锰诱导大鼠生精细胞凋亡过程中半胱氨酸酶-3mRNA与增殖细胞核抗原表达变化

目的:研究氯化锰对生精细胞凋亡过程半胱氨酸酶3(caspase-3)mRNA和增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)表达的影响,探讨两者在生精细胞凋亡过程中的作用。方法:雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组、低剂量(15 mg/kg MnCl_2)和高剂量(30mg/kg MnCl_2)组。MnCl_2组分别染锰4周和6周,空白对照组给予等容生理盐水,给药途径均为腹腔注射,TUNEL法检测睾丸生精细胞凋亡,原位杂交和免疫组织化学(SABC)检测生精细胞caspase-3 mRNA和PCNA和表达。结果:与空白对照组比较,各染锰组生精细胞凋亡指数(AI)均升高,caspase-3 mRNA阳性细胞率均显著升高,染锰4周:PCNA阳性细胞率显著降低,染锰6周反而升高。染锰剂量相同,6周与4周组比较,生精细胞AI与caspase-3 mRNA阳性细胞率、PCNA阳性细胞率均显著升高。染锰时间相同,高剂量组与低剂量组比较,生精细胞AI与caspase-3 mRNA阳性细胞率均显著升高,PCNA阳性细胞率显著降低。各组大鼠生精细胞AI与caspase-3 mRNA阳性细胞率呈正相关,与PCNA阳性细胞率呈负相关,而caspase-3 mRNA阳性细胞率与PCNA阳性细胞率呈负相关。结论:锰可诱导大鼠生精细胞caspase-3mRNA表达,促使生精细胞凋亡并且抑制细胞增殖,产生生殖毒性效应。     

染锰大鼠生精细胞凋亡中caspase-3 mRNA、凋亡蛋白酶活化因子-1及多聚ADP核糖聚合酶的表达变化

目的:研究染锰诱导的大鼠生精细胞凋亡过程中,天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸酶-3(caspase-3)mRNA和凋亡蛋白酶活化因子-1(Apaf-1)、多聚ADP核糖聚合酶(PARP)的表达及其关系,探讨它们在生精细胞凋亡过程中的作用。方法:雄性SD大鼠,设立空白对照组、低剂量(15 mg/kg MnCl_2)和高剂量(30 mg/kg MnCl_2)组。实验组分别染锰4周和6周,空白对照组给予等容生理盐水,给药途径均为腹腔注射,TUNEL法检测生精细胞凋亡,原位杂交法和免疫组织化学法检测生精细胞caspase-3 mRNA、Apaf-1和PARP的表达。结果:与空白对照组比较,各染锰组生精细胞凋亡指数(AI)和caspase-3mRNA阳性细胞率均显著升高,Apaf-1和PARP阳性细胞率均显著降低。染锰剂量相同,6周与4周组比较,以及染锰时间相同,高剂量组与低剂量组比较,生精细胞AI和caspase-3 mRNA阳性细胞率均显著升高,Apaf-1和PARP阳性细胞率均显著降低。各组大鼠生精细胞AI与caspase-3 mRNA阳性细胞率呈正相关,与Apaf-1和PARP阳性细胞率呈负相关。结论:锰可影响大鼠生精细胞caspase-3 mRNA表达,促进Apaf-1和PARP分解,导致生精细胞凋亡,产生生殖毒性效应。     

谷胱甘肽对染锰大鼠生精细胞凋亡与增殖的影响

目的:研究谷胱甘肽(GSH)对染锰大鼠生精细胞凋亡与增殖的作用及机制。方法:雄性SD大鼠48只随机分为6组,各组给锰途径为腹腔注射。采用TUNEL法检测生精细胞凋亡指数(AI);免疫组织化学法检测生精细胞增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)表达。结果:与空白对照组比较,GSH对照组和15mg/kg GSH组生精细胞AI与生精细胞PCNA增殖指数(PI)均无显著性差异;与各自对应的单纯染锰组比较,15mg/kg GSH组和30mg/kg GSH组生精细胞AI均显著降低而PI均显著升高;30mg/kg组与15mg/kg组比较,生精细胞AI显著升高而PI显著降低;各组大鼠生精细胞AI和PI呈负相关。结论:15mg/kg和30mg/kg氯化锰可诱发大鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡,两者存在剂量-效应关系;各组大鼠睾丸生精细胞AI和PI呈显著负相关;GSH对锰诱发大鼠生精细胞凋亡具有拮抗作用;GSH可能拮抗锰对大鼠生精细胞增殖的抑制作用。     

