大白鼠下丘脑外侧区的传入性联系

应用HRP的微量注射和微电泳方法,采用经皮质直刺与经小脑斜刺二种途径,研究了大白鼠下丘脑外侧区的传入联系。HRP 注射于下丘脑外侧区,在下丘脑前核、室旁核、中缝背核、蓝斑和室周灰质内均有标记神经元存在。多数例子在伏隔核、隔外侧核、终纹床核、视前内侧核、视前外侧核、视上核、下丘脑腹内侧核、杏仁内侧核、杏仁中央核、连合核、脚间核、臂旁背侧核、臂旁腹侧核及孤束核内也有标记细胞。少数例子在内侧隔核、斜角带核、丘脑内侧核的内侧部、乳头体上核、中缝中央核也发现标记细胞。Gudden 氏被盖背侧核、迷走神经背核仅在个别例子显现标记细胞。上述核团中蓝斑、室旁核、视上核和臂旁背侧核的标记为双侧性的。其余均为同侧性的。     

猫前脑和脑干向中缝背核的纤维投射

中缝背核在针剌镇痛过程中起重要作用。本文用HRP法,对猫前脑和脑干向中缝背核的纤维投射,作了进一步的研究。 HRP注入中缝背核吻侧部后,在前脑双侧先导回皮质和梨状前区皮质V层出现较多被标记的锥体细胞;缰外侧核出现较密集且形态不一的标记细胞;下丘脑各区(视前区、外侧区、内侧区和后区)也出现散在的标记细胞。 HRP注入中缝背核尾侧部后,除前脑出现标记细胞的部位与HRP注入吻侧部者相同外,在脑干中脑导水管周围灰质、蓝斑,其他中缝核(中央上核,中缝线形核和中缝大核)、臂旁内、外侧核及脑干网状结构等处,也观察到标记细胞。结果表明前脑皮质、缰外侧核、下丘脑各区均有纤维直接投射到中缝背核。中缝背核也接受来自中脑水管周围灰质、蓝斑、其他中缝核等核团的纤维投射;中缝背核吻侧部和尾侧部的传入投射,存在一定的局部定位关系,即中缝背核吻侧部只接受来自前脑的纤维投射,其尾侧部既接受来自前脑的纤维投射,也接受来自脑干的纤维投射。     

大白鼠中缝背核的纤维联系

应用Nauta法和HRP逆行传递法研究了大鼠中缝背核的传出和传入联系。传出纤维可分为上行和下行两部分。上行纤维分为三组.1.背侧组:经中央管周围灰持上行,沿途止于中央灰质和第Ⅲ脑室室旁灰质。2.中间组:行于被盖部中缝和两侧网状结构内并终止于网状结构核团。3.腹侧组:行于被盖腹侧区和内侧前脑束以及暖昧带。分别终止于中脑网状结构、脚间核、黑质和被盖腹侧区。经内侧前脑束上行可达丘脑腹侧核、丘脑后核、束旁核、脚内核、下丘脑外侧核,隔内侧核和视前外侧核等。下行传出纤维经中缝两侧下行,沿途终止于中缝桥核、脑桥被盖网状结构,中缝大核、延髓巨细胞核、旁正中网状核,中缝隐核、中缝苍白核和橄榄内侧副核,三叉神经感觉核和三叉神经脊束核。下行纤维可继续下降行于脊髓背外侧索、腹侧索前正中裂两侧,终止于前角,侧角,后角Rexed Ⅰ～Ⅴ层,以及中央管周围灰质。中缝背核的传入投射来自:1.第Ⅲ脑室室周灰质和室旁灰质、中脑导水管周围灰质、第Ⅳ脑室室周灰质。2.视前内侧核。3.下丘脑前核、下丘脑外侧核、下丘脑背侧核、视上核。4.黑质(包括密带和网带)以内侧份为主。5.蓝斑复合体。6.中脑网状结构。7.中缝中央上核、线形核、桥核和中缝大核。8.延髓网状结构外侧核的背内侧份。     

大鼠斜角带核垂直支(VDB)的传入联系

用HRP法研究了VDB的传入联系。结果表明VDB的背、腹侧部均接受下列结构的传入:斜角带核水平支、内侧隔核、扣带皮质、梨状皮质、内嗅皮质、海马、下丘脑外侧核、下丘脑后核、乳头体上核、杏仁内侧核、杏仁皮质核、杏仁基底核内侧及外侧部、室周核、中央灰质腹外侧部、中缝背核、中缝正中核、脚间核、臂旁背侧核、被盖腹侧区及蓝斑。此外,VDB背侧部还接受杏仁外侧核后部、被盖背核的腹侧部及外侧部、嗅前核、未定带及连接核的投射。偶见屏状核投射到VDB背侧部;VDB腹侧部还接受外侧缰核内侧部及杏仁前区的少量投射。     

