直接喉镜经口和经鼻气管插管对小儿血流动力学的影响

目的对比观察直接喉镜经口和经鼻气管插管对患儿血流动力学的影响。方法选择60例美国麻醉医师协会分级Ⅰ-Ⅱ级施择期整形外科手术的患儿，随机平均分成经口和经鼻组各30例。在全身麻醉诱导后采用直接喉镜实施气管插管操作。监测麻醉诱导前（基础值）、后，气管插管和气管插管后5min内血压和心率（HR），计算观察时间点的二重指数（RPP）及观察期收缩压（SBP）和HR的变化率，记录观察期SBP和HR达最大值的时间及其气管插管后恢复至麻醉诱导后值的时间。记录气管插管操作时间。结果经鼻组气管插管时间较经口组显著延长。麻醉诱导后二组血压、HR和RPP均显著降低。气管插管导致二组血压、HR和RPP较基础值和麻醉诱导值显著升高。但二组观察期所有时间点的血压、HR和RPP及其最大值均无显著差异。SBP和HR达最大值的时间在经鼻组较经口组显著延长，但是气管插管后SBP和HR恢复至麻醉诱导后时间二组无显著差异。SBP和HR变化率及RPP〉22000的发生率在二组间亦无显著差异。结论经鼻和经口气管插管在全身麻醉小儿可引起类似的血压增高和HR增快反应。     

儿童光导纤维支气管镜经口气管插管可导致较成人更严重的血压升高反应

目的比较儿童和成人光导纤维支气管镜（FOB）经口气管插管心血管反应的差异。方法选择美国麻醉医师协会身体状况分级为Ⅰ级、拟在经口气管插管全身麻醉下施择期整形外科手术的儿童和成年患者各30例。在麻醉诱导后实施FOB经口气管插管。记录麻醉诱导前（基础值）、麻醉诱导后（麻醉诱导后值）、气管插管时及气管插管后1、2、3、4和5min时血压和心率（HR）,并计算观察期血压和HR变化率。结果二组气管插管时、气管插管后1～3minHR显著高于基础值和麻醉诱导后值（Pa〈0.05）。成年组气管插管血压较麻醉诱导后值显著升高（Pa〈0.01）,但未超过基础值。儿童组气管插管时和气管插管后1min时血压较基础值和麻醉诱导后值显著升高（Pa〈0.05）。观察期儿童组在各对应时间点收缩压（SBP）变化率及气管插管时、气管插管后1和2min时舒张压（DBP）和平均动脉压（MAP）变化率显著高于成年组（Pa〈0.05）。除麻醉诱导后值外,二组在观察期其他各时间点HR及观察期HR最大变化率均无显著性差异。结论在常用全身麻醉深度下对儿童实施FOB经口气管插管可引起较成人更明显的血压升高反应。     

等效小剂量瑞芬太尼和芬太尼对经口气管插管小儿血流动力学反应的比较

目的比较等效小剂量瑞芬太尼和芬太尼对经口气管插管小儿血流动力学反应的影响。方法选择择期行全身麻醉下整形外科手术的患儿100例,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级,随机平均分为2组:瑞芬太尼组(R组)和芬太尼组(F组),在丙泊酚麻醉诱导中采用盲法应用瑞芬太尼2μg/kg或芬太尼2μg/kg。采用直接喉镜经口气管插管。监测麻醉诱导前(基础值)、气管插管前即刻、气管插管即刻和气管插管1、2、3、4、5min时的血压(BP)和心率(HR),计算各观察时间点BP和HR相对于基础值的变化率,并计算二重指数(RPP)。结果2组BP和HR的基础值及气管插管时间均无显著性差异。与基础值比较,虽然气管插管导致F组的BP、HR、RPP及其观察期最大值显著增高,但R组气管插管时BP、HR、RPP及其观察期最大值均较基础值显著降低。观察期时间点的BP、HR、RPP及其最大值二组比较均有显著性差异,观察期时间点的收缩压(SBP)和HR变化率及观察期其最大变化率2组比较亦有显著性差异。观察期SBP和HR增加>基础值30%的发生率在F组显著高于R组;但观察期SBP和HR降低>基础值30%的发生率在R组显著高于F组。结论在小儿应用异丙酚静脉麻醉诱导时,联合应用等效小剂量瑞芬太尼较芬太尼更能有效抑制经口气管插管的血流动力学反应。芬太尼2μg/kg不足以完全抑制小儿经口气管插管的血流动力学反应。虽然瑞芬太尼2μg/kg能够完全消除小儿经口气管插管的血流动力学反应,但可导致更多不良的心血管功能抑制。     

