猪背驮式原位肝移植的病理生理变化

为探讨背驮式原位肝移植（ＰＢＯＬＴ）的病理生理变化,并建立动物模型,笔者于１９９８年３月至４月进行了猪ＰＢＯＬＴ实验研究,现报告如下。一、材料与方法健康良种幼猪２４头,雌雄不限,体重２２～３２ｋｇ,随机分为供者组和受者组,每组１２头。另选成猪２０头作...     

肝移植中门静脉血栓的外科处理

肝移植已经成为挽救各类终末期肝脏疾病确定性的治疗手段。随着我国临床肝移植工作的深入开展,我们将不可避免地面临越来越多并发门静脉血栓的待移植患者。门静脉血栓在终末期肝病中发生率从2%至19%不等[1,2]。虽然在肝移植发展的早期阶段,门静脉血栓曾被列为手术的反指征,但近     

肝移植常见并发症病理诊断指南(2016版)

我国于2008年制订的《肝移植术后常见病变的病理诊断与分级指南》,对于规范我国肝移植病理诊断流程,提高肝移植病理诊断水平起到了积极的作用。随着肝移植临床及病理学领域不断取得新进展,脑死亡和心脏死亡器官捐献、活体肝移植（living donor liver transplantation,LDLT）和抗体介导的排斥反应（antibody-mediated rejection,AMR）等新概念的提出和新技术的应用,     

活体肝移植受者的外科并发症防治

目的：探讨活体肝移植受者术后外科并发症的防治方法。方法：回顾性分析18例活体供肝原位部分肝移植受者的临床资料。结果术后发生肝动脉栓塞2例(11.1％)，其中1例手术取栓失败，2例均接受再次肝移植，获得成功；门静脉栓塞1例(5．6％)，手术取栓失败，患者死亡；胆漏2例(11．1％)，经置管引流、抗感染治疗后痊愈；无流出道梗阻及胆道狭窄发生。住院期间死亡2例，分别死于多器官功能衰竭、门静脉栓塞。结论：活体原位部分肝移植后的外科并发症重在预防，供肝的采取、修整以及手术技术是关键。     

NO在肝移植病人体内发挥的病理生理效应

一氧化氮 (NO)分子由酶P4 5 0家族的NO合酶 (NOS)产生。目前 ,已克隆出三种NOS的亚型 ,它们在肝脏中有表达。NO的细胞作用和生理作用的发挥主要依靠环鸟苷酸 ,NO参与肝移植病人机体内的多种病理生理过程 ,包括缺血再灌注损伤、急性细胞排斥反应及终末期肝病病人所特有的局部循环的改变     

再次同种异体原位肝移植的临床及病理研究

目的 探讨肝移植术后肝脏的病理组织学变化特点及其临床病理意义.方法 回顾性分析2002-2006年期间实施的15例再次肝移植受者的临床资料,对15例再次肝移植切除的全肝标本进行病理组织学观察分析.结果 15例再次肝移植存活者占53.3%,死亡者中严重感染占57.1%.病理组织学变化以慢性排斥反应和胆管、血管狭窄、阻塞为主.慢性排斥反应占20%,胆管病变占46.6%,血管病变占33.3%.结论 再次肝移植存活者较首次肝移植者低,死亡原因主要是严重感染.导致再次肝移植的多种原因中,肝胆管、血管狭窄、阻塞的发生相对较慢性排斥反应高,且移植后肝脏胆管和血管病变常并存.肝胆管、血管狭窄、阻塞是导致再次肝移植的重要原因.早诊断、早治疗是提高再次肝移植成功的关键,应引起高度重视.     

