胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力(附27例报告)

目的探讨胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力的可行性和疗效。方法2005年8月~2007年6月,对27例重症肌无力行电视胸腔镜下经右胸前侧径路胸腺扩大切除(VATS组),切除范围包括全胸腺组织到前纵隔和上纵隔所有脂肪组织。并与2004年5月~2005年7月27例胸骨劈开胸腺切除(胸骨劈开组)相对比。结果VATS组26例顺利完成手术;1例因电凝钩伤及头臂静脉干中转开胸止血。与胸骨劈开组比较,VATS组术中出血少[(46.0±5.7)mlvs(120.0±18.8)ml,t=-19.231,P=0.000],术后需镇痛例数少(3vs12,χ2=7.068,P=0.008),术后住院时间短[(7.0±1.2)dvs(11.0±2.5)d,t=-7.379,P=0.000]。2组手术时间、重症肌无力危象、疗效均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论经右胸前侧径路胸腔镜下行胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力在技术上可行,具有创伤小、疼痛轻、并发症少、住院时间短、恢复快等优点,但对MG的远期疗效尚需进一步观察。     

电视胸腔镜胸腺切除治疗重症肌无力症

目的探讨电视胸腔镜手术(video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS)胸腺切除治疗重症肌无力症(myasthenia gravis,MG)的可行性. 方法 18例MG采用VATS经右胸前侧径路行胸腺切除联合纵隔脂肪清扫. 结果 17例顺利完成手术,1例因电凝钩伤及左头臂静脉干而中转开胸止血.平均手术时间105 min,术中失血量平均80 ml.全组无术后死亡及危象发生.18例随访1～20个月,平均11.3个月.按Osserman疗效评价,缓解5例(27.8%),明显改善6例(33.3%),部分改善4例(22.2%),无变化3例(16.7%),有效率83.3%(15/18). 结论 VATS经右胸前侧径路行完全胸腺切除可行,且具有创伤小、恢复快等优点.     

重症肌无力电视胸腔镜与胸骨部分劈开行胸腺扩大切除比较

目的 探讨电视胸腔镜手术(VATS)在重症肌无力(MG)治疗中的价值.方法 应用随机对照研究前瞻性分析2005年至2008年开展的VATS和胸骨部分劈开行胸腺切除治疗MG疗效,比较两组在手术时间、术中出血量、术后胸管放置时间、术后住院时间、术后发生重症肌无力危象及疗效等方面差异.结果 VATS组中26例手术顺利,1例因电凝钩伤及头臂静脉中转开胸.与部分胸骨劈开组比较,VATS组术中出血少、手术时间短、术后放置胸管时间及术后住院时间缩短.VATS组与胸骨劈开组比较发生肌无力危象0例对3例,肺部感染2例对9例,胸骨上窝或伤口感染0例对3例.随访6～24个月,VATS和胸骨劈开组有效率分别为81%(21/26例)和85%(23/27例),差异无统计学意义.结论 VATS下胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力,技术是安全、可行的,具有创伤小、痛苦轻、并发症少、疗效可靠等优点,临床应用前景良好.     

胸骨部分劈开切口行扩大的胸腺切除术治疗重症肌无力

目的介绍胸骨部分劈开切口行扩大的胸腺切除术治疗重症肌无力的手术方法和效果。方法2000年1月至2005年12月,采用胸骨正中部分劈开切口,对32例重症肌无力患者进行了扩大的胸腺切除手术。结果6例肌无力症状完全缓解,19例症状显著改善,5例症状轻微改善,而仅有2例手术后症状完全没有好转。结论胸骨部分劈开切口是实施扩大的胸腺切除治疗重症肌无力的一种安全、有效的手术径路,并且对患者的创伤小,避免了手术后并发症,特别是肌无力危象的发生。     

电视胸腔镜与胸骨部分劈开行胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力的随机对照研究

目的探讨电视胸腔镜手术（video-assited thoracoscopic surgery,VATS）治疗重症肌无力（myasthenia gravis,MG）的价值。方法采用前瞻性随机对照研究分析2005年7月～2008年7月采用VATS和胸骨部分劈开行胸腺切除治疗54例MG,比较2组在手术时间、术中出血量、术后胸管放置时间、术后住院时间、术后发生重症肌无力危象及疗效等方面差异。结果VATS组26例手术顺利,1例因电凝钩伤及头臂静脉中转开胸。VATS组术中出血量（43.0±5.2）ml显著少于胸骨劈开组（117.6±17.2）ml（t=-21.196,P=0.000）;VATS组手术时间（89.4±15.0）min显著短于胸骨劈开组（98.4±12.5）min（t=-2.377,P=0.021）;VATS组术后放置胸管时间（2.2±1.6）d显著短于胸骨劈开组（4.2±1.3）d（t=-5.003,P=0.000）;VATS组术后住院时间（7.0±1.2）d显著短于胸骨劈开组（11.0±2.5）d（t=-7.379,P=0.000）。胸骨劈开组发生肌无力危象3例,VATS组无一例发生,2组肌无力危象发生率无统计学差异（P=0.236）;胸骨劈开组发生肺部感染9例,VATS组2例,2组有统计学差异（χ2=5.295,P=0.021）。54例随访6～24个月,平均18.6月,VATS组和胸骨劈开组有效率分别为80.8%（21/26）和85.2%（23/27）,2组无统计学差异（Z=-0.126,P=0.899）。结论VATS下胸腺扩大切除在技术是安全可行的,具有创伤小,并发症少,疗效可靠等优点,具有良好临床应用前景。     