小剂量芬太尼预防小儿直接喉镜经口气管插管心血管反应的效果

目的观察小剂量芬太尼对小儿直接喉镜经口气管插管心血管反应的预防效果。方法选择65例施择期整形外科手术的小儿。随机分为为对照组(Ⅰ组)和芬太尼组(Ⅱ组),在气管插管前5 min,Ⅰ和Ⅱ组分别静脉注射生理盐水0.2 mL/kg和芬太尼2μg/kg,在直接喉镜经口气管插管操作前2 min静脉注射维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg和丙泊酚2.5 mg/kg进行全身麻醉诱导。观察麻醉诱导前(基础值)后,气管插管时和气管插管后5 min内血压、心率(HR)和二重指数(RPP)变化,并记录气管插管时间。结果血压、心率和RPP的基础值以及气管插管时间两组均无显著性差异。直接喉镜经口气管插管导致两组的血压、心率和RPP均较基础值显著升高。与Ⅱ组相比,Ⅰ组直接喉镜经口气管插管的心血管反应更强烈和持续时间更长。Ⅰ组气管插管时和气管插管后1~4 min血压和RPP及观察期其最大值显著高于Ⅱ组。Ⅰ组气管插管时和气管插管后1 min心率及观察期心率的最大值亦显著高于Ⅱ组。Ⅱ组舒张压、心率和RPP最大增加均超过基础值20%。结论虽然静脉注射芬太尼2μg/kg能明显减轻小儿直接喉镜经口气管插管时的血压增高和心率增快反应,但并不能达到完全抑制效果。     

小剂量芬太尼、瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼预防儿童经口气管插管心血管反应的比较

目的比较小剂量芬太尼、瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼对患儿直接喉镜经口气管插管心血管反应的影响。方法选择120例施择期整形外科手术的患儿。随机平均分成对照组、芬太尼组、瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼组,气管插管前采用盲法分别应用9g/L盐水0.2mL/kg、芬太尼2μg/kg、瑞芬太尼组1μg/kg和舒芬太尼0.2μg/kg。静脉麻醉诱导后采用直接喉镜实施经口气管插管。监测麻醉诱导前、后,气管插管时和气管插管后5min内血压(BP)和心率(HR)及观察期收缩压(SBP)和HR的变化率,并记录观察期SBP和HR达最大值时间及其气管插管后恢复至麻醉诱导后值时间。结果BP和HR基础值及气管插管时间在4组间均无显著性差异。气管插管致BP和HR较基础值显著升高,且是以对照组最为明显,芬太尼组次之,瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼组最轻。对照组气管插管时BP和HR及其观察期最大值均显著高于芬太尼组、瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼组;瑞芬太尼组和舒芬太尼组气管插管时的血压和HR及其观察期最大值均显著低于芬太尼组(Pa<0.05)。瑞芬太尼组观察期出现SBP和HR最大值时间显著长于对照组、芬太尼组和舒芬太尼组(Pa<0.05);舒芬太尼和瑞芬太尼组气管插管后SBP和HR恢复至麻醉诱导后值时间显著短于对照和芬太尼组(P<0.05)。瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼组观察期SBP和HR增加大于基础值30%发生率较芬太尼组显著降低。结论与小剂量芬太尼比较,小剂量舒芬太尼和瑞芬太尼能更有效预防患儿经口气管插管的心血管反应。     

小剂量舒芬太尼和枸橼酸芬太尼预防儿童直接喉镜经口气管插管心血管反应的比较

目的比较小剂量舒芬太尼和枸橼酸芬太尼预防儿童直接喉镜经口气管插管心血管反应的效果。方法选择美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）Ⅰ级、拟在经口气管插管全身麻醉下择期整形外科手术的儿童90例。随机平分为对照组、枸橼酸芬太尼组和舒芬太尼组，气管插管前5min采用盲法分别应用9g／L盐水0．2mL／kg、枸橼酸芬太尼2μg／kg和舒芬太尼0．2μg／kg。麻醉诱导后采用直接喉镜实施经口气管插管操作。监测麻醉诱导前（基础值）、后（麻醉诱导后值），气管插管时和气管插管后5min内血压和心率（HR），计算二重指数（RPP）及观察期收缩压（SBP）和HR的变化率，记录观察期SBP和HR达最大值的时间及其气管插管后恢复至麻醉诱导后值的时间。结果经口气管插管导致血压、HR和RPP较基础值显著升高（Pa〈0．05），且以对照组最为明显，枸橼酸芬太尼组次之，舒芬太尼组最轻。气管插管时和气管插管后的血压、RPP及观察期它们的最大值在3组间均有显著性差异（Pa〈0．05）；观察期枸橼酸芬太尼和舒芬太尼组HR无显著性差异（Pa〉0．05）。3组观察期出现SBP和HR最大值的时间无显著性差异（Pa〉0．05），气管插管后舒芬太尼组SBP和HR恢复至麻醉诱导后值的时间显著短于枸橼酸芬太尼组（Pa〈0．05）。舒芬太尼组观察期SBP和HR增加〉基础值30％的发生率和RPP〉22000的发生率显著低于枸橼酸芬太尼组（Pa〈0．05）。结论与小剂量枸橼酸芬太尼相比，小剂量舒芬太尼能更有效地减轻儿童经口气管插管时的心血管反应。     

