新生儿重症监护病房住院、胎龄34～36周的晚期早产儿临床资料进行回顾性分析,比较晚期早产儿中SGA和适于胎龄儿(AGA)的围产期因素及新生儿期患病情况。结果 SGA组(179例)住院天数明显长于AGA组(851例)[(16.4±6.2)天比(11.3±4.1)天,P<0.05]。SGA组母亲妊娠期高血压疾病(HDCP)、多胎妊娠、羊水过少和宫内窘迫的比例均高于AGA组(34.1%比17.9%,29.1%比13.7%,21.2%比12.6%,19.6%11.0%,P均<0.01)。SGA组患儿新生儿窒息、喂养不耐受、颅内出血、低血糖和红细胞增多症的发生率亦明显高于AGA组(12.8%比7.9%,7.8%比3.1%,6.1%比2.6%,27.4%比21.4%,3.4%比0.2%,P均<0.05)。结论母亲HDCP和多胎妊娠是造成晚期早产儿SGA的主要原因,SGA患儿相对于AGA患儿具有更高的患病风险,应针对造成SGA的围产期因素以及新生期疾病特点进行相应预防和干预。     

胎龄≤32周早产儿低血糖的危险因素分析

目的 探讨胎龄≤32周早产儿出生后发生低血糖的危险因素。方法 回顾性纳入2017年1月至2020年6月入住新生儿重症监护病房的86例胎龄≤32周低血糖早产儿作为低血糖组,随机选取同期住院监测血糖正常的早产儿172例为对照组。采用单因素分析与多因素logistic回归分析筛选早产儿低血糖的危险因素。结果 研究期间早产儿共计515例,其中低血糖86例（16.7%）。低血糖组小于胎龄儿（SGA）、剖宫产出生、孕母高血压、产前使用激素的比例均高于对照组（P < 0.05）,而出生体重及血糖检测前已静脉使用葡萄糖的比例均低于对照组（P < 0.05）。SGA（OR=4.311,95% CI：1.285~14.462）、孕母高血压（OR=2.469,95% CI：1.310~4.652）和产前使用激素（OR=6.337,95% CI：1.430~28.095）为早产儿低血糖的危险因素（P < 0.05）,静脉使用葡萄糖（OR=0.318,95% CI：0.171~0.591）为早产儿低血糖的保护因素（P < 0.05）。结论 SGA、孕母高血压和产前使用激素可增加胎龄≤32周早产儿早期发生低血糖的风险;对胎龄≤32周早产儿,建议生后尽早静脉使用葡萄糖,以减少低血糖的发生。     

早产儿新生儿期疾病的流行病学调查

目的：探讨住院早产儿新生儿期疾病分布情况及影响其转归的因素。方法：对长沙市三家医院2008年961例住院早产儿资料进行调查。结果：呼吸系统疾病最常见,占73.8%,其次为新生儿感染（败血症）（39.4%）和神经系统疾病（38.3%）。不同胎龄、不同出生体重早产儿循环系统疾病的发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但呼吸系统疾病、新生儿感染（败血症）、神经系统疾病等其他疾病的发生率及生后28 d治愈、好转率各组间差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。胎龄、出生体重增加是住院早产儿生后28 d结局的保护因素,新生儿窒息、高胆红素血症、新生儿硬肿症等是危险因素。结论：住院早产儿新生儿期常见疾病为呼吸系统疾病、新生儿感染（败血症）、神经系统疾病;随胎龄、出生体重增加,多数疾病的发生率呈下降趋势,治愈、好转率呈上升趋势。住院早产儿生后28 d转归的保护因素是胎龄和出生体重增加,危险因素有新生儿窒息、高胆红素血症、新生儿硬肿症等。     

杭州地区不同出生体质量小儿早期体格生长水平调查

目的 通过不同出生体质量小儿早期体格生长水平的调查、分析与比较，了解小于胎龄儿（SGA）、大于胎龄儿（LGA）和适于胎龄儿（AGA）生命早期生长发育的规律。方法 通过新生儿筛查中心，对浙江省杭州地区2000、2004、2005年出生的38898名新生儿进行调查，随机对其中794名新生儿进行随访，获得当地测量的该年龄时段体质量、身高的体检资料，并计算BMI及Z值。结果 2000、2004、2005年SGA的发生率为1．5％、2．0％和2．3％，LGA的发生率为4．7％、5．2％和4．2％。12～30月龄LGA组体质量、身长和BMI值均为3组之最，其次是AGA组，SGA组处于最低水平。72～78月龄LGA组体质量仍处于领先水平，SGA组身高、BMI追赶上余2组。结论 宫内生长与儿童早期生长密切相关，应针对不同出生体质量儿合理喂养，进行早期生长监测和干预。     