支持细胞波形蛋白及紧密连接结构蛋白在染锰大鼠睾丸中的表达

目的研究染锰诱导的大鼠睾丸超微结构改变及支持细胞vimentin(VM)和紧密连接Occludins mRNA和Claudin-11 mRNA表达,探讨锰对支持细胞骨架蛋白和紧密连接蛋白的破坏机制。方法雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组,低剂量(15 mg/kg MnCl_2)和高剂量(30 mg/kg MnCl_2)组,8只/组。实验组分别染锰4周和6周,空白对照组给予等容生理盐水,给药途径均为腹腔注射,电镜观察睾丸支持细胞及血睾屏障超微结构,免疫组织化学(SABC)法检测支持细胞VM表达,实时定量PCR反应检测血睾屏障紧密连接Occludins,Claudin-11 mRNA表达。结果随着染锰时间延长和剂量增加,各组支持细胞数量及VM阳性细胞率、Occludins mRNA和Claudin-11 mRNA表达水平均显著降低。各组大鼠睾丸支持细胞数量与VM阳性细胞率及Occludins mRNA和Claudin-11 mRNA表达水平均成正相关。结论锰可抑制大鼠睾丸支持细胞骨架蛋白及紧密连接相关蛋白表达,产生生殖毒性效应。     

锰对大鼠睾丸支持细胞骨架蛋白及紧密连接相关蛋白表达的抑制作用

目的研究染锰诱导的大鼠睾丸超微结构改变及支持细胞(vimentin,VM)和紧密连接Occludins、Claudin-11mRNA表达,探讨锰对支持细胞骨架蛋白和紧密连接蛋白的破坏机制。方法雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组,低剂量(15 mg/kg MnCl_2)和高剂量(30 mg/kg MnCl_2)组,8只/组。实验组分别染锰4周和6周,空白对照组给予等容生理盐水,给药途径均为腹腔注射,电镜观察睾丸支持细胞及血睾屏障超微结构,免疫组织化学(SABC)法检测支持细胞VM表达,实时定量PCR反应检测血睾屏障紧密连接Occludins和Claudin-11 mRNA表达。结果 1与空白对照组比较,各染锰组支持细胞数量及VM阳性细胞率、Occludins mRNA和Claudin-11 mRNA表达均显著降低。2染锰剂量相同,6周与4周组比较,以及染锰时间相同,高剂量组与低剂量组比较,支持细胞数量及VM阳性细胞率、Occludins mRNA和Claudin-11 mRNA表达均显著降低。3各组大鼠睾丸支持细胞数量与VM阳性细胞率及Occludins mRNA和Claudin-11 mRNA表达均成正相关。结论锰可抑制大鼠睾丸支持细胞骨架蛋白及紧密连接相关蛋白表达,破坏血睾屏障,导致生精微环境改变,产生生殖毒性效应。     

细胞色素C和波形蛋白在染锰大鼠睾丸表达及对精子发生的抑制作用

目的研究氯化锰对大鼠生精细胞细胞色素C(cyto-c)和支持细胞波形蛋白(VM)表达的影响及对生精功能的抑制效应。方法雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组,低剂量(15 mg/kg Mn Cl2)和高剂量(30 mg/kg Mn Cl2)组,8只/组。Mn Cl2组分别染锰4周和6周,空白对照组给予等容生理盐水,给药途径均为腹腔注射,取睾丸免疫组织化学(SABC)法检测生精细胞cyto-c和VM表达,测定睾丸脏器系数,取附睾检测精子数量和精子畸形率。结果与空白对照组比较,各染锰组生精细胞cyto-c阳性细胞率和支持细胞VM阳性细胞率及各生精功能指标均显著降低,并呈一定的时间-效应关系和剂量-效应关系。各组大鼠精子数量与cyto-c阳性细胞率和VM阳性细胞率均呈正相关。结论锰可诱导大鼠生精细胞cyto-c和支持细胞VM表达,抑制生精细胞增殖,产生生殖毒性效应。     

