职业性接触对二氯苯对作业工人健康的影响

目的：研究职业性接触对二氯苯对作业工人健康的影响，为制订我国对二氯苯职业性接触限值标准提供参考依据。方法：344名对二氯苯作业工人接触对二氯苯浓度不同分为高水平、中等水平、低水平接触3个亚组，对其进行全面的医学检查，并与对照组进行比较。结果：高中浓度接触组神经衰弱与呼吸道刺激症状检出率均显著高于对照组，血清丙氨酸转氨酶活力及其异常率均显著高于对照组，并存在一定的剂量-效应关系，各组血液学指标及尿N-乙酰-β-d-氨基葡萄糖苷酶活力均未见显著性变化。结论：职业性接触对二氯苯具有肝脏毒性和中枢神经毒性以及呼吸道刺激作用。     

接触氯仿工人的神经行为功能研究

为阐明职业性长期接触氯仿对接触者神经行为功能的影响特点,本文对60名氯仿接触工和60名对照工人进行WHO-NCTB测试。结果发现,长期接触4.27～141.25mg/m~3(几何均数21.85mg/m~3)浓度氯仿可致接触者消极性情感明显增强,反应时间延长,心理运动能力、视感知能力降低。接触浓度增高,影响明显增强。作者认为,长期接触21.85mg/m~3浓度氯仿可致接触者神经行为功能明显改变。     

职业性接触羽毛尘对健康影响的研究

目的：探讨职业性接触羽毛尘对工人健康的影响因素。方法：对204名羽毛作业工人（观察组）和257名非接尘人员（对照组）做流行病学横断面调查，采用SPSS10．5版本软件进行统计分析。结果：观察组症状及体征检出率、羽毛和尘螨抗原皮试阳性率、血清免疫球蛋白平均值均显著高于对照组，χ^2=5.68-75.93；随着接尘工龄增加和车间粉尘浓度的升高，主要症状、体征检出率也增加，等级相关系数r=0.643-0.883。结论：羽毛加工产生的粉尘可导致机体发生由IgE介导的变态反应疾病，其变应原主要为羽毛和尘螨，并存在一定的剂量－反应关系。     

职业性铝接触对健康的影响

铝作为一种职业有害因素对特定作业环境中职业人群健康的影响早已引起人们的关注,特别是与阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer＇s disease,AD）之间的联系,是否为AD惟一的病因已引起学术界激烈的争论.以下对国内外近年来铝相关的流行病学调查资料作一综述.     

氯仿的生殖毒性

对氯仿的生殖毒性进行综述     

氯仿对实验动物的肝肾毒性

氯仿是最早应用的吸入麻醉剂之一。现在主要用做碳氟类致冷剂的合成原料和有机玻璃粘合剂,也是广泛使用的化学试剂。吸入、摄入或皮肤接触一定量的氯仿均可损害健康,主要引起肝、肾损伤。氯仿被认为是挥发性氯代烃中最危险的一种,因此国外许多研究桃构和学者对氯仿的毒性进行了大量的实验研     

环氧丙烷对职业接触者的毒性作用

目的 研究较低浓度环氧丙烷对职业接触人群健康的影响情况,分析不同的研究指标在环氧丙烷毒性研究和职业人群健康监护工作中的作用和意义,为保护接触工人的健康与安全、提高劳动生产率提供科学的依据。方法选择特大型企业接触环氧丙烷作业的工人为对象,分别采用传统的和现代最新的方法研究环氧丙烷对职业接触人群遗传毒性作用,同时也对接触者的一般毒性危害作了比较系统的调查。结果长期接触较低浓度环氧丙烷的作业工人,其健康受到了一定程度的危害。主要表现在中枢神经系统症状比较明显。接触组染色体畸变率、淋巴细胞微核试验没有明显改变,但姐妹染色单体互换率有明显增加,血红蛋白加合物和DNA加合物的实验结果也证实了这一点,且具有更为敏感的特性。结论环氧丙烷对接触者具有一定的遗传毒性。     