早产和低出生体重及小于胎龄儿与脑性瘫痪发病的关系

目的 明确早产、低出生体重及小于胎龄儿(SGA)与脑性瘫痪(简称脑瘫)的关联程度。方法 1997年5—7月对江苏省7个市的1～6岁儿童进行了现况普查,共查305263名,并对其胎龄、出生体重及胎龄别出生体重与脑瘫的关系进行了分析。结果 本组儿童共发现脑瘫484例,发生率为1．59‰。早产儿及过期产儿脑瘫发生率相对危险性(RR)分别为足月儿的25．16倍及2．40倍;低出生体重及巨大儿的脑瘫发生率RR分别为正常出生体重儿的19．63倍及1．34倍;SGA及大于胎龄儿(LGA)脑瘫发生率RR为适于胎龄儿(AGA)的4．34倍及0．84倍。先按胎龄别出生体重分层再按胎龄分组,发现各层内早产儿脑瘫发生率均较足月儿高,RR最高AGA层为28．34倍,其次LGA层为21．41倍,最低SGA层为9．29倍,各层内过期产儿脑瘫发生率也较足月儿高,RR最高AGA层为2．63倍,其次SGA层为1．90倍,最低LGA层为1．55倍;先按胎龄分层再按胎龄别出生体重分组发现各层内SGA脑瘫发生率均较AGA高,RR最高足月儿层为4．41倍,其次过期产儿层为3．19倍,最低早产儿层为1．45倍,各层内LGA脑瘫发生率均不比AGA高,除足月儿层相近为0．98倍外,早产儿及过期产儿层均较AGA低,RR分别为0．74倍和0．58倍。按胎龄大小及胎龄别出生体重大小联合分成9组进行比较,发现多数组脑瘫发生率均较足月AGA组高,RR按次序为早产SGA40．99倍、早产AGA28．34倍、早产LGA21．08倍、过期SGA8．39倍、足月SGA4．41倍、过期AGA2．63倍、过期LGA1．53倍、足月LGA0．98倍;前6组差异均有显著性,后2组倍数接近1．0,差异无显著性。结论 早产及SGA两种因素均与小儿脑瘫发生率增加关联,这两个因素分别为小儿脑瘫独立的危险因素;过期产与脑瘫的关联很弱,LGA则与脑瘫的发生率增加无关。     

Disproportionate alterations in body composition of large for gestational age neonates

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to compare dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry-measured body composition between large (LGA) and appropriate (AGA) birth weight for gestational age neonates.Study design: LGA term infants (n = 47) with birth weights > or =4000 g were compared with 47 gestational age-matched AGA infants; 11 LGA infants were born to mothers with gestational (9) or pregestational diabetes (2). Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans were performed at 1.8 +/- 1.0 days after birth. RESULTS: Body weight and length were the dominant predictors of body composition in LGA and AGA neonates. However, LGA neonates had significantly (P <.001, all comparisons) higher absolute amounts of total body fat, lean body mass, and bone mineral content and had significantly (P <.001, all comparisons) higher proportions of total body fat and bone mineral content but lower lean body mass as a percent of body weight. The changes for total body fat and lean body mass as a percent of body weight were greatest (P <.001) in LGA infants whose mothers had impaired glucose tolerance. CONCLUSION: LGA neonates have higher body fat and lower lean body mass than AGA infants. Impaired maternal glucose tolerance exaggerated these body composition changes.     

The influence of gestational age, size for dates, and prenatal steroids on cord transferrin levels in newborn infants

Serum transferrin levels assess protein status in older children and adults. To generate standards for its use in newborn infants, we measured umbilical cord serum transferrin levels in 161 appropriate (AGA), 25 large (LGA) and 16 small (SGA) for gestational age infants between 25 and 43 weeks' gestation. We also assessed the effects of intrauterine growth, exposure to prenatal steroids, and presence of pulmonary maturity on neonatal transferrin levels. Cord transferrin levels in AGA infants were significantly correlated with increasing gestational age (r = 0.60; p less than 0.001). Infants born before 37 weeks' gestation had significantly lower transferrin levels, when compared with those born at term (p less than 0.001). LGA infants had significantly higher levels than age-matched AGA infants (253 +/- 75 vs. 214 +/- 53 mg/dl; p less than 0.025). Despite significantly lower mean birth weights (p less than 0.001), SGA infants also had significantly higher levels than gestational age-matched AGA controls (227 +/- 63 vs. 167 +/- 40 mg/dl; p less than 0.005). For infants less than 35 weeks' gestation, neither the 20 preterm infants with exposure to prenatal steroids (maternal betamethasone), nor the 26 infants with pulmonary maturity had significantly elevated transferrin levels, when compared with gestational age-matched control infants. Newborn transferrin levels correlate well with gestational age and are significantly affected by size for dates, but not by a brief course of prenatal steroids or by pulmonary maturity.     