染锰大鼠生精细胞半胱氨酸蛋白酶3的表达及锌的保护作用

目的:研究氯化锰对生精细胞半胱氨酸蛋白酶3(caspase-3)表达的影响,探讨锰诱发大鼠生精细胞caspase-3表达的机制及锌的拮抗作用.方法:雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组,ZnCl_2对照组,15mg/kg和30mg/kg MnCl_2组;15mg/kg和30mg/kg MnCl_2+ZnCl_2组.免疫组织化学法检测睾丸caspase-3表达.结果:各染锰组,染锰补锌组及染锰剂量相同的6周组,染锰时间相同的30mg/kg MnCl_2组caspase-3阳性细胞率均显著升高,染锰补锌组显著降低.结论:染锰15mg/kg 4周可诱发大鼠生精细胞caspase-3表达,且随染锰时间和剂量的增加而增加,两者存在一定时间-效应和剂量-效应关系;摄入含锌100mg/kg的食物可拮抗锰诱发的生精细胞caspase-3表达.     

Caspase-3mRNA与PARP在染锰大鼠生精细胞中表达变化

目的研究氯化锰对生精细胞凋亡过程半胱氨酸酶3(caspase-3)mRNA和多聚ADP核糖聚合酶(PARP)表达的影响,探讨氯化锰的生殖毒性效应及可能机制。方法雄性SD大鼠48只随机分为空白对照组,低剂量(15 mg/kg MnCl_2)和高剂量(30 mg/kg MnCl_2)组,8只/组。MnCl_2组分别染锰4周和6周,空白对照组给予等容生理盐水,给药途径均为腹腔注射,TUNEL法检测睾丸生精细胞凋亡,原位杂交法和免疫组织化学(SABC)法检测生精细胞caspase-3mRNA和PARP和表达。结果随染锰时间延长和剂量增加,各染锰组生精细胞凋亡指数(AI)及caspase-3 mRNA表达水平显著升高,PARP表达水平显著降低,凋亡指数AI分别与caspase-3 mRNA和PARP表达呈正相关和负相关。结论锰可诱导大鼠生精细胞caspase-3 mRNA表达,促进PARP分解,导致生精细胞凋亡,产生生殖毒性效应。     

葛根素减轻乙醇导致大鼠生精细胞的凋亡

目的 观察乙醇导致大鼠生精细胞的凋亡及葛根素的干预。方法 将大鼠30 只,随机均分为对照组、乙醇组及葛根素干预组。于实验第40天免疫组织化学法（SABC）检测左侧睾丸各组Bcl-2、Bax 蛋白在生精细胞的表达; RT-PCR检测右侧睾丸各组Bcl-2及Bax mRNA的表达;TUNEL 法检测生精细胞的凋亡。结果 醇组平均每个生精小管断面中Bcl-2 蛋白阳性细胞数和A值低于对照组(P<0.01),而平均每个生精小管断面中Bax 蛋白的阳性细胞数和A值高于对照组(P<0.01);乙醇组Bax mRNA表达较葛根素干预组及对照组强（P<0.05）,而Bcl-2 mRNA表达较葛根素干预组及对照组弱（P<0.05）;乙醇组每个生精小管横切面中的凋亡细胞数目高于对照组(P< 0.01),葛根素干预组显著缓解上述变化。结论 根素对乙醇导致的大鼠生精细胞凋亡有干预作用。     

染砷大鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡的变化

目的观察不同剂量的三氧化二砷（As2O3）对成年大鼠生精细胞凋亡的影响。方法40只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分成4组，分别为0．375mg／kg、0．75mg／kg、1．5mg／kg3个染毒组和对照组，灌胃法连续给药16周后对各组大鼠进行睾丸脏器系数、精子头计数，并计算每日精子生成量（DSP）。采用甲基绿—派诺宁染色法和TUNEL原位细胞杂交方法检测大鼠生精细胞凋亡情况。结果①中剂量组（0．75mg／kg）和高剂量组（1．5mg／kg）睾丸精子头计数和DSP均低于对照组（P〈0．05）；②与对照组相比，中剂量组和高剂量组生精细胞凋亡指数（AI）均显著升高（P〈0．01）；③生精细胞凋亡指数与每日精子生成量呈负相关（r=-0．563，P〈0．01）。结论一定剂量的As2O3可通过促进生精细胞凋亡而导致精子生成量的减少，产生生殖毒性。     

