GnRH激动剂长效剂型和短效剂型在长方案中的应用比较

目的:探讨比较GnRH激动剂(GnRH-a)长效剂型和短效剂型在长方案中的临床应用效果。方法:将IVF-ET/ICSI治疗的长方案患者按照GnRH-a的不同剂型分为长效组(A组)和短效组(B组),比较A、B组间垂体降调节效果、促排卵过程及妊娠结局。结果:A组促性腺激素(Gn)总量、Gn使用天数、hCG注射日P、P/E2、子宫内膜厚度、平均获卵数、受精率及中、重度卵巢过度刺激综合征(OHSS)发生率高于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);B组hCG注射日LH、E2、OHSS取消率、优质胚胎率、流产率较A组高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。移植胚胎数、移植妊娠率、着床率、宫外妊娠率比较组间无显著差异。结论:在控制性超促排卵(COH)长方案中应用GnRH-a长、短效2种剂型均可获得较满意的垂体降调节效果,虽各有利弊,但并不影响妊娠结局。     

控制性超促排卵刺激中子宫内膜息肉对体外受精-胚胎移植妊娠结局的影响

目的:探讨在控制性超促排卵(controlled ovarian hyperstimulation,COH)刺激过程中新诊断的子宫内膜息肉(endometrial polyp,EP)对体外受精/卵胞质内单精子显微注射-胚胎移植(IVF/ICSI-ET)新鲜周期妊娠结局的影响。方法:选择行IVF/ICSI-ET新鲜周期的3 003例患者的3 003个周期进行回顾性分析。IVF/ICSI-ET术前行相关检查诊断宫腔形态正常,根据在COH过程中是否新发现EP将其分为研究组(新发现息肉,n=60)和对照组(未发现息肉,n=2 943)。观察患者妊娠结局。结果:患者的临床妊娠率、自然流产率、继续妊娠率组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组和对照组生化妊娠率(20.0%vs 9.8%)、异位妊娠率(3.3%vs 0.1%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.035,P0.000 1)。结论:在COH刺激过程中新诊断的与生化妊娠和异位妊娠的发生相关,但不影响IVF-ET新鲜周期的最终临床妊娠率、继续妊娠率以及早期流产率的发生。     

3种不同超促排卵方案对冻融胚胎移植结局的影响

目的:探讨不同超促排卵方案全部胚胎冷冻后行冻融胚胎移植(FET)的临床妊娠结局。方法:回顾性分析360例患者全胚胎冷冻后复苏移植周期的临床结局。按促排卵方案分为3组,A组:GnRH-a长方案组(n=131),B组:GnRH-a短方案(n=110),C组:CC+hMG组(n=119),按年龄段(<35岁,≥35岁)分别比较3组的促排卵效果及妊娠结局,并且以基础FSH(bFSH)=10 IU/L为界,把C组患者分为bFSH<10 IU/L和bFSH≥10 IU/L 2个亚组,比较其促排卵效果及妊娠结局。结果:C组获卵数、Gn使用总量、Gn用药天数显著低于A和B组(P<0.05),受精率和优质胚胎率高于A和B组(P<0.05);不同年龄段中C组与A和B组的临床妊娠结局均无统计学差异。3组的临床妊娠率分别为42.5%、35.6%、38.9%,胚胎种植率分别为23.9%、21.9%、17.2%,组间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。C组中bFSH≥10 IU/L亚组与bFSH<10 IU/L亚组的促排卵效果及妊娠结局无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:CC+hMG方案在全部胚胎冷冻后行FET的患者中能取得与GnRH-α长、短方案相似的临床效果,同时Gn的用量大大低于长、短方案组,降低了药物对卵巢过度刺激造成的并发症,减轻了患者的经济和心理负担。     

