个体和社会功能量表中文版在抑郁障碍患者中的信效度

目的:考察个体和社会功能量表中文版(Chinese version of the Personal and Social Performancescale,PSP-CHN)在抑郁障碍患者中的信度和效度。方法:收集74例符合《精神障碍诊断和统计手册》第四版(Diagnostic and Statistical Mannual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition,test revision,DSM-IV-TR)抑郁障碍诊断标准的门诊或住院患者,其中6例参加了研究者之间一致性培训,68例(急性期42例,稳定期26例)进行了大体功能量表(Global Assessment of Functioning Scale,GAF))、Hamilton抑郁量表17项(Ham-ilton Depression Rating Scale17items,HAMD-17)和PSP-CHN检查,分析PSP-CHN量表评估抑郁障碍患者的内部一致性、PSP-CHN与GAF的一致性(效标效度)以及与患者疾病严重度的相关性(关联效度),32例患者在首次PSP-CHN评估后的5～7天内,由另一名研究者对其进行第2次检查,评价PSP-CHN在抑郁障碍患者中的重测信度。26例HAMD17评分17分的患者,接受标准化治疗8周后,评估HAMD17评分和PSP-CHN的评分变化。结果:PSP-CHN量表的内部一致性Cronbachα系数为0.71,PSP-CHN总分的研究者之间一致性Kappa值为0.82(ICC=0.94),重测一致性ICC=0.90。PSP-CHN总分与GAF总分呈正相关(r=0.95,P0.001),与HAMD-17总分负相关(r=-0.54),急性期和稳定期与PSP-CHN总分相关的抑郁因子不同。结论:个体和社会功能量表中文版可以评价抑郁症患者的个体和社会功能,但是总体信度低于在精神分裂症患者中的评估。     

心理痛苦量表中文版在中国大学生中的信效度检验

目的:引进Holden等编制的心理痛苦量表,在中国大学生中进行信效度检验。方法:采取整群取样的方法对453名大学生集体施测,选取Beck绝望量表、Beck抑郁问卷、生活满意度量表、Beck自杀意念量表、无望抑郁—自杀倾向分量表和自杀尝试条目作为效度指标。结果:(1)量表单因素结构的拟合指数良好,χ~2/df=2.66,RMSEA=0.06,CFI=0.97,NFI=0.95,IFI=0.97;(2)心理痛苦量表与Beck绝望量表和Beck抑郁问卷的相关系数分别为0.50,0.53,与生活满意度量表相关系数为-0.39(P0.01);(3)量表的内部一致性系数为0.90,分半信度为0.80,2周后的重测信度是0.60(n=58)。结论:心理痛苦量表中文版具有较好的信效度,可作为心理痛苦的测量工具。     

强迫量表儿童版在中国青少年中应用的信效度

目的 :引进强迫量表儿童版(Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version,OCI-CV),检验其在中国青少年中的信效度。方法:经双盲翻译的严格程序获得中文版OCI-CV;通过方便取样对2876名青少年进行测查;选用莱顿强迫问卷(儿童版)、儿童青少年多维度焦虑量表以及儿童抑郁量表作为效度量表;3-4周后对其中的329名青少年进行重测。结果:验证性因素分析表明中文版OCI-CV符合原六因素模型;其总量表内部一致性系数为0.856,各分量表内部一致性系数为0.462到0.747;重测信度为0.532到0.758;OCI-CV总分与强迫症状(存在与否/干扰程度)、焦虑和抑郁的相关系数分别为0.696/0.684、0.634和0.505(均P<0.01)。结论:中文版OCI-CV具有良好的信效度,可以在中国青少年中应用。     

中学生抑郁量表的信效度分析

目的 对童辉杰教授所编中学生心理健康问卷（PHSMS）中的抑郁量表追行心理测量学的分析。方法 通过236名中学生的数据对抑郁量表追行信效度分析。结果 中学生心理健康问卷（PHS—MS）中的抑郁量表具有较高的结构效度，量表的内部一致性信度为0．895，各维度的a系数在0．586-0，891之间，量表具有较高的信度。结论 抑郁量表的信效度均比较理想，可以用来评估中学生的抑郁状况．     

儿童自动思维量表在小学生中的信度和效度

目的:检验儿童自动思维量表在中国小学生样本中的信度和效度。方法:通过方便取样,对深圳市某小学811名小学生进行测查,进行验证性因素分析考察中文版儿童自动思维量表(Children’s automatic thoughts scale,CATS)的结构效度。1个月后对其中129人重测。以儿童抑郁量表,儿童焦虑量表和长处与困难问卷为工具考察中文版CATS的校标效度。结果:验证性因素分析显示,问卷的结构效度拟合度良好(χ~2/df=3.3475,GFI=0.97,NFI=0.957,RMR=0.059),总量表内部一致性系数为0.924,各分量表内部一致性系数为0.781~0.824;重测信度系数为0.602,校标效度较好。结论:中文版CATS在中国小学生群体中具有良好的信度和效度,可用于评估小学生的负性自动思维水平。     