乳腺癌HER2与TOP2A的表达及其相关性

目的 探讨乳腺癌患者HER2与TOP2A基因及蛋白的表达情况及其表达的相关性。 方法 采用免疫组织化学方法与荧光原位杂交（FISH）方法,检测58例乳腺癌中HER2及TOP2A的基因及蛋白表达情况,并分析其相关性。 结果 58例乳腺癌患者,HER2评分：0分11例（11/58,19.0%）,1⁺19例（19/58,32.8%）,2⁺13例（13/58,22.4%）,3⁺15例（15/58,25.8%）;TopoⅡα评分：0分28例（28/58,48.3%）,1⁺22例（22/58,37.9%）,2⁺8例（8/58,13.8%）。HER2基因扩增19例（19/58,32.8%）,HER2基因无扩增39例（39/58,67.2%）;TOP2A基因扩增11例（11/58,19.0%）,TOP2A基因无扩增47例（47/58,81.0%）。免疫组织化学方法检测HER2与FISH检测HER2的结果明显相关,其相关系数r_s=0.80（P<0.05）;免疫组织化学方法检测TopoⅡα与FISH检测TOP2A结果相关,其相关系数r_s=0.50（P<0.05）;FISH检测HER2与TOP2A的结果明显相关,相关系数r_s=0.69(P<0.05)。 结论 HER2和TOP2A在乳腺癌中的扩增具有高度一致性,TOP2A的扩增及表达可能依赖于HER2的扩增及表达。     

A cell culturing system that integrates the cell loading function on a single platform and evaluation of the pulsatile pumping effect on cells

In this paper, we present a novel microfluidic system with pulsatile cell storing, cell-delivering and cell culturing functions on a single PDMS platform. For this purpose, we have integrated two reservoirs, a pulsatile pumping system containing two soft check valves, which were fabricated by in situ photopolymerization, six switch valves, and three cell culture chambers all developed through a simple and rapid fabrication process. The sample volume delivered per stroke was 120 nl and the transported volume was linearly related to the pumping frequency. We have investigated the effect of the pulsatile pneumatic micropumping on the cells during transport. For this purpose, we pumped two types of cell suspensions, one containing human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7) and the other mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) derived from bone marrow. The effect of pulsatile pumping on both cell types was examined by short and long-term culture experiments. Our results showed that the characteristics of both cells were maintained; they were not damaged by the pumping system. Evaluations were carried out by morphological inspection, viability assay and immunophenotyping analysis. The delivered MCF-7 cells and hMSCs spread and proliferated onto the gelatin coated cell culture chamber. This total micro cell culture system can be applied to cell-based high throughput screening and for co-culture of different cells with different volume.     

DJ-1 mRNA anatomical localization and cell type identification in the mouse brain

Mutations in DJ-1 cause familial Parkinson's disease (PD). The expression pattern of DJ-1 in the brain remains controversial. In the present study, we used DJ-1 deficient mice as negative controls and examined DJ-1 mRNA expression in mouse brains. In sequential double labeling on the same sections, in situ hybridization of DJ-1 mRNA was followed by immunofluorescence detection of cell type markers. We found that DJ-1 mRNA was expressed in the majority of neurons in all brain areas examined. In particular, all dopamine neurons in the ventral midbrain expressed DJ-1 mRNA. In contrast, the choroid plexus and ependymal cells lining the ventricles were the only non-neuronal regions strongly expressing DJ-1 mRNA. DJ-1 mRNA was not detected in astrocytes. The fact that DJ-1 mRNA is expressed in all nigra dopamine neurons but not in astrocytes suggests that its potential neuroprotective role could be cell-autonomous. Moreover, that DJ-1 expression is not restricted to substantia nigra dopamine neurons suggests that PD-linked mutant DJ-1 may interact with other predisposing factors to cause the relatively selective dopamine neuron degeneration in Parkinson's disease.     