大鼠视前内侧区的传入性神经纤维联系,HRP,EB,NY法研究

本文应用轴突逆行运输HRP、EB、NY研究大鼠视前内侧区的传入性神经纤维联系。所用三种示踪剂结果基本一致。结果为:在外侧隔核、外侧嗅束核、杏仁内侧核、下丘脑外侧区、下丘脑腹内侧核和乳头体前腹核内观察到密集的标记细胞。在杏仁皮质核、杏仁中央核、下丘脑室旁核、下丘脑后核、弓状核、乳头体上核、丘脑腹核尾侧部、未定带、腹侧被盖区、脚间核、中缝正中核和背核内观察到较多标记细胞。在中脑中央灰质腹侧部、兰斑核、外侧臂旁核及海马腹下角内观察到少数标记细胞。     

下丘脑投射至中脑旁中央区的纤维起源

用电泳方法将 HRP 导入大白鼠中脑中央灰质背外侧部,可见下丘脑前核、腹内侧核、背内侧核、乳头体前背核、乳头体前腹核和乳头体外侧核等处有较多的标记神经元。将酶导入中脑中央灰质腹侧部,在视前区、下丘脑前部外侧区、结节部外侧区、腹内侧核、背内侧核和乳头体前背核等处有标记神经元。酶导入中脑被盖内侧部,可见视前区、下丘脑前部外侧区、腹内侧核、背内侧核、乳头体前背核,乳头体内侧核和外侧核有标记神经元。     

大白鼠乳头体核—丘脑前核群投射——HRP法研究

将HRP注射于大白鼠丘脑前核群不同部位后,在乳头体核不同部位观察到标记细胞。乳头体内侧核的外侧部主要投射到同侧的丘脑前腹核,并有相应的内外局部定位关系。内侧部投射到同侧的丘脑前内侧核及前腹核。后部主要投射到同侧的前内侧核,少量细胞投射到同侧的前腹核。另外还观察到中央部亦发出纤维投射到两侧的前内侧核。乳头体外侧核投射到两侧的丘脑前背核,同侧比对侧多。     

大鼠缰核的传出投射—WGA--HRP法研究

向40只大鼠缰核的不同部位(外侧缰核外侧部和内侧部及内侧缰核)微电泳WGA-HRP后,观察顺行标记纤维和终支在脑内的走行和分布。缰核的传出投射经吻侧、对侧及尾侧三条通路。吻侧通路起自外侧缰核,经髓纹向吻侧走行至丘脑背内侧核、带旁核及外侧视前区。对侧通路经缰连合至对侧外侧缰核。尾侧通路主要起自内侧缰核和外侧缰核内侧部,投射到脚间核,并有背腹局部定位,部分纤维向尾侧走行终止于中缝核群及网状结构等处。     

大白鼠扣带回3区向杏仁体及其他核群的纤维投射——菜豆白细胞凝集素顺行示踪研究

本文用菜豆自细胞凝集素免疫组织化学顺行示踪技术,观察大白鼠扣带回3区(Cg3)向皮质下核团的纤维投射。其投射区自前向后主要有:伏核、尾壳核内侧1/3、终纹床核、外侧视前区、带旁核、丘脑前内侧核、背内侧核、前室旁核、网状核、外侧缰核、后室旁核、束旁核及丘脑筛状核等。在丘脑下方,标记纤维密集于未定带、内囊的内侧边缘区和乳头丘脑束的周围。自这些区域,有纤维投射至下丘脑外侧区。本文着重分析了标记纤维在杏仁体的分布情况,标记纤维密集于基底外侧前核和外侧核的腹内侧亚核。从而证实Cg3皮质的纤维投射参与基底外侧核一边缘系环路,即所谓记忆环路。而杏仁体中央核仅偶见极稀疏的标记纤维。所以我们认为,Cg3皮质未参与“内脏环路”。标记纤维自注射侧经胼胝体膝至对侧半球,其投射区与注射侧的投射区一致,但标记纤维比较稀疏。     