胚胎移植12 491个周期的临床效果及影响因素分析

目的 探讨体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)治疗不孕的临床效果及其影响因素.方法 回顾性分析北京大学第三医院2005至2007年间,12 491个胚胎移植周期(其中6832个周期为新鲜胚胎移植周期,5659个周期为冻融胚胎移植周期)的临床资料,对影响妊娠结局的因素进行单因素和多因素分析.结果 新鲜胚胎移植周期临床妊娠率为32.99%(2254/6832),活产率为25.75%(1394/5413),早期流产率为9.36%(211/2254),围产儿出生缺陷率为1.45%(25/1722).年轻(20～24岁)患者新鲜胚胎移植周期临床妊娠率高达42.25%(60/142).单纯男方因素不孕患者的临床妊娠率(40.10%,476/1187)明显高于单纯女性因素不孕患者(31.55%,1168/3702)和双方因素不孕患者(31.39%,610/1943);首次接受IVF-ET治疗者的临床妊娠率(34.63%,1831/5287)高于多次接受IVF-ET治疗者;常用的4种IVF-ET超促排卵(COH)治疗方案中,接受促性腺激素释放激素激动剂(GnRH-a)超长方案和长方案治疗者临床妊娠率分别为51.72%(30/58)和36.88%(489/1326),明显高于GnRH-a短方案(32.05%,1703/5313)和促性腺激素释放激素拮抗剂(GnRH-ant)方案(22.12%,23/104),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).多因素logistic分析证实,年龄、获卵数和COH治疗周期数对IVF-ET治疗后妊娠结局的影响有统计学意义,而年龄是最主要的影响因素.治疗过程中,中重度卵巢过度刺激综合征(OHSS)的发生率为3.68%(321/8720),异位妊娠率为6.12%(138/2254),早期流产率为9.36%(211/2254).冻融胚胎移植周期临床妊娠率(38.08%,2155/5659),高于新鲜胚胎移植周期(32.99%,2254/6832),两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);多胎妊娠率为27.70%(597/2155),早期流产率为8.96%(193/2155),异位妊娠率为2.23%(48/2155).结论 IVF-ET用于不孕症治疗,临床妊娠率和活产率高,是一种安全、有效的助孕治疗方法;年龄、卵巢反应性是影响治疗结局的主要因素;冻融胚胎移植周期临床妊娠率与新鲜胚胎移植周期比较,无明显差异,并可有效提高单次促排卵周期的累计妊娠率.     

控制性超促排卵过程中添加低剂量人绒毛膜促性腺激素的效果分析

目的:探讨在控制性超促排卵(COH)过程中添加低剂量人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)的效果。方法:回顾性分析77例在COH过程中不同时间添加低剂量hCG进行促排卵患者的促排卵效果。结果:P水平在诱发排卵日[1.15(0.65,1.90)ng/ml]显著高于添加hCG日[0.30(0.20,0.56)ng/ml](P<0.05)。39个新鲜胚胎移植周期的生化妊娠率为46.2%(18/39),种植率为24.4%(20/82),临床妊娠率为35.9%(14/39);61个冻融胚胎移植周期的生化妊娠率为41.0%(25/61),种植率为18.4%(23/125),临床妊娠率为32.8%(20/61);无1例发生卵巢过度刺激综合征(OHSS);未孕患者中仍有10个周期还余有优质胚胎未移植。根据促排卵日不同时间添加低剂量hCG(50~200 mg/d)分组(A组≤5 d,n=9;B组6~8 d,n=26;C组9 d,n=19;D组≥10 d,n=23),各组的获卵率、受精率、卵裂率、优质胚胎数均无统计学差异。A~D组诱发排卵日P水平分别为1.00(0.5,1.6)ng/ml、1.32(0.7,2.6)ng/ml、1.30(0.6,2.2)ng/ml、1.09(0.7,1.5)ng/ml,均显著高于添加hCG日[分别为0.20(0.1~0.2)ng/ml、0.30(0.2,0.7)ng/ml、0.30(0.2,0.5)ng/ml、0.44(0.2,0.63)ng/ml](P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:因卵泡生长缓慢、卵泡大小不均匀、卵泡数量过多,在COH过程中添加低剂量hCG对促排卵结局无影响,虽然诱发日的P水平会有所升高,但对新鲜胚胎移植周期的妊娠结局影响不显著,后续冻融胚胎移植的妊娠结局也较理想。     