小儿光导纤维支气管镜引导三步气管插管技术的临床评估

目的 评价小儿光导纤维支气管镜(FOB)引导三步气管插管技术的可操作性和临床应用价值.方法 收治美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)Ⅰ级,年龄4～13岁,拟施择期外科手术患儿10例.常规静脉麻醉诱导,通过ID为5.5 mm的成人型FOB引导将ID为7.0 mm的较粗气管导管顶在声门口,小心退出FOB(第1步);在人工通气证实气管导管是位于喉口后,经较粗气管导管向气管内插入一根合适的可通气性气管导管交换芯(VETC),沿VETC退出较粗的气管导管(第2步).然后沿VETC将润滑良好且直径合适的细气管导管插人气管内(第3步).记录整个气管插管操作所需的时间和操作中遇到的困难及其采取的辅助措施,手术后随访有无呼吸道并发症发生.结果 本组患儿10例FOB引导三步气管插管成功100%.在沿VETC推送气管导管时,虽然2例小儿因润滑不满意和VETC外径不合适出现了沿VETC推送气管导管困难的情况,经过相应的处理措施均被有效解决.完成气管插管所需的时间为(124.1±15.2)s.所有患者手术后随访未发现呼吸道并发症.结论 在小儿,FOB引导三步气管插管技术具有操作简单、成功率高的优点,该方法可有效解决无法将成人型粗直径FOB应用于小儿困难呼吸道处理的临床难题.     

Glidescope 视频喉镜在全身麻醉小儿经口气管插管中的应用

目的探讨Glidescope视频喉镜（GSVL）在全身麻醉小儿经口气管插管中的实用性。方法选择33例符合美国麻醉医师协会Ⅰ、Ⅱ级需经口气管插管全身麻醉下实施择期外科手术的患儿,术前进行全面的呼吸道评估。在常规全身麻醉诱导后,分别采用Macintosh喉镜和GSVL在有、无喉外部压迫操作时进行喉部显露操作,记录有、无喉外部压迫操作时的最佳Cormack和Lehane喉部显露分级、最佳喉部显露的时间。在GSVL喉部显露操作下实施经口气管插管操作,记录采用GSVL成功完成气管插管的时间、试操作的次数、成功和失败的发生率。结果Macintosh喉镜和GSVL的最佳喉部显露时间分别为（5.9&#177;3.2）s和（6.1&#177;3.4）s,二者比较无显著差异（t=0.25P〉0.05）。在有和无喉外部压迫操作的情况下,采用Macintosh喉镜获得的Cormack和Lehane喉部显露分级有显著性差异（Z=3.55P〈0.01）,采用GSVL获得Cormack和Lehane喉部显露分级亦有显著性差异（Z=4.15P〈0.01）。但在均有和均无喉外部压迫操作的情况下,采用Macintosh喉镜和GSVL获得的喉部显露分级均无显著差异（Z=1.25,1.28Pa〉0.05）。33例小儿中GSVL经口气管插管在31例经1次试操作获得成功,2例经2次试操作获得成功。完成经口气管插管所需的时间为20～51（30.0&#177;7.9）s。结论在小儿喉部显露和经口气管插管时,GSVL与Macintosh喉镜一样实用。在小儿采用GSVL实施经口气管插管时,带插管芯气管导管的前端应被塑型成70～80度角,并应将喉外部压迫作为一种常规操作。     

雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉在小儿急腹症手术的临床观察

目的 评价雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉在小儿急腹症手术中的麻醉效果.方法 小儿急腹症手术患儿40例,随机分为雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚组(R组)和芬太尼复合异氟醚组(F组),每组20例.观察麻醉诱导及插管时BP、HR,记录术毕停药后患儿自主呼吸恢复时间,呼之睁眼时间及拔管时间,随访术后恶心呕吐等不良反应.结果 R组麻醉中的应激反应显著低于F组(P＜0.05).R组术后自主呼吸恢复时间、呼之睁眼时间及拔管时间明显短于F组(P＜0.05).两组术后恶心呕吐发生率无明显差异.结论 雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉可安全有效地应用于小儿急腹症手术的麻醉,有利于患儿术后恢复.     

HC可视喉镜在儿童会厌囊肿手术麻醉中的应用

目的评价HC可视喉镜在儿童会厌囊肿手术气管插管中的临床价值与安全性。方法选取60例行会厌囊肿手术的儿童,ASAⅡ~III级,采用随机数字表分为两组。HC可视喉镜组(S组)和直接喉镜组(D组),每组30例,由同一名麻醉医师完成插管。记录两组气管插管时间、插管成功率和一次成功率,插管前、插管时和插管后2 min的心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)和平均动脉压(MAP);喉镜下Cormark-Lehane评级。术毕检查口腔内有无损伤、出血或水肿。结果与D组相比,S组Cormark-Lehane分级中Ⅰ和Ⅱ级的例数显著增多(P0.05),插管时间明显缩短(P0.05)。两组插管前和插管后2 mm,患儿HR和MAP差异无统计学意义(P0.05);插管时D组的HR和MAP明显高于S组(P0.05)。结论在儿童会厌囊肿手术中,HC可视喉镜插管成功率高,插管反应轻,插管时间缩短,安全性好。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.