The inhibitory effect of the ventrolateral periaqueductal grey matter on neurones in the rostral ventrolateral medulla involves a relay in the medullary raphe nuclei

We have investigated the expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding substance P receptor (SPR) in the visual cortex of adult cats and 17-day-old kittens, using in situ hybridization histochemistry with two digoxigenin-labeled oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to the SPR mRNA. In the adult cortex, a subset of large pyramidal neurons of layer V and layer III is heavily labeled. Other, mainly pyramidal neurons in layers II, III and V are less intensely labeled, but most neurons in these layers appear unlabeled. Neurons in layer IV and VI, and in the white matter do not show hybridization signals above background levels. In the 17-day-old kitten, SPR mRNA-expressing cells are confined to layer V and to the upper white matter (subplate zone), whereas supragranular neurons do not yet contain SPR mRNA. A few neurons in layer VI display moderate labeling. Astrocytes, identified with anti-glial fibrillary acid protein antibodies, did not express detectable levels of SPR mRNA in both adult and kitten visual cortex. These results indicate that SPR mRNA expression is transient in neurons of the white matter, and is developmentally regulated in supragranular layers. In addition, the localization of SPR mRNA in a subset of pyramidal cells suggests that substance P modulates the excitability of certain projection neurons which are the origin of extrinsic connections.     

Co-expression of tyrosine hydroxylase messenger RNA 1 and 2 in human ventral mesencephalon revealed by digoxigenin- and biotin-labelled oligodeoxyribonucleotides

In situ hybridization experiments, using oligodeoxyribonucleotides specific for the two major expressed human tyrosine hydroxylase mRNAs, were performed on human brain sections at the level of the mesencephalon. The specificity of the probes was ascertained by Northern blot experiments carried out with independently in vitro synthesized human tyrosine hydroxylase mRNAs. For in situ hybridization experiments, oligodeoxyribonucleotides were labelled with nucleotides tagged with digoxigenin or biotin molecules. The hybridized oligonucleotides were detected by antibodies coupled with peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes, which yield, with appropriate substrates, brown and purple products, respectively. The simultaneous detection of the two mRNAs with digoxigeninated and biotinylated probes revealed that these two mRNAs are co-expressed in single cells. The purple product obtained with alkaline phosphatase exhibits a discrete distribution within the dopaminergic cells suggesting these mRNAs are associated with sub-cellular structures. Finally, a heterogeneity in the intensity of the labelling of reactive cells with both probes was visualized as well as the expression of the two mRNA species in neurites.     

Molecular Pathology of the Pituitary Adenomas

Molecular techniques have been applied to the study of pituitary adenomas by many investigators. We have used nonisotopicin situ hybridization (ISH) to analyze pituitary adenomas in our laboratory. These studies have provided insight into mRNA production by various adenomas, and have contributed toward our new proposed clinical and cytofunctional classification of pitutiary adenomas. Presented in part at the Molecular Endocrine Pathology Symposium at the International Academy of Pathology XXI International Congress, Budapest, Hungary, October 20–25, 1996.     

Easy flat embedding of oriented samples in hydrophilic resin (LR White) under controlled atmosphere: application allowing both nucleic acid hybridizations (CARD-FISH) and ultrastructural observations

Hydrophilic resins present the advantage of making possible both hybridization experiments involving either antibodies or oligonucleotide probes and ultrastructural observations. Whereas various embedding protocols are available, only very few concern flat-embedded preparations. In this study we describe an easy protocol for flat embedding of small-oriented biological samples in hydrophilic resins (LR White). The most important constraints are (i) to polymerize the samples under argon-saturated atmosphere (avoiding oxygen which is an inhibitor of LR White polymerization) and (ii) to use transparent flat embedding molds. Two kinds of samples were analyzed: small pieces of large tissue that need to be accurately oriented for a valuable analysis and very small organisms such as free-living nematodes, which are very hard to investigate with conventional paraffin wax embedding techniques. Semi-thin sections strongly reinforce the quality of the observations from oligonucleotidic in situ hybridization experiments by reducing the background usually encountered in oligonucleotide probe hybridization experiments from sections. Such protocols could also permit a cheap alternative to the use of laser scanning confocal microscopes for oligonucleotidic in situ hybridization as in FISH and CARD-FISH experiments from histological sections. The interest of this embedding protocol is reinforced by the fact that molecular in situ hybridization experiments and ultrastructural observations from thin sections can be carried out from a single-small individual (<1mm in length) sample.     

