辅以抗生素的牙周机械治疗对伴动脉粥样硬化牙周炎大鼠的颈动脉及血清超敏C-反应蛋白的影响

目的 研究伴动脉粥样硬化（As）的慢性牙周炎（CP）大鼠模型中血清超敏C反应蛋白（hsCRP）的表达及颈动脉血管的病理变化,探讨牙周基础治疗辅以抗生素对As的影响。方法 35只SD大鼠随机分为两大组：A组（正常对照）和B组（CP+As）,建立CP+AS模型后再将B组分为4组,自然进程组（B1）、牙周机械治疗组（B2）、机械治疗+局部药物组（B3）、机械治疗+局部药物+抗生素组（B4）,每组7只,接受相应的牙周干预治疗。通过酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）法检测血清中hsCRP的质量浓度,光镜下观察颈动脉血管组织的病理变化。结果 随着时间推移,B1组hsCRP质量浓度逐渐升高,在第2次干预后5周（第5次取样时间点）明显高于其他组（P<0.001）;B2、B3、B4组hsCRP先逐渐升高,在第2次干预后1周（第3次取样时间点）达到高峰,之后逐渐下降,低于其基线水平,但仍高于A组（P<0.05）。第2次干预后3周（第4次取样时间点）起,B3、B4组hsCRP显著低于B2组（P<0.001）。病理结果：B1组可见炎症细胞浸润及大量泡沫细胞,弹性纤维明显紊乱破坏;B2组血管壁厚薄不均,可见泡沫细胞,弹性纤维紊乱;B3组血管壁轻度增厚,弹性纤维排列较整齐;B4组血管壁厚度较均匀,弹性纤维排列整齐。结论 对于伴有As+CP的大鼠,牙周基础治疗短期内可能会增加As的发展风险,而从长期作用来看可能会改善As病变;在牙周机械治疗的基础上增加局部抗炎、全身抗生素治疗可优化其疗效。     

Oral health-related quality of life in patients under supportive periodontal therapy

Objective: To assess the oral health-related quality of life (OH-QoL) in patients under supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) and the influence of the individual periodontal risk as well as different degrees of adherence during SPT on OH-QoL.

Materials and methods: 309 patients with at least 5 years of SPT were re-examined. Periodontal risk profile (according to Lang and Tonetti) was assessed and the adherence to SPT-appointments within the last 30(±6) months was reviewed for each patient (fully adherent: adherence to all appointments ±6 weeks, partially adherent: SPT-interval not extended more than half of the recommended interval, insufficiently adherent: SPT-interval extended more than half of the recommended interval, non-adherent: recommended SPT-interval interruption ≥12 months). OH-QoL was measured using the German short-version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-G14). Differences between groups (Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test), association between total OHIP-scores and the predictors age, mean periodontal probing depth and oral hygiene parameters were tested (Spearman’s correlation). A multivariable linear regression model was fitted using all categorical predictors with a univariable p value <.1.

Results: Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in OHIP-G14 scores for gender, periodontal diagnosis and prosthetic status. Patients with deep periodontal pockets (≥6?mm) showed significantly higher OHIP-G14 scores compared to patients without deep pockets (p?=?.049). Adherence and periodontal surgery were statistically significant predictors for the OHIP-G14 score.

Conclusions: OH-QoL of patients under long-term SPT seems to be influenced by periodontal status. Good compliance with SPT-intervals based on the individual periodontal risk profile seems to contribute to a better OH-QoL compared to irregular attendance of SPT.     

Professional oral hygiene treatment and detailed oral hygiene instructions in patients affected by mucous membrane pemphigoid with specific gingival localization: a pilot study in 12 patients