肝移植后纤维化胆汁淤积性肝炎的临床病理特点

慢性乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染已成为世界性严重问题．全世界目前超过20亿人感染HBV，每年因HBV感染造成的死亡数高达1百万。丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染者达3亿．病毒携带者达1亿7千万，其中80％转为慢性．20％发展为肝硬化，1．5％发展为肝细胞癌。我国现有约1．2亿HBV携带者，HCV感染率估计为3．2％。原位肝移植(OLT)目前已成     

胰腺癌转移和浸润的临床病理特点

胰腺癌的浸润和转移直接影响病人的预后，了解它的临床病理特点对胰腺癌的治疗具有十分重要的意义。本文对胰腺癌浸润和转移的临床病理、影像学、分子生物学特点及病理分型、预后治疗等作一综述，并探讨其与临床的关系，旨在改善胰腺癌的预后。     

肝移植治疗肝门部胆管癌

一、肝门部胆管癌的治疗现状 肝门部胆管癌（hilar cholangiocarcinomas）又称高位（high cholangiocarcinoma，HCCA）或近端胆管癌，是指发生在胆囊管开口以上肝管的上1／3肝外胆管，并常累及胆管汇合部和单侧或双侧肝管的恶性肿瘤。Klatskin于1965年首次全面的总结了该病的临床及病理特点，故又称Klatskin瘤。[第一段]     

肝移植的胆道并发症

肝移植术后的胆道并发症通常是指具有临床表现又有放射学依据、需行介入治疗或手术治疗的胆道狭窄、梗阻、胆漏及胆栓／泥形成等。其发生率为20%～34％,在右半肝活体肝移植的受体则高达15%～64%。其中,有6%～13％需再次肝移植,病死率可高达19％,是影响病人长期存活及导致移植肝功能丧失甚至死亡的最主要原因之一,被肝移植先驱Roy Calne爵士称为“阿喀琉斯之踵”（Achilles’Sheel）。     

Trajectories of Alcohol Consumption Following Liver Transplantation

Any use of alcohol in the years following liver transplantation (LTX) approaches 50% of patients transplanted for alcoholic liver disease (ALD). We collected detailed prospective data on alcohol consumption following LTX for ALD to investigate ongoing patterns of use. Using trajectory modeling we identified four distinct alcohol use trajectories. One group had minimal use over time. Two other groups developed early onset moderate‐to‐heavy consumption and one group developed late onset moderate use. These trajectories demonstrate that alcohol use varies based on timing of onset, quantity and duration. Using discriminant function analysis, we examine characteristics of recipient's pre‐LTX alcohol histories and early post‐LTX psychological stressors to identify the profile of those at risk for these specific trajectories. We discuss the relevance of these findings to clinical care and preliminarily to outcomes.     

肝移植后肝脏组织活检的动态病理学分析

目的：分析肝脏组织活检在肝移植后常见并发症鉴别诊断中的作用。方法：在52例原位肝移植中，27例因肝功能障碍在术后0～330d不等接受肝脏活检。其中经皮肝穿刺44次，肝脏楔形活检6次，总计活检50次。标本经常规行HE染色，并根据需要加染组织化学或免疫组织化学染色后作显微镜观察。结果：急性排斥反应分别占受检病例及总移植病例数的48．15％和25．00％；慢性排斥反应分别占两者之14．81％和7．69％；保存／再灌注损伤分别占25．93％和13．46％；肝动脉栓塞分别占11．11％和5．77％；肝内胆道损伤占7．41％和3．85％；CMV感染占3．70％和1．92％；肝炎复发占3．70％和1．92％；可疑药物性肝损伤占11．11％和5．77％。结论：急性排斥反应和保存／再灌注损伤是移植后早期肝功能障碍的主要因素；肝动脉栓塞和供肝冷缺血可导致肝内胆道损伤；急性排斥反应及病毒感染与慢性排斥反应的发生有关；而药物诱发的肝损伤因缺乏特异性改变则应密切结合临床并采取排除诊断法。     

De Novo Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Following Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly recognized clinico-pathologic entity typically associated with obesity, type II diabetes and hyperlipidemia. It has been noted to recur after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). We report four patients who developed de novo NAFLD within 3 months of OLT without the typical predisposing factors of diabetes mellitus or obesity. Three of the four patients underwent OLT for hepatitis C-related cirrhosis, and the other for alcoholic cirrhosis. Examination of the liver explants revealed no evidence of steatosis. No surreptitious alcohol use or a drug-induced process could be identified in these patients. Treatment of recurrent hepatitis C infection in one patient with interferon and ribavirin led to sustained suppression of the viral RNA to undetectable levels, but no improvement in histology or liver enzymes. All four patients had histologic evidence of preservation injury on the initial post-OLT biopsies, but the significance of this finding in relationship to the development of NAFLD is unknown. NAFLD can develop without any of the known predisposing conditions after transplantation, and this raises further questions about the pathogenesis of this condition .     