使用促性腺激素释放激素激动剂中发现妊娠26例分析

目的：研究在控制性超排卵(COH)使用促性腺激素释放激素激动剂(GnRH—a)的过程中发现妊娠的原因及妊娠结局。方法：回顾性分析1993年2月至2001年11月体外受精或卵母细胞浆内单精于显微注射受精与胚胎移植(IVF／ICSI—ET)超排卵周期使用GnRH—a过程中发现妊娠的临床资料。结果：在5180个IVF／ICSI—ET超排卵周期使用GnRH—a的过程中发现妊娠26例，发生率为0．50％，其中在输卵管因素、男方因素、子宫内膜异位症、盆腔粘连和不明原因各种不孕中的发生率分别为0．33％、0．37％、2．30％、0．97％和0．64％。26例妊娠中宫内妊娠20例，其中15例分娩17个健康新生儿，1例正在妊娠，流产2例，失访2例；异位妊娠6例，发生率为23．08％(6/26)，输卵管因素中异位妊娠发生率最高速55．56％(5/9)。结论：在超排卵周期使用GnRH—a的过程中应注意发生妊娠的可能。宫内妊娠给予安胎治疗，可分娩正常新生儿；此种妊娠在子宫内膜异位症患者中发生率较高，而异位妊娠发生率则在输卵管因素中最高，临床应严密监测异位妊娠的发生情况。     

黄体期添加不同剂量雌激素对IVF-ET妊娠结局的影响

目的:探讨长方案控制性超促排卵体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)周期黄体期减少外源性雌激素剂量对妊娠结局的影响。方法:回顾性分析2011年7月至2012年4月1614个长方案控制性促排卵周期的资料。根据黄体期补充补佳乐剂量不同分为2组:A组(785例)补佳乐2mg/d;B组(829例)补佳乐4mg/d。两组黄体支持期所用孕激素剂型、剂量相同。结果:两组间的临床特征、超排卵情况(COH)、胚胎形成情况均无统计学差异(P>0.05);添加补佳乐2mg/d组与4mg/d组的临床妊娠率(49.81%vs 49.88%)、胚胎种植率(34.25%vs 34.93%)及流产率(9.21%vs 10.92%)均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:长方案IVF-ET周期黄体支持常规添加不同剂量雌激素助孕结果无显著差异,减少雌激素用量不影响妊娠结局。     

全部胚胎冷冻对不同促排卵方案患者临床应用的探讨

目的分析不同超促排卵方案新鲜胚胎移植和冻融胚胎移植的临床妊娠结局,探讨全部胚胎冷冻技术在临床应用中的价值。方法回顾性分析行胚胎移植的525个周期患者的临床资料,其中253个周期为新鲜胚胎移植周期,272个周期为同期的复苏胚胎移植周期。纳入的促排卵方案包括促性腺激素释放激素激动剂(GnRH-a)长方案组(A组)和GnRH-a短方案组(B组)。分别比较两组中新鲜胚胎移植和冻融胚胎移植(FET)的妊娠结局,以及新鲜胚胎移植周期和复苏胚胎移植周期中2种方案妊娠结局。结果 A组中,新鲜胚胎移植周期(A1组)和FET周期(A2组)的临床妊娠率分别为45.95%和47.71%(P0.05);B组中,新鲜胚胎移植周期(B1组)和FET(B2组)的临床妊娠率分别为27.94%和46.30%(P0.05);A1组和B1组的受精率和可用胚胎率组间无统计学差异(P0.05),A组的平均获卵数、临床妊娠率和胚胎种植率显著高于B组(P0.05);A2组和B2组的临床妊娠率和胚胎种植率均无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 FET并不能显著改善长方案患者的临床妊娠结局,但可显著提高短方案组的临床妊娠率,提示短方案患者可考虑采用全部胚胎冷冻。     

3种不同超促排卵方案在高龄患者体外受精-胚胎移植中的临床效果分析

目的:探讨高龄(36~45岁)患者采用不同超促排卵方案对体外受精-胚胎移植周期妊娠结局的影响。方法:回顾分析484个周期的高龄患者的资料,根据促排卵方案不同将患者分组:GnRH-a长方案组(148个周期)、拮抗剂方案组(165个周期)、GnRHa超短方案组(171个周期),比较3组患者的基本资料及临床结局。结果:GnRH-a长方案组的h CG日LH水平低于拮抗剂方案组和GnRH-a超短方案组,GnRH-a长方案组的Gn时间最长,获卵数、2PN受精数、2PN卵裂数、优质胚胎数及冷冻数最多(P0.05);GnRH-a超短方案组的Gn用量最多,2PN受精数、2PN卵裂数最少(P0.05)。3组的h CG日子宫内膜厚度、新鲜周期胚胎移植数、周期取消率、早期流产率、活产率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);胚胎种植率及临床妊娠率:GnRH-a长方案组最高,GnRH-a超短方案组最低,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:对于卵巢储备功能相对较好的高龄患者,GnRH-a长方案具有较好的临床结局;对于卵巢储备较差者,拮抗剂方案Gn用量相对少,临床结局尚可,是一种可选择的比较经济的方案。     