职业性接触对二氯苯遗传毒性的研究

对二氯苯 (1,4 ｄｉｃｈｌｏｒｏｂｅｎｚｅｎｅ ,ｐａｒａ ｄｉｃｈｌｏｒｏｂｅｎｚｅｎｅ,ＰＤＣＢ)是一种氯代芳香烃类化合物 ,主要用作防蛀剂和除臭剂以及化学工业的中间体[1] 。自从 1987年国际癌症研究机构 (ＩＡＲＣ)根据美国国家毒理学规划署 (ＮＴＰ)的长期动物致癌试验研究结果将ＰＤＣＢ确定为可能的人类致癌物以后 ,国外开始将大量ＰＤＣＢ制品销往我国。随着近年来国内ＰＤＣＢ新建生产装置的投产 ,职业性接触人数不断增加 ,ＰＤＣＢ的职业危害亟待评价。我们对职业性ＰＤＣＢ接触者外周血淋巴细胞微核率 (ＭＮ)和姊妹染色单…     

职业性光接触性皮炎

简述了职业性光接触性皮炎的致病因素与机制、发病与危害、临床表现、治疗与预防。     

甲苯对作业工人健康的影响

为探讨甲苯与人体健康的关系 ,以甲苯作业工人126人为接触组 ,不接触甲苯的工人124人为对照组 ,进行职业性健康检查 ,对已婚作业女工进行生殖机能回顾性调查 ,接触组作业工人头昏、乏力、出血倾向、咽部充血、红细胞低下、血红蛋白低下、经量过多、自然流产发生率均较对照组高 ,且有统计学意义。     

甲醛暴露工人外周血淋巴细胞遗传物质损伤水平的研究

目的评价甲醛暴露工人外周血淋巴细胞DNA和染色体损伤水平。方法选择2家密度板厂151名甲醛暴露工人(暴露组)和某推土机厂112名非甲醛暴露工人(对照组)为研究对象,用气相色谱法检测作业环境的甲醛浓度,采用彗星试验和胞质分裂阻滞微核试验,评价其外周血淋巴细胞DNA和染色体损伤水平。结果暴露组工人作业环境中的甲醛8h时间加权平均浓度(0.10～7.88mg/m3)高于对照组(<0.01mg/m3)。高暴露组Olive尾矩为3.95,95%CI为3.53～4.43;低暴露组Olive尾矩为3.03,95%CI为2.49～3.67;对照组Olive尾矩为0.93,95%CI为0.78～1.10,各组间差异均有统计学意义。暴露组彗星尾长为6.78,95%CI为6.05～7.60,均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义。高暴露组彗星尾长为12.59,95%CI为11.80～13.43;低暴露组彗星尾长为11.25,95%CI为10.12～12.50,差异无统计学意义。高暴露组的微核率为(0.65±0.36)%,低暴露组的微核率为(0.41±0.25)%,对照组的微核率为(0.27±0.13)%,各组间的差异均有统计学意义。各指标均有随暴露水平增加而增高的趋势,按吸烟情况分层后仍有增高的趋势。结论甲醛暴露可导致工人外周血淋巴细胞的DNA和染色体损伤水平增高,并且有随暴露水平增加而增高的趋势。     

Spontaneous abortion in spouses of greenhouse workers exposed to pesticides

Objective The aim of this study was to explore the association between exposure to specific pesticides (including endocrine disrupters) of greenhouse workers and spontaneous abortion in their spouses. Methods A group of exposed workers was compared with a non-exposed group. The risk of spontaneous abortion was evaluated using a logistic regression model. Results A significantly higher rate of spontaneous abortion was observed among spouses of workers exposed to specific compounds (atrazine, benomyl-carbendazim, carbaryl and DDT) in comparison with spouses of the unexposed group. The logistic regression model confirmed the increased risk of spontaneous abortion (OR=11.8; 95% CI 2.3–59.6). Conclusions These findings suggest that occupational exposure to pesticides might have an adverse effect on the partner’s reproductive health.     

Health effects among refrigeration repair workers exposed to fluorocarbons.

Refrigeration repair workers may be intermittently exposed to fluorocarbons and their thermal decomposition products. A case of peripheral neuropathy (distal axonopathy) in a commercial refrigeration repairman prompted an epidemiological investigation of the health of refrigeration repair workers. No additional cases of peripheral neuropathy were identified among the 27 refrigeration repair workers studied. A reference group of 14 non-refrigeration repair workers was also studied. No differences were noted between groups for the ulnar (motor and sensory), median (motor and sensory), peroneal, sural, or tibial nerve conduction velocities. Refrigeration repair workers reported palpitations and lightheadedness significantly more often than workers in the reference group. No clinical neurological or electroneurophysiological abnormalities were detected in eight refrigeration repair workers followed up for three years during continuous employment.     