投射到垂体后叶的神经纤维起源

12只大白鼠,腹腔麻醉,经腹侧暴露垂体,在直视下将HRP溶液注入垂体后叶,在视前核交叉上部、视前室周核、视前内侧核、视前外侧核、隔三角核、终纹床核、室旁核外侧亚核、内侧亚核、背内侧亚核和后亚核、视上核、前连合核、环状核、穹窿前、后核、内侧前脑束核、交叉后核、下丘脑前核、下丘脑外侧核和未定带都观察到数量不等、形状不一的标记神经元,证明这些核都发出纤维投射到垂体后叶。终纹床核和视上核分别有几个部分,它们发出纤维投射到垂体后叶,其功能问题也曾加以讨论。     

Efferent connections of the "olfactostriatum": a specialized vomeronasal structure within the basal ganglia of snakes

The olfactostriatum is a portion of the basal ganglia of snakes that receives substantial vomeronasal afferents through projections from the nucleus sphericus. In a preceding article, the olfactostriatum of garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) was characterized on the basis of chemoarchitecture (distribution of serotonin, neuropeptide Y and tyrosine hydroxylase) and pattern of afferent connections [Martinez-Marcos, A., Ubeda-Banon, I., Lanuza, E., Halpern, M., 2005. Chemoarchitecture and afferent connections of the "olfactostriatum": a specialized vomeronasal structure within the basal ganglia of snakes. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 29, 49-69]. In the present study, its efferent connections have been investigated. The olfactostriatum projects to the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, lateral cortex, septal complex, ventral pallidum, external, ventral anterior and dorsolateral amygdalae, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, preoptic area, lateral posterior hypothalamic nucleus, ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra and raphe nuclei. Tracer injections in the nucleus accumbens proper, a structure closely associated with the olfactostriatum, result in a similar pattern of efferent connections with the exception of those reaching the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, lateral cortex, external, ventral anterior and dorsolateral amygdalae and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. These data, therefore, help to characterize the olfactostriatum, an apparently specialized area of the nucleus accumbens. Double labeling experiments after tracer injections in the nucleus sphericus and the lateral posterior hypothalamic nucleus demonstrate a pathway between these two structures through the olfactostriatum. Injections in the olfactostriatum and in the medial amygdala show parallel projections to the lateral posterior hypothalamic nucleus. Since this hypothalamic nucleus has been previously described as projecting to the hypoglossal nucleus, both, the medial amygdala and the olfactostriatum may mediate vomeronasal influence on tongue-flick behavior.     

An autoradiographic study of efferent connections of the globus pallidus in Macaca mulatta

Summary Radioactive amino acids were injected into restricted regions of the globus pallidus of rhesus macaques to allow identification of the organization and courses of efferent pallidal projections. The previously identified projection of the internal pallidal segment (GPi) to ventral thalamic nuclei showed a topographic organization, with the predominant projection from ventral GPi being to medial and caudal ventralis anterior (VA) and lateralis (VL) and from dorsal GPi to lateral and rostral VA and VL. Pallidal efferent fibers also extended caudally and dorsally into pars caudalis of VL, but they spared the portion of pars oralis of VL shown by others to receive input from the cerebellum. In addition to centromedian labeling in all animals, the parafascicular nucleus was also labeled when isotope was injected into dorsal GPi. The medial route from GPi to the midbrain tegmentum was more substantial than has been shown before, and along this route there was an indication that some fibers terminated in the prerubral region. The projection to the pedunculopontine nucleus was extensive, and fibers continued caudally into the parabrachial nuclei.Pallidal projections to the thalamus seem to be topographically organized but spare thalamic regions that interact with area 4. Caudally directed efferent fibers follow multiple routes and extend more caudally than to the pedunculopontine nuclei.Abbreviations Cd caudate nucleus - CM centromedian nucleus - CT central tegmental tract - DPCS decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle - F fornix - FLM medial longitudinal fasciculus - GPe globus pallidus, pars externa - GPi globus pallidus, pars interna - HbL lateral habenular nucleus - HbM medial habenular nucleus - Is interstitial nucleus - LM medial lemniscus - MD dorsomedial nucleus - PbL lateral parabrachial nucleus - PbM medial parabrachial nucleus - PCS superior cerebellar peduncle - Pf parafascicular nucleus - PPN pedunculopontine nucleus - Put putamen - R reticular nucleus - Rmg red nucleus, pars magnocellularis - Rpc red nucleus, pars parvocellularis - S stria medullaris - SI substantia innominata - SNc substantia nigra, pars compacta - SNr substantia nigra, pars reticulata - St subthalamic nucleus - ST stria terminalis - THI habenulointerpeduncular tract - TM tuberomamillary nucleus - TMT mamillothalamic tract - VA nucleus ventralis anterior - VAmg nucleus ventralis anterior, pars magnocellularis - VAp nucleus ventralis anterior, pars principalis - VI nucleus ventralis intermedius - VLc nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars caudalis - VLm nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars medialis - VLo nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars oralis - VPL nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis - X area X Supported by National Institutes of Health, grant RR00166, Rehabilitation Services Administration, grant 16-P-56818, and PHS grant NS10804     

