腓动脉穿支远端蒂保留腓肠神经的筋膜皮瓣临床应用

目的:探讨以腓动脉穿支为蒂的腓肠神经筋膜皮瓣逆行修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的临床疗效.方法:临床应用该皮瓣修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损创面18例,其中保留腓肠神经主干3例,腓肠外侧皮神经l例.结果:18例皮瓣面积9 cm×6cm～18 cm×10 cm.最远修复达足中部皮肤缺损创面.17例随访8个月～27个月.有3例皮瓣远端坏死2.5 cm×2.5 cm～1.7 cm×3 cm游离植皮修复.6例水疱经换药后其余完全成活.足底承重受压后未见异常.10例患者诉外踝及足背外侧皮肤感觉不同程度缺失.结论:腓动脉穿支远端蒂腓肠神经筋膜皮瓣血供可靠,转位更灵活方便是修复足踝部软组织刨面的较好方法.如能实现保留腓肠神经对足背外侧皮肤感觉可有积极意义.     

远端蒂腓肠神经筋膜肌皮瓣的血管解剖与临床应用

目的:介绍远端蒂腓肠神经筋膜肌皮瓣的血管解剖学基础与临床应用经验。方法:解剖6个小腿灌注标本,重点观察腓肠神经血管轴与腓肠肌内外侧头肌支和肌皮穿支之间的交通吻合。结果:在腓肠神经穿出深筋膜前(筋膜下段),腓肠神经血管轴与两侧的腓肠肌肌支间各有2～4个吻合。在穿出深筋膜后(筋膜上段),与两侧的腓肠肌肌皮穿支间各有2～3个吻合。在腓肠肌腱腹交界(约为小腿中点)的近侧2～4cm内,恒定有1～3支肌皮穿支血管与腓肠神经血管轴相交通。据此,临床上设计切取以腓动脉最远侧肌间隔穿支血管供血的腓肠神经筋膜蒂腓肠肌皮瓣,修复3例伴有死腔和骨髓炎感染的小腿下1/3段和足踝创面,筋膜皮瓣面积10～12cm×5～6cm,其深层的肌肉6～8cm×4～6cm,皮瓣完全成活。结论:远端蒂腓肠神经筋膜肌皮瓣,血供可靠,转移方便,是修复小腿下段和足踝部伴有死腔或骨髓炎创面的好方法。     

内踝后穿支筋膜皮下瓣的解剖与临床研究

目的　介绍内踝后穿支筋膜皮下瓣的血管解剖基础与初步临床应用效果。 方法　解剖24侧新鲜下肢灌注标本,观察内踝后间隙内胫后动脉发出的穿支血管情况。临床切取内踝后穿支筋膜皮下瓣,翻转修复跟内侧创伤缺损5例。 结果　内踝后间隙长约4cm,前界为内踝及趾长屈肌腱,后方为跟腱,表面为深筋膜覆盖,间隙内有疏松脂肪组织。在内踝后间隙内走行的胫后动脉发出2~3条皮肤穿支血管,口径0.1～0.7 mm,一般小于0.5 mm,但数量恒定。内踝后穿支与上方的胫后动脉最远侧肌间隔穿支血管间有互补性,在筋膜表面和皮下组织中有丰富血管吻合。临床上以内踝后穿支血管为轴点（内踝最下缘上方1～2 cm）,设计切取远端蒂筋膜皮下瓣,面积5～6 cm×6～12 cm,修复5例跟骨开放性骨折的内侧创面,筋膜瓣均成活。 结论　内踝后穿支筋膜皮下瓣相对传统的肌间隔穿支血管组织瓣,其旋转轴点下移,减少小腿供区损伤,无静脉回流障碍,受区组织柔软活动度好,更适合修复足跟内侧的创面。     

以腓动脉终末穿支降支为蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复软组织缺损

本文根据 Masguelet 的解剖研究学,应用以腓动脉终末穿支的降支为蒂的外踝上逆行岛状皮瓣修复足部的软组织缺损4例获得成功.以腓动脉终末穿支的降支为蒂的外踝上皮瓣.其蒂可游离至跗骨窦附近,皮瓣的旋转幅度比较大。文中对皮瓣的设计,切取方法等做了介绍.     

腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的 探讨腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣逆行转移修复足踝部软组织缺损的临床治疗效果。 方法　2011年11月~2014年3月,运用以腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣逆行转移修复足踝部软组织缺损31例。软组织缺损部位：踝前部12例,外踝部10例,足跟部9例。软组织缺损面积 1.0 cm×0.8 cm～18.0 cm×10.0 cm,切取皮瓣面积 2.5 cm×7.0 cm~21.0 cm×12.0 cm,供区直接闭合或游离皮片覆盖。 结果 术后31例皮瓣29例全部成活,2例皮瓣远端局部表层皮肤坏死,经换药治疗后愈合。平均随访19个月,所有患者伤口愈合良好,皮瓣负重区无破溃,皮瓣色泽、质地良好。恢复穿鞋、行走功能。 结论　该皮瓣切取简单,血供可靠,不牺牲主要血管,修复效果满意。腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣是修复足踝部软组织缺损的理想选择。     

带隐神经营养血管胫后动脉穿支蒂皮瓣的临床应用

目的:探讨带有隐神经及其营养血管的胫后动脉穿支蒂皮瓣的临床应用效果.方法:以胫后动脉发出的筋膜皮穿支为血管蒂,沿隐神经营养血管轴线切取皮瓣,逆行转位修复小腿下段及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损创面,临床应用5例,皮瓣面积为26 cm×10 cm～18 cm×6 cm,修复受区创面大小为16 cm×8 cm～6 cm×4 cm.结果:术后皮瓣全部成活,随访5～20个月,皮瓣质地良好,供区愈合良好,植皮面积明显减少,1例创面面积为6 cm×5 cm供区可直接缝合.结论:该皮瓣血运可靠,设计灵活,手术切取简便安全,适合修复小腿下段及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损创面,是穿支蒂皮瓣和皮神经营养血管皮瓣相结合的复合皮瓣.     

腓动脉远端蒂穿支皮瓣修复外踝皮肤缺损的临床应用

目的 探讨腓动脉远端蒂穿支皮瓣修复外踝区皮肤缺损的临床效果。方法 回顾性分析2016年7月—2018年2月周口淮海医院手足外科9例外踝区皮肤缺损患者的临床资料。其中男6例、女3例;年龄19～63岁,平均36岁;左侧5例,右侧4例;交通事故伤6例,机械绞伤2例,高处坠落伤1例。9例均采用腓动脉远端蒂穿支皮瓣逆行转移修复术治疗,皮瓣切取面积为4.0 cm×7.0 cm~7.0 cm×13.0 cm。术后依据美国足与踝关节协会踝-后足评分系统评定患肢足踝功能。结果 本组9例患者皮瓣全部成活,创面一期愈合;术后随访6~10个月,平均7.5个月。皮瓣质地与外形优良,行走功能及感觉恢复良好。足踝功能优6例,良2例,可1例。结论 腓动脉远端蒂穿支皮瓣具有穿支血管恒定、设计灵活、切取方便,并且皮瓣薄厚适中、外形美观等优点,是修复外踝区中、小创面的理想术式,治疗效果满意。     

