源于脾细胞的破骨细胞样细胞体外培养及其对成骨细胞的影响

目的探讨破骨细胞及其亚细胞结构对成骨细胞生长的影响。方法C57雌性小鼠,经尾静脉注射5-FU后,取其脾脏细胞,在白介素(IL)-3,6和粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)、1α,25-(OH)2D3的诱导下获得大量的破骨样细胞(OLC)。将破骨样细胞、NaF、离心去除OLC的培养基及其亚细胞结构——细胞核、线粒体与成骨细胞共培养5d后,检测成骨细胞增殖率和碱性磷酸酶含量以及成骨细胞Cbfα1的表达活性。结果OLC及离心去除OLC的50%培养基均可使成骨细胞增殖率显著增加(P<0.05)。NaF、OLC、OLC细胞核和离心去除OLC的25%培养基均可使成骨细胞的碱性磷酸酶活性增高(P<0.05);离心去除OLC的培养基对成骨细胞的碱性磷酸酶比活性具有显著的促进作用(P<0.05)。NaF、OLC细胞质和离心去除OLC的50%培养基均可使成骨细胞的Cbfα1的表达明显加强(P<0.05)。结论OLC对成骨细胞的生长和功能均有促进作用。     

人外周血单个核细胞体外诱导成为破骨细胞样细胞阳性率研究

目的研究人外周血单个核细胞体外诱导成为破骨细胞样细胞阳性率。方法将人外周血以密度梯度离心方法分离出单个核细胞，实验组在地塞米松、1，25（OH）2D3和M—CSF的存在下，在盖玻片和骨磨片上与UMR106细胞共同培养20天，对照组除不与UMR106共培养外，其余条件与实验组相同。结果在培养20天后，实验组电镜检查发现有多核巨噬细胞形成，有伪足，骨磨片上有骨吸收陷窝形成，盖玻片上有TRAP染色阳性细胞形成，其细胞阳性率约为3％，对照组没有TRAP阳性细胞形成。结论人外周血单个核细胞在地塞米松、1，25（OH）2D3和M-CSF的存在下，与UMR106细胞共同培养有TRAP阳性细胞形成，其细胞阳性率约为3％，提示可能在单核，巨噬细胞分化较早阶段就决定了哪些细胞能被诱导成为OLC。     

成骨细胞与破骨细胞间接共培养研究进展

在骨代谢过程中,成骨细胞形成新骨,破骨细胞吸收旧骨,一旦成骨细胞介导的骨基质形成和破骨细胞介导的骨吸收失衡,则会导致骨质疏松症等危害人类健康的疾病产生。因此,不同研究者致力于开发模拟体内环境的成骨细胞与破骨细胞体外共培养模型,以进行骨代谢相关疾病的研究。间接式共培养是通过物理方式将成骨细胞与破骨细胞分隔,使二者可以进行细胞间的交流而不接触,可以针对单一的细胞进行分析,在药物筛选及研究方面,具有高通量和经济便捷等独特的优势,本文对成骨细胞和破骨细胞的间接共培养技术进行归纳和总结。     

血小板衍生生长因子-BB抑制成骨细胞-破骨细胞共育体系中破骨细胞的作用机制

目的　探讨血PDGF BB在共育体系中抑制破骨细胞 (OC)功能的机制。方法　将PDGF BB施加于两种培养体系。测定培养上清一氧化氮 (NO)产物的浓度 ;检测诱导型和内皮型一氧化氮合酶表达情况 ;检测共育体系内外骨保护素 (OPG )表达与PDGF BB浓度的关系 ;观察共育体系培养上清对OC吸附骨质的影响。结果　在PDGF BB刺激下 ,NO含量升高至 (2 5 .2 6±3 .2 4) μg/L (P <0 .0 1) ;加入抑制剂后 ,NO含量为 (9.84± 1.5 1) μg/L ;PDGF BB促进成骨细胞(OB)对eNOS和iNOS的表达 ,抑制剂使二者表达减弱 ;共育体系中OPG表达增强 ,而PDGF BB不能直接促进OPG的表达。共育体系培养上清使OC从骨质上脱离。结论　PDGF BB促进OB产生NO产物 ,后者抑制OC功能。     