Investigation of albumin synthesis in rat livers during the perinatal period using immunocytochemistry andin situ hybridization

The immunoreactivity of albumin (ALB) was observed in the hepatocytes of fetal rats on day 18 of gestation, and was especially observable in immature rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and Golgi apparatus (GA); by then, a small amount of silver grains of ALB mRNA could already be detected. Just after birth, immunoreactivity of ALB could be observed in fine granules or diffusely in all hepatocytes, and was present in rER and GA. One week after birth immunoreactivity of ALB was observed in all hepatocytes and was visible in developed rER and GA; the grains of ALB mRNA were present in all hepatocytes. This study was presented at the 25th Annual Meeting of the Clinical Electron Microscopy Society of Japan, Matsumoto, September 28–30, 1993.     

Effect of apomorphine on striatal synaptotagmin 7 mRNA levels in reserpinized rats

Synaptotagmin 7 (Syt 7) is a Ca2+ sensor implicated in the regulation of membrane fusion in vesicular transport, but its precise role in neurons is still a matter of controversy. Dopaminergic drugs have been shown to modulate its expression in the striatum. Here we investigate whether dopamine receptor agonist-up-regulation of Syt 7 mRNA is specifically involved in the pathophysiological adaptations of hypersensitive striatum by analyzing other dopaminergic neurons containing brain regions. We treated rats with systemic reserpine injections that rapidly depletes dopamine throughout the brain, but leaves dopaminergic neurons spared from destruction. We analyzed the effects of apomorphine, a D1 and D2 receptor agonist on Syt 7 mRNA expression in caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, cingulate cortex, substantia nigra compacta, ventral tegmental area and hippocampus. The treatment with reserpine resulted in akinesia, catalepsy and rigidity and up-regulation of proenkephalin and down-regulation of preprotachykinin mRNA in caudate putamen, indicating a severe depletion. By acute treatment with apomorphine proenkephalin mRNA was down-regulated and preprotachykinin mRNA up-regulated in the caudate putamen of reserpinized rats. Apomorphine increased Syt 7 mRNA levels only in striatum (caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens) of reserpinized rats, while in other brain regions it did not have such effect. The reserpinization and/or apomorphine treatment had no effect on Syt 1 mRNA expression in caudate putamen. It may be concluded, that in the striatum depleted of biogene amines, such as occurs after reserpine treatment, the up-regulation of Syt 7 could play a specific role as part of hypersensitive response to dopaminergic agonists.     

Expression of NGF and trkA mRNA in song control and other regions of the zebra finch brain

We used in situ hybridization to measure the expression of NGF and trkA mRNA in the zebra finch brain at posthatch day 11 (P11), P25, and in adulthood. Expression of NGF and trkA was restricted to specific areas of the telencephalon in the adult zebra finch brain. Interestingly the expression of NGF and trkA overlapped in most brain regions, suggesting that NGF acts at sites close to cells that synthesize it. In song regions of adults, both NGF and trkA were clearly expressed in lMAN, HVC, and RA in males and in lMAN and RA in females. At P11, NGF and trkA mRNA were detected only in RA in both sexes. At P25, when sex differences in lMAN and RA begin to emerge, NGF mRNA was expressed in lMAN and RA in both sexes and trkA was detected at low levels in lMAN in both sexes. Whereas the level of trkA expression in RA of males at P25 was consistently low but detectable, expression in females was not detected. The volume of RA defined by NGF was significantly larger in males than females at P25. We also found a tendency for the intensity of NGF in RA to be higher in males than in females at P25, although the difference was not statistically significant. The presence of NGF and trkA mRNA in RA and lMAN at P25 suggests that they may participate in sexually dimorphic neural development of RA and lMAN, possibly by participating in sex-specific cell survival.