结直肠癌中S100A4的表达及意义

目的探讨S100A4在结直肠癌组织及细胞系中的表达,并分析其与结直肠癌临床病理特征的相关性。方法采用免疫组化法检测65例结直肠癌及对应癌旁正常结直肠组织中S100A4蛋白的表达;分别采用RT-PCR法和Western blot法检测S100A4 mRNA和蛋白在7个人类结直肠癌细胞系中的表达。结果 RT-PCR及Western blot检测结果显示S100A4在多数结直肠癌细胞中均有表达。免疫组化检测结果显示S100A4阳性表达主要定位于结直肠癌细胞质内,结直肠癌组织中S100A4蛋白阳性率高于癌旁正常结直肠组织(P0.000 1)。S100A4蛋白表达与结直肠癌患者年龄、性别有关,高龄组阳性率高于低龄组(P=0.026),男性组S100A4蛋白阳性率高于女性组(P=0.038),其表达与肿瘤部位、分化程度、淋巴结转移均无相关性(P0.05)。结论 S100A4在多数结直肠癌细胞中均有表达,在癌组织中的表达高于癌旁组织,S100A4蛋白表达与结直肠癌患者年龄、性别有关,可能为结直肠癌患者的个性化诊断及治疗提供指导。     

结直肠癌中lipocalin 2的表达及临床病理特征分析

目的探讨脂质运载蛋白2(lipocalin 2, Lcn2)在结直肠癌中的表达及其与临床病理特征的关系。方法收集40例配对结直肠癌及癌旁组织样本,分别采用qRT-PCR法、Western blot法检测Lcn2的mRNA和蛋白水平,运用免疫组化检测Lcn2蛋白并分析其与临床病理特征的关系。结果与癌旁组织相比,结直肠癌组织中:qRT-PCR结果显示Lcn2的mRNA水平升高(P=0.006 5);Western blot结果显示Lcn2的蛋白水平升高(P0.05);免疫组化结果显示,癌细胞胞质和胞膜中Lcn2呈强阳性,癌旁组织Lcn2呈阴性,且Lcn2强阳性与肿瘤直径(P=0.014)、分化程度(P=0.017)、T分期(P=0.042)及淋巴结转移(P=0.025)密切相关。结论 Lcn2在结直肠癌中呈强阳性,且与肿瘤直径、分化程度、T分期及淋巴结转移密切相关,提示其可能参与结直肠癌的进展和转移。     

叉头框M1在结直肠癌中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨叉头框M1(FOXM1)在结直肠癌中的表达及与临床病理特征、预后的关系。方法采用免疫组化SP法检测297例结直肠癌组织和80例对应癌旁正常组织中FOXM1的表达;Western blot法检测20例新鲜结直肠癌组织及对应癌旁组织中FOXM1的表达。结果 FOXM1在结直肠癌组织中的阳性率(70.97%)显著高于癌旁组织(17.50%,P0.01);FOXM1表达与结直肠癌浸润深度、淋巴结转移、脉管内癌栓转移、远处转移和TNM分期有关(P0.05);与患者年龄、性别、肿瘤部位、大小、分化程度、CEA、CA199等无关(P0.05)。结直肠癌组织中FOXM1蛋白相对表达量(0.855±0.063)明显高于相应癌旁组织(0.150±0.041,P0.01)。FOXM1阳性患者的3年生存率明显低于阴性患者(P0.01),且FOXM1为结直肠癌预后的独立性危险因素。结论 FOXM1蛋白在结直肠癌组织中过表达,且与患者临床病理特征、预后等因素有关,可能在结直肠癌的发生、转移等过程中起重要作用,有望成为结直肠癌新的肿瘤标志物和潜在的治疗靶点。     