远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣的血供研究

目的　研究腓肠神经营养血管链与肌皮瓣血供之间的关系。 方法　17例新鲜成人小腿标本,16例灌注红色乳胶,1例灌注明胶氧化铅。解剖观测小腿后区各层中血管的解剖特点,重点观察腓肠神经营养血管链与肌皮动脉穿支之间的交通吻合。 结果　（1）外踝尖上10 cm内,后外侧肌间隔内腓动脉发出0~3支穿支,外踝后间隙内腓动脉终末支及其延续的跟外侧动脉,共发出2~3条皮肤穿支;（2）腓肠神经营养血管链在深筋膜下与两侧的腓肠肌肌皮动脉穿支间有2~7个吻合支,在深筋膜上与两侧的腓肠肌肌皮动脉穿支间各有2~3个吻合支。在腓肠肌的腱腹交界近侧2~4 cm内,与1~3支肌皮动脉穿支血管恒定交通吻合。 结论　（1）腓肠神经营养血管轴与腓肠肌内、外侧头肌皮动脉穿支之间有恒定的交通吻合,是远端蒂腓肠神营养血管肌皮瓣血供的基础;（2）在没有较粗的血管穿支的个体可将蒂部相邻的两个穿支包含在蒂内。     

腓动脉穿支螺旋桨皮瓣在小腿足踝创面修复中的应用

目的探讨腓动脉穿支螺旋桨皮瓣在小腿足踝皮肤软组织缺损创面修复中的应用。 方法2018年10月至2020年4月,采用腓动脉穿支螺旋桨皮瓣修复小腿足踝创面29例,其中车祸伤19例,机器绞伤7例,皮肤肿瘤3例。术前采用便携式超声多普勒探测仪定位穿支位置,根据创面设计腓动脉穿支螺旋桨皮瓣,皮瓣切取面积8 cm×4 cm～20 cm×8 cm,转移修复创面。随访观察受区及供区的外形及足踝功能,评价临床应用的美学效果。 结果术后皮瓣均成活,患者均获随访,随访时间6～18个月,平均11个月。小腿供瓣区无凹陷、破溃,小腿外形无改变,留有线状瘢痕,不影响整体外观,皮瓣质地良好、色泽正常,皮瓣与周围皮肤无明显色差。 结论腓动脉穿支螺旋桨皮瓣血供可靠,不牺牲主干血管,不需取皮植皮,是修复小腿足踝中小面积皮肤软组织缺损的良好皮瓣之一。     

应用腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复小腿及足踝部创面

目的　探讨腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复小腿及足踝创面的临床疗效。 方法 2017年1月至2019年1月,应用腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣治疗小腿和足踝创面患者15例,其中男性患者11例,女性患者4例,年龄14~65岁,平均年龄39岁。小腿创面6例,足踝创面9例。创面大小9 cm×4 cm~26 cm×5 cm,采用腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复。皮瓣供区直接缝合,如缝合张力过大则采取植皮修复供区创面。术后予以制动、抗炎、抗血栓形成、抗血管痉挛、消肿、保暖等治疗,术后随访皮瓣成活情况、创面修复效果。 结果　切取皮瓣大小10 cm×5 cm~27 cm×7 cm,术后随访6~22个月,平均13个月。14例皮瓣成活,1例皮瓣术后出现静脉回流障碍,皮瓣远端部分坏死,后期清创后植皮修复创面愈合良好;9例足踝创面患者踝关节屈、伸功能轻度受限;2例胫骨开放性骨折经外固定治疗出现骨折不愈合,经改钢板螺钉内固定治疗后愈合;2例患者皮瓣臃肿,影响穿鞋,二期行皮瓣修整后改善。 结论　腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣是修复小腿及足踝创面的良好选择。     

Anatomical Basis and Clinical Application of the First Metatarsal Proximal Perforator-Based Neurocutaneous Vascular Flap