共育体系中成骨细胞和破骨细胞生物学特性观察

目的建立成骨细胞和破骨细胞的体外共育体系,观察在此体系中成骨细胞和破骨细胞生物学特性的变化,探讨成骨细胞和破骨细胞间的相互作用。方法取髂骨松质骨,Ⅱ型胶原酶消化,分次获得成骨细胞和破骨细胞。建立培养上清相通但二者互不接触的成骨细胞-破骨细胞共育模型。以细胞增殖(MTT法)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性代表成骨细胞的成骨活性,以抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)活性、骨吸收陷窝面积代表破骨细胞的破骨能力,检测共育对成骨细胞和破骨细胞生物学特性的影响。结果成骨细胞呈饱满的梭形,ALP染色阳性;破骨细胞呈多核,TRAP染色阳性,可以吸收骨质形成骨陷窝。当成骨细胞与破骨细胞共育后,其MTT法OD值(0.60±0.08)较单独培养时(0.36±0.03)明显提高(P=0.000);其ALP活性(23.37±2.48)u/mg较单独培养时(18.33±0.34)u/mg明显提高(P=0.000)。破骨细胞与成骨细胞共育后,形成骨吸收陷窝的平均面积犤(6.55±0.34)×10-2犦μm2较单独培养时犤(5.15±0.17)×10-2犦μm2明显增大(P=0.000)。结论共育体系中成骨细胞和破骨细胞的功能相互促进,为骨组织代谢的体外研究提供了可靠的模型。     

脉冲磁场对成骨细胞和破骨细胞的影响

近年来,脉冲磁场(PEMFs,pulsed electromagnetic fields)在骨质疏松治疗中已得到广泛的关注。PEMFs对参与骨重建的成骨细胞和破骨细胞都有显著影响。本文从PEMFs及其对骨质疏松的影响、PEMFs对成骨细胞和破骨细胞的影响以及可能机制方面加以综述。     

破骨细胞对IGF-1诱导成骨细胞骨同化的促进作用

目的 探讨破骨细胞(osteoclast, OC)存在时IGF-1对成骨细胞(osteoblast, OB)活性的影响。方法 体外培养MC3T3小鼠成骨细胞及RANKL诱导分化成熟的破骨细胞。以10ng/ mL的rhIGF-1直接干预单独或与破骨细胞共育的成骨细胞, 并设空白对照组,培养12h,检测成骨细胞的增殖、凋亡及碱性磷酸酶活性;培养8d后Von kossa钙化染色法观察矿化结节的形成。结果 成骨细胞、破骨细胞共培养时,rhIGF-1作用12h能够明显促进成骨细胞增殖(P<0.05),抑制成骨细胞的凋亡(P<0.05),使细胞内ALP活性升高(P<0.05),8d时钙化结节的个数及面积百分比升高(P<0.05);与单独培养的成骨细胞组有显著性差异。结论 破骨细胞可明显促进IGF-1所诱导的成骨细胞骨同化作用。     