Neurological Condition of Large-for-Gestational-Age Infants during the Newborn Period

ABSTRACT. Thirty-two large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants and 46 appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) infants used as controls, were investigated. LGA and AGA infants did not differ regarding instrumental deliveries or asphyxia. The infants were examined on the 1st and 5th days after birth with a standardized neurological assessment. The LGA infants showed a significantly delayed neurological adaptation with fewer optimal responses on day one as compared to the AGA infants. These differences were not observed on day five. There were no neurological differences between prenatally and postnatally detected LGA infants. No significant differences were observed regarding parity on maternal complications, neonatal course, and neurological scores of the LGA infants.     

Evidence for the possible relationship of neonatal skinfold thickness to maternal glucose metabolism during the third trimester

Forty-eight infants, including 14 premature infants who were appropriate size for gestational age (AGA), 10 full-term AGA infants, 18 full-term infants who were large for gestational age (LGA), and six premature LGA infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs), had measurements of skinfold thickness (SFT) in the first 72 h of life. For the 24 LGA infants, there was a significant positive correlation between maternal glycohemoglobin (Hb AIc) in the post-partum period and SFT (r = 0.42, p less than 0.05). Our observations in this study support those of others, demonstrating that SFT increases with increasing gestational age. In addition, they support the hypothesis that, in diabetic pregnancies, or pregnancies associated with an elevated Hb AIc, a reflection of the time-integrated blood glucose level over the weeks preceding parturition, fetal hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia stimulate increased triglyceride synthesis in adipose cells and lead to an increase in fetal subcutaneous fat.     

Neurological condition of large-for-gestational-age infants during the newborn period

Thirty-two large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants and 46 appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) infants used as controls, were investigated. LGA and AGA infants did not differ regarding instrumental deliveries or asphyxia. The infants were examined on the 1st and 5th days after birth with a standardized neurological assessment. The LGA infants showed a significantly delayed neurological adaptation with fewer optimal responses on day one as compared to the AGA infants. These differences were not observed on day five. There were no neurological differences between prenatally and postnatally detected LGA infants. No significant differences were observed regarding parity on maternal complications, neonatal course, and neurological scores of the LGA infants.     

Differential leukocyte count in infants of diabetic mothers. Increased band count associated with macrosomia

The differential leukocyte count was studied within the first 24 hours of life in 115 infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs) appropriate for gestational age (AGA), 16 IDMs large for gestational age (LGA), 104 infants of non-diabetic mothers (INM's) AGA, and 22 INMs-LGA. A significant "shift to the left" was found in IDM's-LGA only. The usual cause of "shift to the left" such as maternal hypertension or fever, respiratory distress syndrome, meconium aspiration, neonatal asphyxia, sepsis, convulsions, or hypoglycemia could not explain this finding. It is hypothesized that increased glucocorticoid secretion may possibly play a role.     

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??Abstract??Objective??To explore the perinatal risk factors and clinical features of nosocomial neonatal sepsis in very-low-birth-weight??VLBW ??infants. Methods??Twenty-nine VLBW infants with nosocomial sepsis and 108 VLBW infants with non-sepsis born in hospital from January 2005 to June 2008 composed the study population. Their maternal?? perinatal??or postnatal variables were retrospectively analyzed. SPSS11.0 software was used to do statistical tests and multiple logistic regression. Results??Among 137 VLBW infants ??twenty-nine were nosocomial neonatal sepsis ??21.16% ??29/137??. The mortality rate was 13.79%??4/29????The incidence of nosocomial sepsis was increased with the gestational age and birth weight decreased. Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 70% of microbes?? Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli were the most common bacterial pathogen causing nosocomial infection?? mainly extended spectrum betalactamase producing enterobacteriaceae ??ESBLs??. Birth weight≤1000g was the most impotant risk predictor of nosocomial neonatal sepsis??incidence of NBSIs was 75%??6/8????OR 7.56??4.35??14.24??. The risk factors were in the order of percutaneously inserted central catheter ??PICC???? anaemia??necrotizing enterocolitis??NEC?? and apnea . Conclusion??Nosocomial neonatal sepsis is a common problem and the main cause of late-onset death among very-low- birth-weight ??VLBW?? infants. This nosocomial infection should be lowered by active management.