输卵管积水不同处理方式对体外受精-胚胎移植结局的影响:一项回顾性队列研究

目的探讨输卵管积水的不同手术处理方式及术后积水复发对体外受精-胚胎移植(in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer,IVF-ET)临床结局的影响。方法采用非随机分组数据,回顾性分析2012—2014年期间因输卵管因素在本中心行常规IVF-ET治疗的939例不孕患者的资料,按IVF-ET前每位患者的输卵管积水处理方式分为手术组(A组,n=533)和未处理组(B组,n=406)。手术组又分为输卵管近端结扎组(A1组,n=311)、输卵管造口组(A2组,n=113)和输卵管切除组(A3组,n=109),每例患者仅纳入本研究时间段内第一个新鲜胚胎移植周期的效果,比较积水患者不同手术方式对IVF-ET临床结局的影响。结果 A组的临床妊娠率(50.7%)和活产率(91.1%)均高于B组(40.4%,77.4%)(P0.05);A组的异位妊娠率(3.7%)明显低于B组(12.8%)(P0.05);控制性超促排卵(COH)过程中的获卵数、获胚胎数、优质胚胎数A、B组间均无统计学差异(P0.05)。A1组、A2组及A3组间IVF-ET的临床妊娠率、活产率、流产率均无统计学差异(P0.05),COH过程中获卵数、获胚胎数、优质胚胎数3个亚组间亦均无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论输卵管积水通过手术处理可以提高其IVF-ET的临床妊娠率、活产率、降低异位妊娠率,并且进行输卵管造口、结扎、切除的不同处理对于IVF-ET结局和卵巢储备功能均无统计学影响。     

A prospective randomized comparison of luteal phase versus concurrent follicular phase initiation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist for in vitro fertilization.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) initiation either preceding or concurrent with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET). DESIGN: Fifty-five patients were prospectively randomized to receive either GnRH-a on cycle day 21 before COH until ovarian suppression was achieved (group I) or GnRH-a concurrently with COH commencing on cycle day 3 (group II). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum gonadotropin and ovarian steroid hormone levels, as well as fertilization, spontaneous abortion, and live birth rates. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients in group I and 29 patients in group II underwent COH for IVF-ET. Patients in group II had significantly higher serum luteinizing hormone, progesterone, and testosterone levels during stimulation with human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG) before oocyte retrieval (P < 0.05). Despite similar fertilization, biochemical, and clinical pregnancy rates, the spontaneous abortion rate was higher in group II (5/6) compared with group I (1/7) (P < 0.05). Thus, the live birth rate/retrieval for group I was 6 of 24 (25%) as compared with that of group II, which was 1 of 26 (3.8%) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The initiation of GnRH-a in the follicular phase concurrently with hMG is associated with evidence of premature luteinization, hyperandrogenemia, and poorer pregnancy outcome compared with luteal phase administration of GnRH-a before hMG for IVF-ET.     

行IVF/ICSI各年龄段妇女早期单、双胎妊娠丢失的回顾性研究

目的:分析行IVF/ICSI的各年龄段妊娠妇女早期单、双胎妊娠胚胎丢失的影响因素。方法:回顾性分析行IVF/ICSI治疗,授精后第2日或第3日移植2~3个胚胎后单、双胎妊娠周期中早期妊娠囊丢失情况。结果:共收集到1 674个IVF/ICSI周期,孕6周单胚胎着床1 077例,双胚胎着床597例。孕12周时单胎和双胎的继续妊娠数分别为901例(83.66%)和548例(91.79%)(P<0.001)。双胎妊娠中,21例(3.52%)自然减胎成单胎,28例(4.69%)自然流产。单胎和双胎妊娠中,每个着床妊娠囊的丢失率分别为16.34%(176/1 077),6.45%(741/1 194)(P<0.001)。妊娠妇女早期妊娠囊丢失率单胎者高于同年龄段双胎妊娠者,26~37岁各年龄段妇女单胎与双胎妊娠丢失率间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),≥38岁妇女双胎妊娠丢失率显著增加。单胎妊娠组Gn每日用量显著高于双胎妊娠组(P<0.05),而受精率及优质胚胎率单胎妊娠组显著低于双胎妊娠组(P<0.001),Gn每日用量、受精率及优质胚胎率在妊娠丢失组和继续妊娠组间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:双胎妊娠早期能获得更好的继续妊娠机会,随年龄增加尤其是≥38岁妇女,妊娠丢失显著上升。胚胎形态学质量好则有助于双胚胎着床,但是对继续妊娠没有直接明显的影响。     