破骨细胞血系起源的活细胞成像观察

目的:采用活细胞成像技术,观察血系单核细胞诱导形成破骨细胞的全过程,旨在进一步阐明破骨细胞血系起源的发生及其细胞动力学。方法:取成年SPF级纯种雄性SD大鼠1只,体重280 g,腹主动脉采血8 ml,经密度梯度离心分离单个核细胞,在RANKL与M-CSF诱导下,分为倒置相差显微镜观察组、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色组、噬骨试验扫描电镜观察组、活细胞成像组4组进行培养。倒置相差显微镜观察组从培养开始,在数字显微成像系统下,每天观察记录1次;抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色组培养21 d作酶活性染色鉴定;噬骨试验扫描电镜观察组培养21 d取出骨磨片作扫描电镜观察;活细胞成像组采用多点位缩时电影法对整个培养过程进行长达35 d的连续观察记录。结果:诱导培养2周后,倒置相差显微镜观察可见大量多核细胞形成,外形呈圆形、梭形、扇形、椭圆形及不规则突起状;抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色绝大部分多核细胞与单核细胞均呈阳性反应;骨磨片扫描电镜观察可见较多骨吸收陷窝、坑洼及沟道,还有位于陷窝及沟道内正在行使骨吸收功能的破骨细胞;活细胞成像观察到起源于周围血的多核破骨细胞是由单核细胞、单核细胞与多核细胞及多核细胞之间相互融合而成,其细胞间的融合均发生在贴壁状态,显微缩时电影观察显示破骨细胞形态表现复杂多变。结论:大鼠周围血单核细胞在RANKL和M-CSF诱导下,可以向破骨细胞分化,形成具有骨吸收功能的多核破骨细胞。破骨细胞的形成是发生在贴壁状态下多种形式的细胞融合过程,破骨细胞的粘附特性对其存活及功能发挥至关重要。破骨细胞具有吞噬功能,其形态结构动态多变。破骨细胞不仅是一种多核细胞,还可能包括单核破骨细胞。破骨细胞通过融合形成多核巨细胞的特性,可能是其适应功能需求与骨吸收效率的一种特殊生物学行为。实验结果进一步证实了破骨细胞的血系起源学说,并为深入阐明破骨细胞的细胞动力学与细胞生物学特性提供了新的实验研究依据。     

成骨细胞与破骨细胞共培养及其应用研究进展

成骨细胞与破骨细胞并非孤立存在,两种细胞存在直接接触、分泌旁分泌因子、细胞与骨基质3种相互作用.成骨细胞与破骨细胞共培养技术有直接接触式、间接接触式2类方式,它能最大程度地模拟体内微环境,有利于研究两细胞间的相互作用,探讨两者失衡在骨质疏松症等骨代谢疾病形成中的作用;细胞共培养应根据病理状态下两细胞的比例选用种属来源一致的细胞.目前该技术主要用于探讨药物防治骨质疏松症的作用机制,已有淫羊藿、三七、补骨脂、雷奈酸锶等既促进成骨细胞骨形成,又抑制破骨细胞骨吸收活性的双重药理作用研究等报道.成骨细胞与破骨细胞共培养的一个新的应用方向,将是应用于软骨下骨重建功能活动的探讨以及中西药干预骨性关节炎的研究.     

高产量高纯度的破骨细胞分离培养

目的 获得高产量高纯度破骨细胞，为骨吸收的体外研究提供丰富的细胞来源。方法 将经典分离乳兔四肢骨破骨细胞的方法与1，25(OH)2D3诱导骨髓干细胞生成破骨样细胞的方法相结合，并应用0．05％胰蛋白酶／0．02％ EDTA联合消化的方法将其纯化。结果 该方法可诱导生成大量的破骨样细胞，0．05％胰蛋白酶／0．02％ EDTA联合消化可使破骨细胞纯化率达95％。诱导生成的破骨样细胞TRAP染色阳性，体外培养具有噬骨能力。结论 该培养方法可产生大量高纯度的破骨样细胞，可为破骨细胞的体外分子生物学研究提供丰富的细胞来源。     

建立成骨与破骨细胞共育体系的一种方法

目的：建立成骨细胞和破骨细胞共育的体外模型，为研究骨生理和病理提供新的方法。方法：从胎鼠和4周鼠中分离成骨和破骨细胞，并按照10：1、100：1的比例混合培养，应用碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、抗酒石酸(TRAP)、甲苯胺蓝染色法，鉴定成骨及破骨细胞，并测量碱性磷酸酶的含量，从而建立一个较稳定的共育体系。结果：破骨细胞和成骨细胞达到了相互接触培养，且随着破骨细胞数量的不同，碱性磷酸酶的含量会有不同的变化。结论：该模型可用骨形成和吸收代谢的相关研究。     

