接触叠氮酸作业工人的健康危害研究

对31名起爆药三硝基间苯二酚与叠氮化铅共沉淀结晶(D.S共晶)作业工人进行了临床检查;测定了生产场所HN_3浓度,多数低于0.5mg/m~2,少数高于10mg/m~3。工人工作2～18年,头痛、多梦、眼和咽刺激及血压降低明显多于对照组,但未见其器官性损害。工人短时间接触高浓度HN_3(12.8mg/m~3)有自觉不适,脱离接触后迅速消失。结合亚慢性HN_3吸入毒性,提出HN_3和NaN_3最高容许浓度各为0.2mg/m~3和0.3mg/m~3。     

氯乙醇对工人健康影响的调查研究

研究表明,车间空气中氯乙醇平均浓度为3.96mg/m~3时,工人神衰出现率与血清总胆固醇含量均高于对照组,个别工人唾液安替比林清除率降低,而接触氯乙醇平均浓度为0.95mg/m~3时,则无上述影响。建议车间空气中氟乙醇最高容许浓度为2mg/m~3。     

氟化氢铵接触工人骨代谢生物标志研究

目的 了解氟化氢铵接触人员尿氟和骨代谢生化指标变化情况，探讨氟化氢铵接触工人的骨代谢生物标志。方法 于2021年12月，选择某半导体和液晶面板光罩生产企业氟化氢铵接触工人74名为接触组，临近区域某电子厂70名工人为对照组，比较两组工人尿氟、血清骨钙素、血清碱性磷酸酶、尿羟脯氨酸的差异。结果 企业工作场所空气中氟化氢铵（以氟化氢计）浓度在<0.014～0.021 mg/m3之间，低于国家职业接触限值。接触组工人班前尿氟值有7人超标，超标率为9.45%。接触组工人尿氟值与氟化氢外剂量值有正相关关系（r=0.332,P <0.05）。接触组工人尿氟质量浓度（0.69±0.77）mg/L，高于对照组的（0.47±0.17）mg/L，差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。接触组工人血清骨钙素浓度（15.07±3.68） ng/mL，低于对照组的（16.51±4.51）ng/mL，差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。接触组工人血清碱性磷酸酶浓度（76.99±14.99）U/L，对照组人工血清碱性磷酸酶浓度（75.03±22.35）U/L，两组差异无统计学意义（P> 0....     

异丙醇接触工人劳动卫生学调查

某制药厂异丙醇接触工人的劳动卫生学调查结果:车间空气中异丙醇平均浓度开釜清渣时为1053.9mg/m~3;开盖加料时为187.5～552.3mg/m~3;密闭反应时46.1～98.1mg/m~3。体检表明接触工人除眼、鼻及皮肤刺激症状明显高于对照组外,余无异常发现。建议车间空气中异丙醇最高容许浓度(MA)为750mg/m~3(皮)。     

职业性铅接触危害的研究

本文调查了接触铅烟平均浓度为0.578mg/m~3的蓄电池厂工人53名,0.0015mg/m~3的小焊锡工52名以及0.0006mg/m~3的对照组绣花工50名。从临床症状与生化指标来看,蓄电池厂工人已受到了一定程度的铅危害,小焊锡工与对照组工人相比未见异常,可见铅的毒性危害呈明显的剂量-反应关系。铅的毒性早期症状为中枢神经系统功能紊乱、消化不良和四肢肌肉关节酸痛等。本文见乏力、腹部隐痛和关节酸痛的发生数与PbB、PbU及ZPP的浓度成正比,其症状阈浓度分别为30μg/dl、0.045mg/l及40μg/dl。铅接触的指标可以采用PbB、PbU、ALAD、FEP及ZPP,但作为预防性监护的过筛指标以ZPP为宜。铅接触组的正中神经运动及感觉传导速度均较对照组为慢(P<0.05)。在铅接触组工人中,传导速度的减慢与铅接触程度未见明显关系。     

长期接触低浓度氯气对工人健康的影响

作者调查了生产氯气的化工厂中隔膜室的工人353人,按专业工龄分成二组:A组220名,工龄为10～20年,B组133名.工龄小于10年.年龄23～52岁(平均42.4岁)。电解车间空气中氯气的浓度在2.6～11mg/m~3之间(平均为4.82±0.36mg/m~3)。目前中国的阈限值为1mg/m~3。对照组共192名,均选择于与接触组同一工厂但不接触氯气的工人。年龄26～55(平均39.7     

接触锰氟作业工人免疫球蛋白水平

报道;对接触锰、氟作业工人IgG、IgA、IgM水平检测结果,当锰浓度1.74mg/m~3,氟浓度0.23mg/m~3时,两种作业工人IgG均值显著高于正常人,IgA均值非常显著低于正常人。但是IgM锰作业工人显著高于正常人,而氟作业工人与正常人比较差异不显著。两种作业工人Ig水平在性别、工龄之间均无     

职业性氟化氢接触对工人骨骼的影响

目的 研究职业接触氟化氢对工人骨骼的影响。方法 选择某氟化氢生产企业接触氟化氢作业工人302名及电子厂工人(对照组)85名作为研究对象,测定其氟接触外剂量、尿氟值,并调查骨密度、骨质疏松和骨骼影像学检查结果,分析接触剂量与骨骼检查结果的关系。结果 2018—2020年各车间30个检测点空气中氟化氢平均质量浓度为未检出～1.867 mg/m³。氟化氢作业工人摄入外剂量为0.24～133.45 mg。不同性别、年龄研究对象的尿氟值差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。接触组尿氟质量浓度(1.12±0.95)mg/L,高于对照组的尿氟质量浓度(0.45±0.14)mg/L(P<0.01)。接触组工人尿氟值与氟化氢外剂量具有相关性(r=0.115,P<0.05)。不同外剂量组氟化氢接触工人骨量减少、骨质疏松、骨骼影像学诊断异常率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。不同尿氟组工人骨量减少检出率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),当尿氟达到>1.0～1.5 mg/L时,骨量减少的异常率最高。接触组骨量减少异常率38.7%,高于对照组的4.7%(...     

接触氯仿工人的神经行为功能研究

为阐明职业性长期接触氯仿对接触者神经行为功能的影响特点,本文对60名氯仿接触工和60名对照工人进行WHO-NCTB测试。结果发现,长期接触4.27～141.25mg/m~3(几何均数21.85mg/m~3)浓度氯仿可致接触者消极性情感明显增强,反应时间延长,心理运动能力、视感知能力降低。接触浓度增高,影响明显增强。作者认为,长期接触21.85mg/m~3浓度氯仿可致接触者神经行为功能明显改变。     

长期接触低浓度无机氟对健康的影响

从事化验分析,长期接触低于国家车间空气最高容许浓度(MAC为1mg/m~3)的无机氟(F浓度在0.3mg/m~3以下),对工人健康有何影响?为了对此问题进行探讨,故对某厂60名化验工进行了横断面调查,报告如下。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.