Trop-2在结直肠癌组织中的表达及其意义

目的 探讨人滋养层细胞表面抗原-2(Trop-2)在结直肠癌中的表达及其意义.方法 用免疫组化法检测84例结直肠癌组织标本及其相对应的癌旁正常组织中的Trop-2表达情况,分析其表达与临床病理特点的关系,进一步采用Westem blot检测34例手术标本的Trop-2表达情况.结果 Trop-2在结直肠癌组织中的表达高于癌旁正常组织(P ＜0.05);Trop-2表达量:直肠癌(RC)组＞左半结肠癌(LSCC)组＞右半结肠癌(RSCC)组(P＜0.05),Dukes'C+D组＞A+B组(P＜0.05),淋巴结转移组＞无淋巴结转移组(P＜0.05),远处转移组＞无远处转移组(P＜0.05);与性别、年龄、分化程度无关.结论 Trop-2在结直肠癌组织中高表达,与Dukes分期、淋巴结转移、远处转移和肿瘤所在部位有关.     

CHPF高表达在结直肠癌预后评估中的意义

目的探讨软骨素聚合因子(chondroitin polymerizing factor, CHPF)在结直肠癌预后评估中的意义。方法采用免疫组化SP法检测206例结直肠癌原发灶及癌旁组织中CHPF蛋白的表达,应用Western blot法检测结直肠原发灶癌组织及其癌旁组织中CHPF蛋白的表达。结果 CHPF蛋白在原发灶癌组织(122/206,59.2%)中的表达显著高于癌旁组织;Western blot实验显示在新鲜结直肠癌组织中检测到CHPF蛋白(5/5,100%)。CHPF蛋白高表达与结直肠癌神经或脉管侵犯(P=0.011)、TNM分期(P0.01)、癌结节(P=0.035)明显相关;与患者性别、年龄、肿瘤分化程度和KRAS状态无关(P0.05)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析结果表明,CHPF蛋白高表达与结肠癌患者不良预后显著相关(P0.001)。Cox多因素风险回归模型分析显示,CHPF蛋白可以作为结直肠癌患者不良预后的独立预测因子。结论 CHPF蛋白高表达是结直肠癌患者不良预后的预测因子之一。     

干细胞转录因子OCT4在结直肠癌组织中的表达及其意义

目的探讨干细胞转录因子OCT4在结直肠癌组织中的表达及临床意义。方法应用免疫组化EnVision两步法及Western blot法检测60例结直肠癌手术切除组织及癌旁正常组织中OCT4的表达,分析其与结直肠癌临床病理特征的关系,运用Kaplan-Meier法分析OCT4表达与结直肠癌患者总生存率的关系。结果结直肠癌组织中OCT4的阳性率为80.00%,高于癌旁正常组织(16.67%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05),OCT4阳性与结直肠癌的淋巴结转移及Dukes分期有关(P0.05),与其他临床病理特征尚无相关性(P0.05)。Western blot实验显示:结直肠癌组织中OCT4蛋白的相对表达量为7.70±0.07,高于癌旁正常组织(0.70±0.07),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);OCT4阳性与结直肠癌的淋巴结转移及Dukes分期有关(P0.05),与其他临床病理特征无相关性(P0.05)。生存分析显示:OCT4阳性患者的总生存期低于阴性患者。结论 OCT4在结直肠癌中过表达,可作为预测结直肠癌患者预后的潜在分子标志物。     

结直肠癌中SPOCD1的表达及相关分子机制

目的 探讨含SPOC结构域蛋白1(SPOC domain-containing protein 1, SPOCD1)在结直肠癌中的表达及相关分子机制。方法 利用TCGA数据库和GEO数据库分析结直肠癌和癌旁正常组织中SPOCD1 mRNA的表达;采用免疫组化和Western blot法检测结直肠癌和癌旁正常组织或细胞系中SPOCD1蛋白表达,并分析其与临床病理特征的关系;应用GEPIA和Prognoscan数据库分析SPOCD1表达与结直肠癌患者预后的关系;基因集富集分析SPOCD1可能参与的通路;采用GEPIA数据库分析基因表达之间的相关性;利用siRNA沉默结直肠癌细胞系HCT116中SPOCD1蛋白表达,Western blot法验证下游基因。结果 TCGA和GEO数据库分析结果显示,SPOCD1 mRNA在结直肠癌组织中的表达显著增加;免疫组化结果显示,SPOCD1蛋白在结直肠癌组织中高表达(67.8%,40/59),显著高于癌旁正常组织(37.3%,22/59)(P<0.001);SPOCD1在结直肠癌细胞系(HCT116和LoVo)中的表达高于正常结直肠细胞系(NCM...     