分离培养骨巨细胞瘤破骨样细胞的方法学研究

本文通过组织块贴壁法、机械分离法和酶消化法对骨巨细胞瘤的破骨样细胞进行分离、培养。通过比较,结果显示：酶消化法提纯程度最高,收获量较多;机械分离法居中,但操作简单,对原位杂交、免疫组织化学和骨吸收功能检测具有一定的应用价值;组织块培养法需要时间长,各细胞成分混杂,对研究各细胞成分之间的关系,有一定帮助     

Osteoclasts and a small population of peripheral blood cells share common surface antigens

Summary Several methods have been tried to identify mononuclear osteoclast precursors. We used a panel of 13 osteoclast-recognizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) for the identification of osteoclast precursor cells from the bone, bone marrow, and peripheral blood of egg laying hens. Almost all mabs stained some mononuclear cells in the bone. Seven mabs recognized few mononuclear cells in the bone marrow and five mabs gave the positive immunofluorescence reaction in the white blood cell fraction. Possible immediate osteoclast precursor cells differing from osteoclasts in their densities were identified in the bone. Three mabs (K38, K52, and K70) stained the same amount of mononuclear cells (2.6–3.4%) enriched in Percoll density centrifugation. Of the monoclonal antibodies that recognized few cells in blood, K41 stained only osteoclasts. K47 and K52 also recognized some mononuclear cells in the bone marrow. Other monoclonal antibodies K51 and K70 were more unspecific, since they stained cells derived from other tissues. Blood cells detected with these different monoclonal antibodies were negative for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). On the basis of our results, we suggest that there is in the blood a specific TRAP-negative cell population, which is a good candidate for osteoclast precursor.     

Dioxins interfere with differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

We have previously shown that the environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) affects bone growth, modelling and mechanical strength in vivo. In this study, we utilized differentiation of bone marrow stem cells to osteoblasts and osteoclasts as a model system to study the effects of TCDD on bones. Stem cells were isolated from bone marrow of femurs and tibias of rats and mice. Progress of osteoblastic differentiation was monitored by measuring mRNA expression levels of differentiation markers from control and TCDD-treated cells using quantitative RT-PCR. TCDD significantly and dose-dependently decreased the mRNA levels of RUNX2, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. Also the activity of alkaline phosphatase was significantly inhibited in both rat and mice cells. In the case of osteoclasts, TCDD decreased the number of TRACP+ multinucleated cells, with corresponding decreases in the number of F-actin rings and the area of resorption. Studies in AHR-knockout mice indicated that TCDD has no effect on the expression of osteoblastic differentiation markers suggesting that TCDD mediates its effects by AHR. Both osteoblastic and osteoclastic effects took place at very low doses of TCDD, as in most cases 100 fM TCDD was enough to significantly affect the differentiation markers. Therefore, differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts from bone marrow stem cells seems to be a very sensitive target for TCDD. Disrupting effects in osteoblastic cells, in addition to disturbed osteoclastogenesis, may thus play a role in adverse effects on bone quality in TCDD exposed animals.     

Interactions of Shiga-like toxin with human peripheral blood monocytes

The cytotoxic effect of Shiga-like toxin (Stx; produced by certain Escherichia coli strains) plays a central role in typical hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). It damages the renal endothelium by inhibiting the cellular protein synthesis. Also, the monocyte has a specific receptor for Stx but is not sensitive for the cytotoxic effect. In this work, monocytes were studied as a potential transporter for Stx to the renal endothelium. Coincubation of isolated human monocytes loaded with Stx and target cells (vero cells and human umbilical vascular endothelial cells) were performed. Transfer was determined by measuring the protein synthesis of target cells and by flow cytometry. Furthermore, the effect of a temperature shift on loaded monocytes was investigated. Stx-loaded monocytes reduced the protein synthesis of target cells. After adding an antibody against Stx, incomplete recovery occurred. Also, adding only the supernatant of coincubation was followed by protein synthesis inhibition. Stx detached from its receptor on the monocyte after a change in temperature, and no release was detected without this temperature shift. Although the monocyte plays an important role in the pathogenesis of HUS, it has no role in the transfer of Stx.     