Efferent fibers of the subthalamic nucleus in the monkey. A comparison of the efferent projections of the subthalamic nucleus,substantia nigra and globus pallidus

A study was made to determine the efferent projections of the subthalamic nucleus in the monkey. Because of the impossibility of producing lesions in this nucleus, not involving adjacent structures, lesions were produced by different stereotaxic approaches. Comparisons were made with degeneration resulting from localized lesions in substantia nigra and globus pallidus. Degeneration resulting from these lesions was studied in transverse and sagittal sections stained by the Nauta-Gygax method. Efferent fibers from the subthalamic nucleus pass through the internal capsule into the medial pallidal segment; a few fibers are distributed to the lateral pallidum. Some subthalamic efferent fibers pass to the contralateral globus pallidus via the dorsal supraoptic decussation, but none projection to the thalamus. Nigral efferent fibers project to parts of the ventral anterior (VAmc) and ventral lateral (VLm) thalamic nuclei. The medial pallidal segment gives fibers to: (1) ventral anterior (VA), ventral lateral (VLo) and centromedian (CM) thalamic nuclei, and (2) the pedunculopontine nucleus. The lateral pallidal segment projects exclusively to the subthalamic nucleus. Thalamic projections of the substania nigra and globus pallidus are distinctive. Subthalamic projections to the globus pallidus are more profuse than those of the substantia nigra. The following hypothesis is presented: Subthalamic dyskinesia, due to lesions in the subthalamic nucleus, is a consequence of removal of inhibitory influences acting upon the medial segment of the globus pallidus.     

大鼠上丘的传出投射——ARG法和WGA-HRP法研究

本实验将~3H-Leucine 或 WGA-HRP 定位注(导)入大鼠一侧上丘内,观察了上丘传出纤维的终止部位。上丘浅层的传出纤维下行终止于二叠体旁核(以同侧核的背、腹群为主)、同侧桥核的背外侧部;其上行投射终止于内侧膝状体、膝上核、顶盖前区后核、丘脑外侧后核(以上均为两侧性,以同侧为主)、同侧的内及外侧视束核和外侧膝状体的背侧及腹侧核。另外,在两侧视束和视束交叉处均有标记颗粒。上丘中、深层的传出纤维终止于同侧中央灰质、Darkschewitsch 核、Cajal 中介核、楔形核以及对侧上丘;上行终止于内测膝状体,膝上核、顶盖前区前核、丘脑外侧后核(以上均为两侧性,以同侧为主)、束旁核、未定带、丘脑腹侧核(以上均为同侧);下行终止于同侧的有二叠体旁区和二叠体旁核,桥核的背外侧部、下丘外侧部、桥脑和延髓网状结构、下橄榄核的外侧部;终止于对侧的有二叠体旁核、桥脑和延髓网状结构内侧部、下橄榄核的内侧副核、脊髓颈段前角。     

大鼠终纹床核卵圆核及其邻近区域的传出纤维联系——WGA-HRP顺行追踪法研究

本实验选用150～260g的雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠13只,把WGA-HRP/HRP混合水溶液加压注入一侧终纹床核群前外侧区的卵圆核区域,冰冻切片,TMB法呈色后,在中枢看到顺行标记终末最密集的部位是:下丘脑后部外侧区、中央杏仁核、中脑中央灰质、臂旁核、三叉神经中脑核、蓝斑;比较多的部位是视前区、下丘脑室周区、弓状核、丘脑中线核群、内侧纽核、腹侧背盖核、脚桥背盖核、中脑网状结构、中缝背核以及迷走神经复合体;在线形中缝核、中央上核、腹侧背盖区、黑质,以及延髓中介核,也看到少量标记终末。本工作对卵圆核的传出纤维联系,进行了较全面的观察。     

A lesion and neuroanatomical tract-tracing analysis of the role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in retrieval behavior and other aspects of maternal responsiveness in rats