Liver function in workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide during the production of synthetic textiles

In a factory producing synthetic fibers the hepatotoxic effects of the solvent N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were investigated in 126 male employees, especially with regard to the combination effects of DMF exposure and ethyl alcohol consumption. A collective of similar structure from the same factory served as a control collective. Methods: Reference is made to the results of air measurements and biological monitoring presented in a previous publication. The DMF concentrations in the air ranged from <0.1 (detection limit) to 37.9 ppm (median 1.2 ppm). Concentrations of the DMF metabolite N-methylformamide (NMF) in urine were 0.05–22.0 mg/l (preshift) and 0.9–100.0 mg/l (postshift), corresponding to 0.02–44.6 mg/g creatinine (preshift) and 0.4–62.3 mg/g creatinine (postshift). A standardized anamnesis was drawn up for relevant previous illnesses and other factors influencing liver function. The laboratory tests included parameters especially relevant to the liver (e.g., AST, ALT, γ-GT, hepatitis B and C antibodies, and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin). Results: The results indicate a statistically significant toxic influence of DMF on liver function. Alcohol has a synergistic effect. The effects of DMF and those of alcohol are dose-dependent. Under the existing workplace conditions the hepatotoxic effects of alcohol are more severe than those of DMF. In the exposed group there was a statistically significantly greater number of persons who stated that they had drunk less since the beginning of exposure (13% versus 0). This corresponded with the data on symptoms occurring after alcohol consumption (71% versus 4%). In the work areas with lower-level exposure to DMF there was greater alcohol consumption. It corresponded to that of the control collective not exposed to DMF. Conclusion: In this study we tried to differentiate and quantify the interaction between DMF exposure and alcohol consumption and the influence of both substances on liver function. The experience gained from former occupational health surveillance in DMF-exposed persons and from the present study show that there are individual differences in tolerance of interactions between DMF and ethyl alcohol. Further studies are necessary for the evaluation of these individual degrees of susceptibilitiy. Received: 23 February 1998 / Accepted: 19 August 1998     

滑石粉尘对陶瓷工人的健康效应

目的：探讨滑石粉尘对陶瓷工人呼吸系统疾病发生发展的影响。方法：采用历史前瞻性队列研究，全体队列成员按是否接触矽尘和滑石尘分为不接尘组，矽尘组和滑石尘矽尘组，运用优势比（Odds Ratios,OR)方法作计算分析。结果：滑石尘矽尘组工人的非恶性呼吸道疾病（如尘肺）和肺心病的死亡危险度与矽尘组类似，但其癌症的死亡危险度，特别是肺癌死亡比不接尘组明显超高，OR＝4．73，P＜0．01）。结论：认为颗粒型滑石可能是瓷厂工人中致肺癌因子，滑石粉尘对矽肺发病也有明显的促进作用。     

二甲基甲酰胺作业工人皮肤污染量研究

Objective To establish a method for the determination of dimethylformamide(DMF) and investigate dermal contamination and absorption among workers occupationally exposed to DMF. Method 37 workers exposed to DMF were divided randomly into two groups. DMF was washed down by isopropyl alcohol in A group (16 workers) and water in B group(21 workers).Gas chromatography was used for the quantification of dermal contamination and N-methylformamide(NMF) in urine, correlative study was done between them. Results DMF could be detected in all samples in A group, but could not be detected in B group. The miscel-laneous peaks could be completely separated from the DMF peak in the sample spectrum, without matual in-ference. The highest degree of total dermal contamination was observed in wet spinning workshop[(2.84±1.31 ) ing], postprocessing workshop[(2.50±0.95) mg] and dry spinning workshop[( 1.95±0.61) mg] were lower. The respiratory cumulative exposure dosages were 351.3, 201.3 and 135.2 mg respectively. The average DMP concentration in air of the third printing processing workshop, the dry spirning workshop and the wet spinning workshop was 60.2, 89.6, 156.4 mg/m3 respectively, and the respiratory tract contamination in the workers of the three workshops were 135.2, 201.3 and 351.3 mg respectively. There was statistical independence between the quantification of total dermal contamination and NMF in urine (r=0.176,P>0.05). Conclusion Isopropyl alcohol is the effective washing solvent.When the concentration of DMF in workplace air is above the occupa-tional exposure limit, respiratory tract absorption is the principal pathway of DMF absorption,but dermal con-tamination of DMF should not be ignored.     