To cite this article:
Int J Dent Hygiene 10 , 2012; 138–141
DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2010.00527.x Arduino PG, Lopetuso E, Carcieri P, Giacometti S, Carbone M, Tanteri C, Broccoletti R. Professional oral hygiene treatment and detailed oral hygiene instructions in patients affected by mucous membrane pemphigoid with specific gingival localization: a pilot study in 12 patients. Abstract: Objectives: The aim of this prospective case series was to assess the clinical efficiency of an oral hygiene protocol in patients affected by mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) with specific gingival localization, before starting any medical treatment. Methods: Patients received oral hygiene instruction followed by non‐surgical periodontal therapy including oral hygiene instructions in a 3‐week cohort study. Clinical outcome variables were recorded at baseline and 5 weeks after intervention and included, as periodontal parameters, full mouth plaque (FMPS) and bleeding (FMBS) scores and patient‐related outcomes (visual analogue score of pain). Results: A total of 12 patients were recruited. The mean age at presentation was 59.5 ± 14.52 years. Five weeks after finishing the oral hygiene and periodontal therapy protocol, a statistical significant reduction was observed for FMPS (P = 0.001), FMBS (P = 0.022) and reported pain (P = 0.0028). Conclusions: Professional oral hygiene procedures and non‐surgical periodontal therapy are connected with improvement of gingival status and decrease in gingival‐related pain, in female patients affected by MMP with specific gingival localization.     

Azithromycin in periodontal treatment: more than an antibiotic

Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used extensively in medicine for the treatment of a wide range of infections such as upper respiratory tract infections, middle ear infections, sexually transmitted infections and trachoma. It is also effective against the most common periodontopathogens. The versatility of the macrolides extends beyond their antibiotic properties as a result of their well-documented immune-modulating/anti-inflammatory effects. Macrolides, including azithromycin, are therefore used to treat diseases not associated with bacteria, such as severe asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and, more recently, cystic fibrosis. Azithromycin is concentrated in neutrophils, macrophages and particularly fibroblasts; all of these cells are central players in the pathogenesis of most periodontal diseases. This paper reviews the diverse properties of azithromycin and the clinical periodontal studies of its effects in both the treatment of periodontitis and in resolving drug-related gingival overgrowth. Evidence exists to support the use of a single course of azithromycin in the treatment of advanced periodontal diseases. Azithromycin could have a triple role in the treatment and resolution of periodontal diseases: suppressing periodontopathogens, anti-inflammatory activity and healing through persistence at low levels in macrophages and fibroblasts in periodontal tissues, even after a single course of three tablets. If future periodontal research confirms these properties, it could become a valuable host-modulator in periodontal treatment.     

牙周非手术治疗1例慢性牙周炎伴畸形根面沟病例的6年维护效果评价

追踪1例慢性牙周炎伴右上侧切牙畸形根面沟病变的发生、发展以及对牙周非手术治疗、定期维护治疗反应的转归过程.6年前初诊为轻度慢性牙周炎,给予常规牙周基础治疗并维护1次;2年后复诊时牙周破坏显著加重,上下磨牙区出现深牙周袋同时伴右上侧切牙畸形根面沟周围骨质重度破坏至根尖区,再次对全口牙周袋进行龈下刮治及根面平整,期间完成右...     

Oral lactobacilli in chronic periodontitis and periodontal health: species composition and antimicrobial activity

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Lactobacilli are known to play an important role in the maintenance of health by stimulating natural immunity and contributing to the balance of microflora. However, their role in chronic periodontitis is unclear. We aimed to identify oral lactobacilli in chronic periodontitis and periodontally healthy subjects, and to determine their antimicrobial activity against putative oral pathogens. METHODS: A total of 238 Lactobacillus isolates from the saliva and subgingival sites of 20 chronic periodontitis and 15 healthy subjects were collected. In all, 115 strains were identified using rapid amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis. Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia was assessed. RESULTS: Lactobacilli belonging to 10 species were identified. The most prevalent strains in healthy persons were Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus fermentum and in chronic periodontitis patients, Lactobacillus plantarum. Obligately homofermentatives, particularly L. gasseri, were less prevalent in chronic periodontitis patients compared with healthy subjects (8% vs. 64% for L. gasseri, P < 0.01). Sixty-nine percent of tested lactobacilli inhibited S. mutans, 88% A. actinomycetemcomitans, 82% P. gingivalis and 65% P. intermedia. The strongest antimicrobial activity was associated with Lactobacillus paracasei, L. plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Lactobacillus salivarius. The strains from periodontally healthy patients showed a lower antimicrobial activity against S. mutans than the strains from chronic periodontitis patients. CONCLUSION: The composition of oral lactoflora in chronic periodontitis and healthy subjects differs, with a higher prevalence of homofermentative lactobacilli, particularly L. gasseri, in the latter group. Both homo- and heterofermentative oral lactobacilli suppress the growth of periodontal pathogens, but the antimicrobial properties are strain, species and origin specific.     