Forefoot defects caused by accidents are very common, but their reconstruction remains a substantial challenge for plastic surgeons. The purpose of this study is to determine the anatomical structure of the first metatarsal proximal perforator-based flap and to propose its clinical application. The study was divided into two parts: an anatomical study and a clinical application. Thirty preserved lower limbs injected with red latex were chosen for observation, and the following were recorded: the course and distribution of the medialis dorsalis pedis cutaneous nerve; the origin, course, branching and distribution of the first metatarsal proximal perforator; and the communication of the perforator and the dorsal medial vessels. Clinically, six cases of forefoot skin defects were reconstructed with the first metatarsal proximal perforator-based neurocutaneous vascular flap. The medialis dorsalis pedis cutaneous nerve mainly arose from the medial branch of the superficial peroneal nerve and proceeded forward for a distance of 2.5 ± 0.4 cm under the surface of the inferior extensor retinaculum; then, the nerve divided into the medial dorsal branch and the first and second dorsal metatarsal branches. The first metatarsal proximal perforator-based neurocutaneous vessels were multisegmented and multisourced, and the first branch was closely related to the operative procedure. In terms of the clinical application, all flaps of the six cases survived completely with good appearance, texture and elasticity. The first metatarsal proximal perforators present as constant. The first metatarsal proximal perforator-based neurocutaneous vascular flap may become a useful supplemental material for the reconstruction of forefoot defects. Clin. Anat., 33:653–660, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

皮肤穿支血管的解剖学研究

目的：对全身皮肤血管区域进行定性和定量分析，确定全身皮肤穿支血管的位置、数量、口径、穿支蒂的长度、类型、来源血管以及穿支所供应皮肤的面积，为穿支皮瓣提供血管解剖基础。方法：选用10具新鲜尸体，采用改良氧化铅一明胶灌注技术进行动脉灌注。将每个口径大于0．5mm的穿支血管进行解剖并记录。拍摄X线片以显示皮肤内血管的形态和分布。定量数据分析包括全身各部位的穿支血管的数量、口径、类型及其供应区域的面积。结果：发现全身128支起源血管发出440支穿支供应皮肤。其中肌皮穿支与肌间隔穿支之比为3：2。穿支平均直径为0．7mm。穿支血管的分布规律如下：①躯干皮肤的血供主要来自肌皮穿支，这些穿支在皮肤内的走行距离和分布范围大于肢体皮肤的穿支。②肢体皮肤的血供主要来自肌间隙穿支血管，主要分布在深筋膜表面，皮神经和浅静脉周围穿支之间形成链式血管吻合。③单位面积的穿支数量与皮肤的移动程度成反比，穿支的口径大小和穿支在皮肤内走行距离与皮肤移动度成正比，与穿支的供应面积成正比。结论：本研究提供详细的皮肤穿支血管解剖数据，为临床设计应用穿支皮瓣提供解剖学依据。     

Leg perforators and leg length: An anatomic study focusing on topography and angiogenesis

The highly variable anatomic distribution of lower leg perforators is explored, with a standardization based on leg length. The possibility of a correlation between leg length and number of perforators is investigated. Twenty‐two lower limbs of cadavers were utilized for an anatomic study on the leg perforators branching from the three major vascular axes, anterior tibial, posterior tibial, and fibular. The parameters considered were the number of vascular pedicles per each major axis, the caliber, the distance of the fascial hole from the bony landmark (knee joint line), and the route of the vessels (muscular, septal). Arteries taken into account had a caliber of 0.5 mm or greater, with a maximum of 1.7 and a mean of 0.78. The perforators of the anterior tibial artery distribute along the entire length of the leg, but the peak of concentration is between second and third tenth and around the middle tenth. The fibular system provides perforators between the fourth and seventh tenth. The posterior tibial perforators concentrate to the middle third and to the supramalleolar region. A correlation exists between leg length and number of perforating vessels for the tibial vascular systems, possibly due to neoangiogenesis during growth, at the level of the metaphyseal plates. On the contrary no relationship was noticed for the fibular artery, whose perforators concentrate far from the growth cartilages. Some tenths where perforators concentrate are identifiable. Tibial systems have a perforator incidence depending on leg length, which, on the contrary, does not influence the number of fibular perforators. Clin. Anat. 23:593–605, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