Addition of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist and/or two inseminations with husband's sperm do not improve the pregnancy rate in superovulated cycles

BACKGROUND: A prospective randomized study was performed to evaluate the addition of a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) during treatment with human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG) in cycles with artificial inseminations with husband's washed sperm (AIH). We also compared the pregnancy rate per cycle after one versus two AIHs. METHODS: We designed a 22 factorial trial. A total of 172 couples with unexplained infertility (n=88), endometriosis (n=39), or cervical (n=24) or male (n=21) factors were included, of whom 161 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and treatment. Eighty-one women were treated with GnRH-a/hMG and another 80 with hMG only, respectively. RESULTS: The pregnancy rates did not differ between the two stimulation protocols (12% for GnRH-a/hMG and 9% for hMG). With GnRH-a/hMG more follicles >15 mm (3.4 and 2.4, respectively; p<0.01) and a higher multiple pregnancy rate after 20 weeks of gestation were observed (55% vs. 0%; p<0.05). Eighty-seven women were treated with one AIH, whereas 65 women received two AIHs on two consecutive days. The pregnancy rates were similar in these two groups (11% and 9% respectively; n.s.) CONCLUSION: It is concluded that neither addition of GnRH-a before and during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation nor two AIHs compared with one single AIH per cycle has a beneficial effect on the pregnancy rate. However, GnRH-a increases the risk for multiple pregnancies.     

卵巢慢反应患者控制性超促排卵相关因素分析:一项多中心回顾性研究

目的探讨控制性超促排卵(COH)过程中发生卵巢慢反应可能的相关因素。方法回顾性分析2014年1月—2016年1月期间于兰州大学第一医院、新疆佳音医院、青海省人民医院、银川市妇幼保健院、广西玉林市妇幼保健院进行促性腺激素释放激素激动剂(GnRH-a)长方案体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)的144例卵巢慢反应患者的临床资料,与132例卵巢正常反应患者(正常对照组)进行对比。结果与正常对照组相比,慢反应组患者体质量指数(BMI)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)较高,降调节及促排卵时间较长,促性腺激素(Gn)使用后7d平均卵泡直径偏小,雌二醇(E_2)、黄体生成素(LH)低,hCG注射日E_2低,IVF双原核(2PN)卵裂率较高,临床妊娠率低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。患者年龄、不孕年限、基础卵泡刺激素(FSH)、LH、催乳素(PRL)、E_2、基础卵泡数、hCG注射日孕酮(P)、获卵率、胚胎质量、胚胎种植率、流产率、宫外孕率、继续妊娠率及取消移植率组间均无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论卵巢慢反应可能与患者BMI过高、甲状腺功能降低及GnRH-a过度抑制相关,较长的Gn天数仍可使慢反应患者获得较好的妊娠结局。     

A study of the controlled ovarian hyperstimulation using GnRH agonist and pure FSH in in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer and gamete intrafallopian transfer program

The present study was undertaken to examine controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) during an IVF-ET/GIFT program with GnRH agonist (GnRH-a) and pure FSH and with the conventional method. Pituitary desensitization was induced with a subcutaneous injection of GnRH agonist (leuprolide acetate) in 20 patients undergoing COH for oocyte recovery. These 20 patients had previously dropped out of our IVF-ET/GIFT program because of a low estradiol response or premature LH surge. Comparisons were made among the menstrual cycles of 20 drop-out patients, the same patients' cycles after GnRH-a and pure FSH administration (GnRH-a group), and the cycles of 20 non-drop-out patients (control group). After treatment with GnRH-a and pure FSH, Estradiol levels were increased (GnRH-a cycles:previous cycles, 1,520 +/- 416 pg/ml:416 +/- 209.1 pg/ml), while the premature LH surge was decreased (GnRH-a cycles:previous cycles, 2:12). Moreover, the number of follicles at the day of hCG injection was increased (GnRH-a group: control group, 4.6 +/- 1.3:3.4 +/- 1.5). However, the fertilization rates for the GnRH-a group and the control group did not differ markedly, though the pregnancy rate was increased slightly in the former (GnRH-a group:control group, 25%:15%). In conclusion, it was seen that COH using GnRH-a and pure FSH contributed to a better ovarian response and suppression of LH surge in patients who had previously dropped out of the IVF-ET/GIFT program using conventional ovarian stimulation.     