二甲基甲酰胺作业工人皮肤污染量研究

Objective To establish a method for the determination of dimethylformamide(DMF) and investigate dermal contamination and absorption among workers occupationally exposed to DMF. Method 37 workers exposed to DMF were divided randomly into two groups. DMF was washed down by isopropyl alcohol in A group (16 workers) and water in B group(21 workers).Gas chromatography was used for the quantification of dermal contamination and N-methylformamide(NMF) in urine, correlative study was done between them. Results DMF could be detected in all samples in A group, but could not be detected in B group. The miscel-laneous peaks could be completely separated from the DMF peak in the sample spectrum, without matual in-ference. The highest degree of total dermal contamination was observed in wet spinning workshop[(2.84±1.31 ) ing], postprocessing workshop[(2.50±0.95) mg] and dry spinning workshop[( 1.95±0.61) mg] were lower. The respiratory cumulative exposure dosages were 351.3, 201.3 and 135.2 mg respectively. The average DMP concentration in air of the third printing processing workshop, the dry spirning workshop and the wet spinning workshop was 60.2, 89.6, 156.4 mg/m3 respectively, and the respiratory tract contamination in the workers of the three workshops were 135.2, 201.3 and 351.3 mg respectively. There was statistical independence between the quantification of total dermal contamination and NMF in urine (r=0.176,P>0.05). Conclusion Isopropyl alcohol is the effective washing solvent.When the concentration of DMF in workplace air is above the occupa-tional exposure limit, respiratory tract absorption is the principal pathway of DMF absorption,but dermal con-tamination of DMF should not be ignored.     

Cohort study among workers exposed to benzene in China: II. Exposure assessment

This report describes a retrospective exposure assessment method used in a follow-up mortality study of workers exposed to benzene. The approach quantified historical exposure to benzene in a multi-industry, multicenter cohort, involving 672 factories in 12 cities in China. Historical exposure data were collected to obtain exposure information related to 1,427 work units (departments) and 3,179 unique job titles from benzene-producing or -using factories in which written records and other data sources were evaluated. The basic unit for exposure assessment was a factory/work unit/job title combination which was considered separately during each of seven calendar-year time periods between 1949 and 1987 for a total of 18,435 exposure assignments. Historical information collected to estimate exposure included benzene monitoring data; lists of raw materials and factory products, and the percentage of benzene in each; the total amount and dates of use of benzene or benzene-containing materials; use of engineering controls and personal protective equipment; and other available exposure information. Overall, 38% (ranging from 3% for the earliest periods to 67% for the last period) of the estimates were based primarily on benzene monitoring data. In the absence of job-specific benzene monitoring data for a given calendar period, measurement results or exposure estimates for similar jobs and/or other calendar periods were used in conjunction with other exposure information to derive estimates. Estimated exposure levels are presented by industries and occupations. The highest average exposures during 1949–1987 were observed for the rubber and plastic industry (30.7 ppm), and for rubber glue applicators (52.6 ppm).     

Health of workers exposed to electric fields.

The results of health questionnaire interviews with 390 electrical power transmission and distribution workers, together with long term estimates of their exposure to 50 Hz electric fields, and short term measurements of the actual exposure for 287 of them are reported. Twenty eight workers received measurable exposures, averaging about 30 kVm-1h over the two week measurement period. Estimated exposure rates were considerably greater, but showed fair correlation with the measurements. Although the general level of health was higher than we have found in manual workers in other industries, there were significant differences in the health measures between different categories of job, different parts of the country, and in association with factors such as overtime, working alone, or frequently changing shift. After allowing for the effects of job and location, however, we found no significant correlations of health with either measured or estimated exposure to electric fields.