BS69 在结直肠癌组织中的表达以及病理相关性研究

目的:探讨BS69在结直肠癌组织及细胞系中蛋白和mRNA的表达水平,分析BS69与患者病理特征的相关性。方法:选择2016年8月至2017年10月间手术切除的60例结直肠癌组织和25例癌旁正常组织,采用免疫组化和RTq PCR法检测组织中BS69蛋白和mRNA的表达情况。采用蛋白印迹(Western blot)法检测BS69在三种结直肠癌细胞系和正常结直肠上皮细胞中的蛋白表达。结果:BS69免疫组化染色主要定位于细胞核,少量位于细胞浆。其在结直肠癌和正常结直肠组织中的阳性率分别为65%和87%,差异具有统计学意义(P0. 05); BS69在结直肠癌组织中的表达水平与Dukes分期、肿瘤组织分级、淋巴结转移及远处转移有相关性(P0. 05); Western blot检测BS69在3种结直肠癌细胞系与正常结直肠上皮细胞中蛋白表达,各细胞系中结果有明显差异;结直肠癌组织中BS69 mRNA的表达明显低于正常组织,差异有统计学意义(P0. 05)。结论:BS69是重要的转录抑制因子,可能参与了结直肠癌的发生、发展过程,有望成为特异性较高的肿瘤标志物。     

趋化因子SDF-1调控结直肠癌细胞上皮-间质转化

目的通过检测Twist、SDF-1、E-cadherin在结直肠癌及癌旁组织中的表达,探讨三者与上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)的相关性,为肿瘤的分子靶向治疗提供可能的靶标。方法收集结直肠癌和对应癌旁正常新鲜标本组织40例和结直肠癌组织及对应癌旁组织蜡块90例,利用免疫组化SP法和qRT-PCR法检测结直肠癌组织中SDF-1及EMT相关因子E-cadherin、Twist的表达,统计学分析SDF-1表达与E-cadherin、Twist表达之间的相关性。结果 qRT-PCR结果显示,与对应癌旁组织相比,结直肠癌组织中SDF-1、Twist mRNA的表达水平明显升高,而Ecadherin mRNA表达水平显著下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);结直肠癌组织中SDF-1、Twist的阳性率分别为75.56%、62.22%,明显高于对应癌旁组织,而E-cadherin在肿瘤中的阳性率为28.89%,显著低于癌旁组织,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。SDF-1表达与E-cadherin表达呈负相关,而与Twist表达呈正相关。结论趋化因子SDF-1高表达可能参与结直肠癌细胞的EMT过程,Twist高表达和Ecadherin低表达提示EMT现象参与结直肠癌的形成及转移过程,并促进肿瘤的生成和转移。     

结直肠癌中p-AKT和PTEN蛋白的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨磷酸化AKT(p-AKT)和PTEN蛋白在结直肠癌中的表达及其临床意义。方法应用免疫组化PV-9000两步法检测80例结直肠癌手术切除标本和20例癌旁正常组织中p-AKT、PTEN蛋白的表达,分析两者与临床病理特征的关系。结果 p-AKT蛋白在结直肠癌中表达的阳性率(71.25%)显著高于癌旁正常组织(10.00%,P0.05);而PTEN蛋白在结直肠癌中表达的阳性率(45.00%)与癌旁正常组织(100.00%,P0.05)相比具有统计学意义的降低,二者的表达与肿瘤的分化程度、TNM分期、浆膜浸润、淋巴结转移具有明显相关性(P0.05),并且p-AKT与PTEN蛋白的表达呈显著负相关(r=-0.314,P=0.005)。结论 p-AKT和PTEN蛋白的表达可能与结直肠癌的发生、发展密切相关。联合检测二者的表达,对判断结直肠癌的恶性程度及预后具有重要的临床意义。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.