Effects of delta 9-THC, the principal psychoactive component of marijuana, during pregnancy in the rhesus monkey

The effect of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the principal psychoactive component in marijuana, was studied in pregnant and lactating rhesus monkeys. THC (2.5 mg/kg/d) or vehicle was administered during different periods of gestation, and effects on pregnancy outcome and hormone concentrations during pregnancy were studied. The most obvious effects were observed with administration early in pregnancy; three of five pregnancies aborted within days after the drug injections began, and one pregnancy resulted in a stillbirth at term. The three abortions were associated with a rapid decrease in chorionic gonadotropin and a subsequent fall in progesterone concentrations to nondetectable levels. In the two pregnancies that continued until term, estradiol concentrations were significantly higher than in vehicle control pregnancies. Daily THC administration during the middle or third portion of gestation resulted in lesser pregnancy loss (one premature birth and four live births at term with THC treatment during the middle portion; two premature births and three live births at term with THC treatment during the third portion). All the premature infants died within two weeks of birth. The weights of the infants at birth and weaning were not significantly different for the infants from vehicle control pregnancies and for full-term infants exposed to THC during gestation. Also, no effects on intrauterine growth and development were detected with ultrasound in the drug-treated pregnancies. With acute administration, THC readily crossed the placenta at term in rhesus monkeys and was transferred into the milk of nursing mothers. Significant blood levels of THC and depressant effects were observed in both mothers and neonates when the drug was administered to the mothers one hour before birth or during lactation.     

Early risk factors for miscarriage: a prospective cohort study in pregnant women

Many pregnancies are lost during early gestation, but clinicians still lack tools to recognize risk factors for miscarriage. Thus, the identification of risk factors for miscarriage during the first trimester in women with no obvious risk for a pregnancy loss was the aim of this prospective cohort trial. A total of 1098 women between gestation weeks 4 and 12 in whom no apparent signs of a threatened pregnancy could be diagnosed were recruited. Demographic, anamnestic, psychometric and biological data were documented at recruitment and pregnancy outcomes were registered subsequently. Among the cases with sufficiently available data, 809 successfully progressing pregnancies and 55 subsequent miscarriages were reported. In this cohort, risk of miscarriage was significantly increased in women at higher age (>33 years), lower body mass index (< or =20 kg/ m(2)) and lower serum progesterone concentrations (< or =12 ng/ml) prior to the onset of the miscarriage. Women with subsequent miscarriage also perceived higher levels of stress/demands (supported by higher concentrations of corticotrophin-releasing hormone) and revealed reduced concentrations of progesterone-induced blocking factor. These risk factors were even more pronounced in the subcohort of women (n = 335) recruited between gestation weeks 4 and 7. The identification of these risk factors and development of an interaction model of these factors, as introduced in this article, will help clinicians to recognize pregnant women who require extra monitoring and who might benefit from therapeutic interventions such as progestogen supplementation, especially during the first weeks of pregnancy, to prevent a miscarriage.     

减胎术联合宫颈环扎术治疗多胎妊娠并宫颈机能不全2例临床分析

多胎妊娠、宫颈机能不全等均是流产或早产的高危因素,若多胎妊娠患者合并宫颈机能不全则流产或早产的风险更高。现报道2例多胎妊娠合并宫颈机能不全患者,分别在孕11+5周和20+5周行减胎术,随后分别在13+4周和21+6周行宫颈环扎术,定期产检阴道超声监测宫颈长度并及时预防早产治疗,分别在孕36周和孕33+4周成功顺产活婴,认为减胎术是多胎妊娠改善妊娠结局的补救措施,减胎术后行宫颈环扎术可修复宫颈的机能,而定期随访对防治早产、指导临床用药及适时拆除宫颈环扎线并改善母儿预后至关重要。当多胎妊娠合并宫颈机能不全时,采用减胎术联合宫颈环扎术进行治疗是一个可供临床借鉴的选择方案。