抑郁性认知量表中文版在社区成人中应用的效度和信度

目的:评价抑郁性认知量表(DCS)中文版在社区成年人中应用的效度和信度。方法:在山东省济宁市8个社区选取≥18岁社区居民595人完成DCS中文版评定,采用探索性因子分析检验DCS的结构效度,计算Cronbachα系数评价DCS的内部一致性。选取其中79例对象完成2周后的DCS重测。结果:探索性因子分析提取1个公因子,方差贡献率为64.5%;DCS中文版内部一致性Cronbachα系数为0.91;2周重测信度系数为0.88(P0.001)。结论:抑郁性认知量表中文版在社区成年人中具有较好的结构效度和信度,但其效标效度尚须进一步研究。     

Connor-Davidson弹性量表在我国社区老年人中的信效度检验

目的:验证Connor-Davidson弹性量表中文版在老年人群体中的适用性。方法:在湖南省长沙、吉首、武冈等地区以社区老年人为调查对象,采用同质性信度、分半信度和重测信度对Connor-Davidson弹性量表进行信度评价,并以抑郁自评量表和焦虑自评量表为效标,采用效标关联效度和结构效度进行效度评价。结果:Connor-Davidson弹性量表内部一致性信度为0.921,分半信度为0.891,二周后重测信度为0.780;探索性因素分析结果表明该量表包括四个因素,累积方差解释率为54.78%;与抑郁自评量表和焦虑自评量表的相关系数分别为-0.309和-0.229,均达到显著水平(P0.001)。结论:Connor-Davidson弹性量表在老年人群体中测量具有良好的信效度指标,适合用于测量老年人心理弹性。     

老年抑郁量表在中国农村社区老年人中的信度和效度

目的:考察老年抑郁量表(GDS)中文版在中国农村社区老年人中的信度和效度。方法:采用GDS、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)和日常生活能力量表(ADL)对412名农村社区老年人(60岁及以上)进行测试。结果:项目分析显示高、低分组被试在所有条目上的得分差异都达到显著性水平,符合心理测量学要求。量表的内部一致性Cronbach'sα系数为0.9197,20天后重测相关系数为0.729。量表有较好的区分效度:GDS总分与SSRS总分之间呈负相关,Pear-son相关系数等于-0.459(P<0.01);日常生活能力有障碍组GDS总分高于日常生活能力正常组(P<0.01)。探索性因素分析揭示了单维的量表结构。结论:老年抑郁量表具有较好的信度和效度,可作为我国农村社区老年人抑郁症状研究的有效工具。     

状态特质抑郁问卷中文版在大学生中的信效度

目的:考察状态特质抑郁问卷(State-Trait Depression Scale,STDEP)中文版在我国大学生群体中的适用性。方法:对16项版的STDEP进行翻译和回译,建立其中文版本。方便选取北京师范大学大一新生1654名,施测STDEP来分析问卷的内部一致性信度、结构效度和效标效度,并比较不同性别、专业、来源地受试的STDEP评分差异;从所有受试中随机抽取1312名完成贝克抑郁问卷(Beck Depres-sion Inventory,BDI)、流调中心用抑郁量表(Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale,CES-D)、艾森克人格问卷(成人)(Eysenck Personality Questionnaire,EPQ)以检验STDEP的效标效度。结果:STDEP包含状态抑郁(S-DEP)和特质抑郁(T-DEP)2个分量表,2个分量表的内部一致性Cronbachα系数均>0.9;验证性因素分析显示2个分量表RMSEA值分别为0.08和0.06,其CFI、NFI、IFI值均>0.90;2个分量表与BDI、CES-D的相关在0.66~0.80之间(均P<0.01);差异分析表明,男生(n=498)T-DEP分高于女生(n=1156)(P=0.012),来自农村的学生(n=636)S-DEP、T-DEP分均高于来自城镇的学生(n=1018)(均P<0.001)。结论:状态特质抑郁问卷中文版在中国大学生群体中有较高的信效度,适用于中国大学生抑郁状态和特质的评估。     

儿童抑郁障碍自评量表的中国城市常模

目的 :建立儿童抑郁障碍自评量表 (DSRSC)的中国城市常模并检验其信度和效度。方法 :在全国 14个城市采样 1943例 (男 968名 ,女 975名 ) ,年龄 8～ 16岁 (平均 11 46± 2 2 4岁 ) ,由学生填写DSR SC。结果 :间隔半个月量表总分的重测相关r =0 65 ,间隔 3个月时重测相关r =0 5 3 (P <0 0 1) ;半分信度为 0 72、Crobacha系数 0 73、项目与总分的一致性在 0 2～ 0 60之间。量表的效度较好 ,与AchenbachCBCL、儿童自我意识量表的相应分量表相关 ,抑郁组儿童得分高于常模组 ,对抑郁障碍诊断的灵敏度为 86% ,特异度为 82 %。结论 :儿童抑郁障碍自评量表可用于我国儿童抑郁症状的评估。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.