大鼠肝移植后肝再生的实验研究

目的：探讨部分肝移植术后移植肝的再生问题。方法：建立大鼠部分肝移植模型，实验分为肝切除组（PLR组）、全肝移植组（OLT组）和部分肝移植组（POLT组）3组，分别于术后不同时间段取外周血检测总胆红素和谷丙转氨酶水平；取肝组织行组织学检查及流式细胞仪检测移植肝的增殖活性。结果：移植术后1w，肝功能酶学指标增高，后逐步降低；组织学检查术后可见单核细胞浸润，特别在门静脉周围汇管区，肝实质可见点状坏死。术后1个月可见胆管增殖；PLR组和POLT组还可见二倍体和多倍体的肝细胞，中央小静脉、肝窦和叶间静脉轻度扩张。PLR组和POLT组肝细胞增生活跃，3组分别于术后1d、2d、4d达到增殖高峰。结论：部分移植肝和肝切除后肝脏具有同样的增殖活性，但增殖高峰POLT组及OLT组均要晚于肝切除后的肝脏，但移植组增殖周期长。这可能是由于手术操作及肝脏缺血再灌注损伤所致。而持续时间长可能与受体免疫系统产生的细胞因子和激素的调控相关。     

肝移植术后近期并发症的护理

对18例同种异体原位肝移植病人进行回顾性分析,认为腹腔内大出血、血管并发症、胆道并发症、排斥反应、感染和高血糖是常见近期并发症.护理中注意早期发现病情变化、及时处理并发症,可以提高手术成功率,改善病人生活质量.     

Survival Outcomes Following Liver Transplantation (SOFT) Score: A Novel Method to Predict Patient Survival Following Liver Transplantation

It is critical to balance waitlist mortality against posttransplant mortality. Our objective was to devise a scoring system that predicts recipient survival at 3 months following liver transplantation to complement MELD‐predicted waitlist mortality. Univariate and multivariate analysis on 21 673 liver transplant recipients identified independent recipient and donor risk factors for posttransplant mortality. A retrospective analysis conducted on 30 321 waitlisted candidates reevaluated the predictive ability of the Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score. We identified 13 recipient factors, 4 donor factors and 2 operative factors (warm and cold ischemia) as significant predictors of recipient mortality following liver transplantation at 3 months. The Survival Outcomes Following Liver Transplant (SOFT) Score utilized 18 risk factors (excluding warm ischemia) to successfully predict 3‐month recipient survival following liver transplantation. This analysis represents a study of waitlisted candidates and transplant recipients of liver allografts after the MELD score was implemented. Unlike MELD, the SOFT score can accurately predict 3‐month survival following liver transplantation. The most significant risk factors were previous transplantation and life support pretransplant. The SOFT score can help clinicians determine in real time which candidates should be transplanted with which allografts. Combined with MELD, SOFT can better quantify survival benefit for individual transplant procedures.     

Alopecia in Children Following Living Related Liver Transplantation

IntroductionAlopecia is a common complication in patients following kidney transplantation; however, reports regarding liver transplantation patients are still few.MethodsThis study followed 111 children who underwent living related liver transplantation. Alopecia patients and its possible risk factors were analyzed.ResultsAlopecia occurred in 3 patients (2.7%). Underlying diseases were biliary atresia and Alagille syndrome. Clinically significant alopecia (universal alopecia) occurred in 1 patient with Alagille syndrome. All patients received tacrolimus as their immunosuppression drug. None of the patients who received cyclosporine experienced alopecia. The onset of alopecia ranged from 7 to 28 months after transplantation. Alopecia was treated with a topical corticosteroid and topical tacrolimus, but 1 patient with clinically severe alopecia required conversion from tacrolimus to cyclosporine A.ConclusionsAlopecia is 1 complication seen in children receiving tacrolimus therapy following living donor liver transplant. Prompt management of this cosmetic complication should be done to ensure patients’ compliance to medication regimen.