旋髂深动脉嵌合组织瓣的解剖学基础

目的为旋髂深动脉嵌合组织瓣的设计提供解剖学依据.方法在40侧动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人尸体标本上,以髂前上棘和腹股沟韧带为标志,解剖观测旋髂深动脉的起源、走行、分支与分布;1侧新鲜标本摹拟手术设计.结果根据旋髂深动脉的行程可将其分为腹股沟段、髂嵴内段和髂嵴上段.①腹股沟段沿途发出(2～4)支、外径为0.2～1.8mm的腹壁肌支至邻近肌肉,其中优势肌支长(9.0±0.5)cm,外径为(1.4±0.1)mm;②髂嵴内段沿途发出(2～8)支、外径为0.2～0.7mm肌骨支穿过肌肉附丽进入髂嵴前部;③髂嵴上段延续为肌皮穿支并穿过深筋膜支配11 cm×14 cm的皮肤.结论以旋髂深动脉蒂,可切取以腹股沟段的腹壁优势肌支肌瓣、髂嵴内段的肌骨支骨瓣和终末段的肌皮穿支皮瓣,从而形成嵌合组织瓣.临床可根据需要选择一种或多种嵌合组织瓣修复骨合并软组织缺损.     

The effect of anterior abdominal wall scars on the vascular anatomy of the abdominal wall: A cadaveric and clinical study with clinical implications

The anterior abdominal wall integument is frequently used in a range of reconstructive flaps. These tissues are supplied by the deep and superficial inferior epigastric arteries (DIEA and SIEAs) and the deep and superficial superior epigastric arteries (DSEA and SSEAs). Previous abdominal wall surgery alters this vascular anatomy and may influence flap design. One hundred and sixty‐eight patients underwent abdominal wall computed tomographic angiography (CTA) for preoperative imaging. Fifty‐eight of these patients had undergone previous abdominal surgery, and were assessed for scar pattern and relationship to the course and distribution of all major axial vessels and perforators. Two cadaveric abdominal wall specimens with midline abdominal scars underwent contrast injection of the DIEAs and DSEAs, with subsequent CTA. The course and distribution of all cutaneous vessels were assessed. In all clinical and cadaveric cases, the vasculature of the abdominal wall had been altered by previous surgery. In the clinical cases, vascular architecture was universally altered in the region of the scar, often modifying the filling patterns of the abdominal wall and occasionally precluding the use of an abdominal wall flap. In both cadaveric specimens, regions of non‐filling were evident upon contrast injection, highlighting the angiosomes not supplied by the DIEA or DSEA. Previous abdominal wall surgery necessarily alters the vascular architecture of the abdominal wall, and may alter the source vessels supplying cutaneous tissues. CTA was useful in identifying and delineating these changes, and may be used as a preoperative tool in this role. Clin. Anat. 22:815–822, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Anatomic study on the transverse cervical vessels perforators in the lateral triangle of the neck and harvest of a new flap: the free supraclavicular transverse cervical artery perforator flap

Background  Vessels in the supraclavicular area and their contribution to skin vascularization have always been studied for flaps planning in head and neck reconstruction and many pedicled flaps have been described based on those vessels. Little has been written instead about the vascularization of the supraclavicular skin itself for the use as a free flap. The purpose of this anatomical study was to assess the vascularization of the supraclavicular skin and the possibility of finding an adequate pedicle to harvest it as a free flap in order to close the donor site directly. Methods  A total of 25 cadavers, 10 formalin fixed and 15 fresh, have been studied in cooperation with the Division for Clinical–Functional Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria and the Laboratoire d’Anatomie, Universiteé R. Descartes, Paris, France. Results  The supraclavicular skin was nourished by perforators coming from the transverse cervical artery and constantly present in an average number of four. Venous drainage was accomplished through the superficial cervical vein, and not through the venae comitantes of the transverse cervical artery. Conclusions  Based on the results of this investigation, a free supraclavicular transverse cervical artery perforator (STCAP) flap seems to be feasible pedicled on perforators from the transverse cervical artery and drained by the superficial cervical vein. Due to its thickness and skin texture, it can be indicated for facial and intraoral defects, with the limitations of a relatively short pedicle. Primary closure of the donor site can be accomplished concealing the scar in the neck crease.     