Spindle-shaped cells derived from giant-cell tumor of bone support differentiation of blood monocytes to osteoclast-like cells.

Spindle-shaped cells were established from four giant-cell tumors of bone. When human blood monocytes were co-cultured with these cells, multinucleated giant-cell formation of monocytes was induced. Intriguingly, even when a filter (pore size: 0.45 microm) was interposed between monocytes and the spindle-shaped cells, polykaryocytes also appeared. These multinucleated giant cells were positive for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, expressed calcitonin receptor, and showed bone-resorption activity, characteristics of osteoclast-like cells. These findings indicate that soluble factors secreted from these cells play an important role in osteoclast-like cell formation from blood monocytes. These data additionally suggest that these cells support osteoclast-like cell formation in giant-cell tumors of bone. The cells also expressed mannose receptor, fibronectin, receptor activator of nuclear factorkappaB, and several cytokine mRNAs, including interleukin-6, receptor activator of nuclear factorkappaB ligand/osteoclast differentiation factor/osteoprotegerin ligand, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor. However, all of these molecules except receptor activator of nuclear factorkappaB ligand mRNA could also be detected in control HeLa and CV-1 cells. Although the soluble receptor activator of nuclear factorkappaB ligand has not been found under physiological conditions, it is possible that it is cleaved by cellular proteases and the truncated receptor activator of nuclear factorkappaB is released from cells. Identification of the soluble factors capable of inducing osteoclast formation from blood monocytes is a pressing problem to be solved.     

Osteoclast development in the coculture system of periostless metatarsal bones and hemopoietic cells studied by in situ hybridization with a probe for Y chromosomes

In the coculture system of periostless metatarsal bones of 17-day-old fetal mice and osteoclast progenitors, osteoclasts will develop. Our goal in the present report was to provide further evidence that in the coculture system of fetal metatarsal bone rudiments with hemopoietic cells, the osteoclasts developing inside the bone rudiments are exclusively derived from the cells suspended in the plasma clot and not from endogenous precursor cells of the bone explants themselves, by using the technique of in situ hybridization with a probe for the mouse Y chromosome. Osteoclast formation in unstripped male metatarsal rudiments, occurring after 3–4 days of culture, was compared with osteoclast formation in cocultures of female metatarsal rudiments and male bone marrow cells, occurring after 5–6 days of culture. Osteoclasts were recognized by their tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity. In paraffin sections of cultured male metatarsals, the mean percentage of microscopically identifiable osteoclast nuclei, in which the Y chromosome could be detected, was 43.1±4.2% (n=12). For cocultures of female metatarsal bones and male bone marrow cells this mean percentage was 40.9±5.7% (n=17). Statistical comparison by means of the two sample t-test indicated no significant difference in the percentages of osteoclast nuclei containing the Y chromosome for both groups. We concluded that the osteoclasts do derive from cocultured cells and not from precursor cells in the bone explant itself. Therefore, the coculture system is a reliable in vitro system for studying osteoclast formation from progenitor/precursor cells.     

不同强度张应力影响成骨细胞分化的体外实验研究

目的 探讨不同强度的张应力对人成骨细胞分化的影响.方法 根据骨假体界面应力有限元分析数据和细胞水平应力扩增理论,分别以0.8%、1.6%、2.4%和3.2%的强度在体外对人成骨细胞连续48 h施加1 Hz的牵张应力,观察碱性磷酸酶活性的变化和其他成骨相关基因的表达.结果 成骨细胞碱性磷酸酶活性的提高出现在0.8%和1.6%的应变水平;2.4%和3.2%的应变促进骨钙素的表达;3.2%的应变增强Cbfal/Runx2的表达;与静力对照相比,所有应变组Ⅰ型胶原基因的表达增强;与1.6%应变组相比,Ⅰ型胶原基因的表达在0.8%时减弱,在3.2%时增强(P<0.05).结论 较高强度的应变促进与基质成熟相关的基因的表达,而低强度的应变刺激碱性磷酸酶活性的提高.Ⅰ型胶原基因表达对张应力的应答呈强度依赖性.