Lack of short-term adjunctive effect of systemic neridronate in non-surgical periodontal therapy of advanced generalized chronic periodontitis: an open label-randomized clinical trial

Aim: To determine if the adjunctive use of intra-muscular neridronate (NE) during non-surgical periodontal treatment (PT) provides, in patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP), adjunctive benefits as compared with PT alone 3 months after the completion of a 3-month NE therapy.
Material and Methods: Sixty GCP healthy patients were randomly assigned to control (CG) or test group (TG). CG patients received PT only. Thirty subjects in TG also received adjunctive NE (12.5 mg in an i.m. injection/week for 3 months). Clinical parameters were evaluated at baseline, at the end of NE treatment (3 months after PT) and 3 months after the completion of NE treatment (6 months after the beginning of PT).
Results: Groups were balanced at baseline and all clinical parameters showed improvement between baseline and follow-ups. At 6 months improvements from baseline at sites with deep pocket depth (7 mm) were 3.2 mm [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.7–3.9] in CG and 3.0 mm (95% CI: 2.3–3.8) in TG with a non-significant difference of 0.2 mm (95% CI: −1.0–0.5; ancova ; p =0.549) between groups. Secondary outcomes did not show significant differences between groups. No major adverse events were reported.
Conclusions: The adjunctive use of NE during PT did not result in additional short-term improvements in periodontal conditions of GCP patients when compared with PT.     

Change of antibiotic susceptibility following periodontal therapy. A pilot study in aggressive periodontal disease

BACKGROUND: The hypothesis was tested that bacterial susceptibilities in aggressive periodontitis change upon administration of systemic antibiotics as adjuncts to periodontal therapy. METHODS: In 23 subjects (average age 38.9+/-6.7 years) with aggressive periodontitis, microbial parameters were assessed prior to and 1 year after completion of comprehensive mechanical/surgical and systemic antimicrobial therapy. Following identification of five selected pathogens with the Rapid ID 32 A system, their susceptibilities towards amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium, metronidazole, and tetracycline were examined with the E-test. Antibiotics were administered according to the test results, and the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC90) were reevaluated after 1 year. Statistical analysis was performed on a patient basis, with the site data used for evaluation of the MIC levels. RESULTS: Bacterial MIC levels remained constant among the three antibiotic treatment groups compared with baseline. Mean MIC90 values ranged from <0.02 to 0.11 microg/ml (amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium), <0.02 to 0.27 microg/ml (metronidazole), and <0.02 to 0.11 microg/ml (tetracycline). Observed changes in susceptibility were attributed to the elimination of single bacterial taxa in the subgingival environment after antibiotic therapy. There were no statistically significant differences in clinical parameters among the treatment groups. Single tetracycline MICs were 1.5- to 6-fold enhanced compared to amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium and metronidazole. CONCLUSION: The periodontal pathogens investigated prior to and 1 year after periodontal therapy are tested sensitive to the antimicrobial agents. In aggressive periodontitis, changes in bacterial susceptibility upon the administration of systemic antibiotics are associated with the limited number of isolates tested following therapy.     

Selection bias in case-control studies on periodontitis: a systematic review

In case-control studies the frequency of the exposure of interest is compared between a group of diseased subjects and a group of controls to determine whether an association exists between disease and exposure. Case-control studies are useful, but can be subject to several sources of bias if poorly conducted. Selection bias, which results in a lack of comparability between the groups being studied, is one of the most harmful types of bias. The aim of this study was to assess the information reported on case-control studies of periodontitis to identify sources of selection bias. We conducted an electronic search in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science and evaluated the occurrence of sources of selection bias in case-control studies published in English during the year 2004. In relatively few studies did the authors provided information on recruitment periods for cases and controls (31.1% and 20%, respectively), sampling methods (26.7% and 31.1%, respectively), or participation rates (8.9% and 6.7%, respectively). The source of control subjects was appropriate in 15.6% of the studies, and the strategy used to select the controls was adequate in only 8.9% of the studies. It may be concluded that case-control studies on periodontitis are frequently inadequately conducted and reported.