The ventral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis forms a junctional region between the medial and lateral preoptic areas. Previous work has shown that the neurons in this region express Fos-like immunoreactivity during maternal behavior, suggesting their involvement in maternal behavior control. Supporting this hypothesis, the first experiment shows that excitotoxic amino acid lesions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis disrupt retrieval behavior and other aspects of maternal responsiveness in postpartum rats. The second study traces the efferent projections of the ventral bed nucleus with the anterograde tracer Phaseolis vulgaris leucoagglutinin. The following regions receive strong projections: lateral septum, substantia innominata, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, ventral premammillary nucleus, supramammillary nucleus, paraventricular thalamus, ventral tegmental area, periaqueductal gray, retrorubral field, and the region surrounding the locus coeruleus. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Supraspinal connections and termination patterns of the parabrachial complex determined by the biocytin anterograde tract-tracing technique in the rat

We have re-evaluated, using the anterograde tracer biocytin, supraspinal efferent projections from the parabrachial complex (PBN) to gain new information about the nature of its connections and nerve terminal patterns. We selectively injected biocytin into the 3 main regions of the nucleus (lateral PBN, medial PBN and Kölliker-Fuse nucleus). We observed distinct groups of ascending and descending fibres of different calibre from the PBN running throughout the brain and reaching many brain areas involved in the regulation of autonomic function. Here we detected labelled bouton-like terminals and fibres with en-passage varicosities. The ascending efferents from the lateral PBN mainly reached the reticular, raphe and thalamic nuclei, the zona incerta (ZI), central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and lateral area of the periaqueductal grey (PAG). Thin descending efferents reached the ventral region of the solitary tract nucleus (STN). The ascending efferents from the medial PBN were seen in the raphe nuclei, reticular nuclei, ventral and lateral areas of the PAG, thalamic nuclei, and in the medial and lateral nuclei of the amygdala. Descending efferents were seen in the STN and in some reticular nuclei. The ascending projections from the Kölliker-Fuse targeted the ventral area of PAG, CeA, ZI, lateral hypothalamic area, ventromedial thalamic nucleus and, with only a few terminals, the ipsi and contralateral reticular area. A large number of descending efferents reached STN, caudal and paragigantocellular reticular nuclei. The higher sensitivity of biocytin compared with other types of markers allowed us to determine more effectively the distribution, nature and extent of the supraspinal PBN connections. This suggested that in several nerve circuits the PBN probably plays a more important role than previously thought.     

Efferent projections of the periaqueductal gray in the rabbit.

The efferent projections of the periaqueductal gray in the rabbit have been described by anterograde tract-tracing techniques following deposits of tritiated leucine, or horseradish peroxidase, into circumscribed sites within dorsal, lateral or ventral periaqueductal gray. No attempts were made to place labels in the fourth, extremely narrow (medial), region immediately surrounding the aqueduct whose size and disposition did not lend itself to confined placements of label within it. These anatomically distinct regions, defined in Nissl-stained sections, corresponded to the same regions into which deposits of horseradish peroxidase were made in order for us to describe afferent projections to the periaqueductal gray. In this present study distinct ascending and descending fibre projections were found throughout the brain. Terminal labelling was detected in more than 80 sites, depending somewhat upon which of the three regions of the periaqueductal gray received the deposit. Therefore, differential projections with respect to both afferent and efferent connections of these three regions of the periaqueductal gray have now been established. Ventral deposits disclosed a more impressive system of ramifying, efferent fibres than did dorsal or lateral placements of labels. With ventral deposits, ascending fibres were found to follow two major pathways from periaqueductal gray. The periventricular bundle bifurcates at the level of the posterior commissure to form hypothalamic and thalamic components which distribute to the anterior pretectal region, lateral habenulae, and nuclei of the posterior commissure, the majority of the intralaminar and midline thalamic nuclei, and to almost all of the hypothalamus. The other major ascending pathway from the periaqueductal gray takes a ventrolateral course from the deposit site through the reticular formation or, alternatively, through the deep and middle layers of the superior colliculus, to accumulate just medial to the medial geniculate body. This contingent of fibres travels more rostrally above the cerebral peduncle, distributing terminals to the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and parabigeminal nucleus before fanning out and turning rostrally to contribute terminals to ventral thalamus, subthalamus and zona incerta, then continuing on to supply amygdala, substantia innominata, lateral preoptic nucleus, the diagonal band of Broca and the lateral septal nucleus. Caudally directed fibres were also observed to follow two major routes. They either leave the periaqueductal gray dorsally and pass through the gray matter in the floor of the fourth ventricle towards the abducens nucleus and ventral medulla, or are directed ventrally after passing through either the inferior colliculus or parabrachial nucleus. These ventrally directed fibres merge just dorsal to the pons on the ventral surface of the brain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)