The branching pattern of the deep inferior epigastric artery revisited in‐vivo: A new classification based on CT angiography

The deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA) is a reliable pedicle in the design of DIEA perforator flaps, with variations in its anatomy infrequent. Previous studies describing its branching pattern have all been based on cadaveric anatomy and described the following three branching patterns: Type 1 (single trunk), Type 2 (bifurcating trunk), and Type 3 (trifurcating trunk). The increased use of preoperative imaging, particularly with computed tomographic angiography (CTA), has enabled visualization of the DIEA and its branches in vivo, providing a functional view of this anatomy. We undertook a study of 250 patients (500 hemiabdominal walls) undergoing preoperative CTA before DIEA perforator flaps for breast reconstruction. The branching pattern of the DIEA and correlation to the contralateral hemiabdominal wall were assessed. The branching patterns of the DIEA were found to be different in vivo compared with cadaveric studies, with a higher than previously reported incidence of Type 1 patterns and lower than reported incidence of Type 3 patterns, and that some patterns exist which were not included within the previous nomenclature (namely, Type 0 or absent DIEA and Type 4 or four‐trunk DIEA). There was also shown to be no overall concordance in the branching patterns of the DIEA between contralateral sides of the same abdominal wall; however, there was shown to be a statistically significant concordance in cases of a Type 1 DIEA (51% concordance, P = 0.04). As such, a new modification to the classification system for the branching pattern of the DIEA is presented based on imaging findings. Clin. Anat. 23:87–92, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

背阔肌肌皮瓣的血管解剖及其临床应用

目的 探讨背阔肌肌皮瓣与血供的关系,为肌皮瓣的再划分、转位及移植提供解剖学基础。方法 用大体解剖学、血管X 线造影方法,对48例尸体背阔肌进行观察,并回顾背阔肌肌皮瓣进行临床应用31例的效果。结果 背阔肌肌皮瓣有多个血供来源,其中胸背动脉主干分布于背阔肌外上部。恒定地分出内侧支和外侧支,具有各自分布区域。背阔肌内下部由肋间动脉和腰动脉供应。据X 线造影所见,它们与胸背动脉分支间吻合明显,口径在320～550 μm之间。背阔肌表面皮肤血供均来自深方肌皮穿支,越向内下方,穿支间吻合稀疏,口径亦细小。临床应用肌皮瓣做肿物切除后创面修复,乳房再造,修复小腿缺损等共31例,术后肌皮瓣30例完全成活,1例肌皮瓣远端早期出现部分血运障碍征象,经对症处理后,血运逐步改善,伤口延期愈合。 结论 背阔肌肌皮瓣,按其动脉分支及其吻合特点可分为3个部分,为整体或部分分离、转位或移植,保持肌功能提供血管解剖基础。     

小腿部主要穿支的形态学分析与皮瓣设计

目的:探讨小腿部穿支的出现规律,为临床提供良好的皮瓣切取部位、简单易行的皮瓣切取方法。方法:(1)6具(12侧)动脉灌注明胶-氧化铅混悬液的新鲜成人整尸标本,解剖取下整个下肢被覆组织拍摄X线片,观测皮动脉的数量以及彼此间的吻合情况等。利用Photoshop与ScionImage分析穿支供血的趋向性,血管密度变化趋势及每个分支的供血面积等。(2)红色乳胶灌注的下肢标本26侧,解剖观测外径≥0.5mm的穿支,测量其管径及其走行,分支、分布情况等。结果:每侧小腿部有外径≥0.5mm的穿支(30±13)支。其被覆组织内有4条明显的营养血管链沿皮神经及浅静脉分布。其中小腿内侧穿支的外径为(0.8±0.2)mm,供血面积为(32.6±13.3)cm2,总供皮面积可达293cm2。结论:小腿部单个穿支的供血面积较小,但由于血管链的存在而可以极方便的拓展小腿部皮瓣的裁取面积;小腿内侧及后部营养血管链紧邻,可互为解剖学供区与动力学供区。