经右胸前侧入路电视胸腔镜下胸腺切除治疗重症肌无力

目的 探讨经右胸前侧入路电视胸腔镜手术(VATS)胸腺切除治疗重症肌无力(MG)的可行性及疗效.方法 回顾性分析2001年8月至2007年10月采用经右胸前侧入路VATS胸腺切除治疗MG的56例患者的临床资料.结果 55例患者通过VATS顺利完成胸腺(或胸腺瘤)与前纵隔脂肪切除.平均手术时间(96.2±52.1)min,平均术中出血量(68.7±21.4)ml.2例患者术中发生左头臂静脉损伤;1例术中结扎止血,1例中转开胸止血后完成手术.切除胸腺及纵隔脂肪组织平均(22.1±9.2)g.术后病理检查示胸腺增生38例,胸腺萎缩5例,胸腺瘤12例,胸腺囊肿1例.1例(1.8%)患者因出血于术后第8天死亡.1例(1.8%)患者术后发生重症肌无力危象.平均住院时间(7.9±2.9)d.术后MG完全缓解8例(14.3%),部分缓解39例(69.6%),无变化7例(12.5%),总有效率83.9%.结论 利用VATS经右胸前侧入路行胸腺切除安全可行,治疗MG效果满意.     

电视胸腔镜胸腺切除9例报告

目的　探讨电视胸腔镜下行胸腺切除的可行性及合并重症肌无力患者的远期疗效。　方法　 1996年 7月至 2 0 0 1年 4月 ,选择 9例胸腺相关疾病患者 ,应用电视辅助胸腔镜 (VATS)行胸腺切除 ,术后门诊或电话随访。　结果　胸腺囊肿 2例 ,胸腺瘤 1例 ,恶性胸腺瘤 1例 ,胸腺癌 1例 ,重症肌无力4例。重症肌无力据改良Osserman分型Ⅰ型 3例 ,Ⅱb型 1例 ,合并胸腺瘤 2例 ,胸腺增生 2例 ,手术总有效率 3/ 4。手术中转开胸 1例 ,手术后随访复发 1例 ,经胸骨正中切口行胸腺扩大切除术。　结论　VATS治疗部分胸腺疾病可行 ,VATS治疗重症肌无力疗效与常规手术相当。     

电视胸腔镜手术与胸骨劈开扩大胸腺切除术治疗重症肌无力的临床对比研究

目的比较电视胸腔镜手术（video．assisted thoracoscopic surgery，VATS）与胸骨劈开扩大胸腺切除治疗重症肌无力的疗效。方法回顾性分析2008年1月～2012年6月扩大胸腺切除治疗重症肌无力70例，其中VATS组43例，其中全麻双腔气管插管30例，单腔气管插管支气管封堵13例，左侧卧30。，右侧3个5—10mm操作孔，切除双侧膈神经中间的胸腺及脂肪组织；胸骨劈开组胸骨劈开27例，全麻单腔气管插管，仰卧位，正中胸骨劈开，切除胸腺及纵隔脂肪组织。比较2组术中、术后情况及疗效。结果VATS组术中出血量中位数100ml（20—600m1），明显少于胸骨劈开组中位数200ml（50～2000m1）（Z=-3．978，P=0．000）；VATS组引流管留置时间中位数2d（0．5—5d），明显短于胸骨劈开组中位数3d（1～20d）（Z=-4．462，P=0．000）；VATS组ICU时间中位数1d（1～15d），明显短于胸骨劈开组中位数3d（1～75d）（Z=-3．358，P=0．001）；VATS组术后住院时间中位数12d（5—100d）明显短于胸骨劈开组中位数23d（11—95d）（Z=-4．715，P=0．000）；VATS组住院费用（25897．8±12743．2）元，明显低于胸骨劈开组（45568．8±29413．5）元（t=-3．858，P=0．000）。2组术后随访16—66个月，中位数28个月，术后12个月2组治疗效果无显著性差异（Z=-0．593，P=0．553）。结论VATS扩大胸腺切除术可行，较胸骨劈开术具有创伤小、恢复快等优点。     

采用颈胸骨劈开径路切除食管上段癌的临床价值

目的　探讨经颈胸骨劈开径路切除食管上段癌术式的临床应用价值。方法　随机选择食管上段癌病人 43例 ,分别采用经颈胸骨劈开径路 (A组 2 0例 )和传统经胸径路 (B组 2 3例 )两种术式 ,观察两组病人的切除率、手术出血量、手术时间及术后肺部并发症发生率。结果　A组切除率高于B组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;手术出血量、术后肺部并发症A组低于B组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;A组手术时间较B组明显缩短 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　经颈胸骨劈开径路切除食管上段癌术式具有切除率高、手术创伤小的优点 ,有较好的临床应用价值     

电视胸腔镜与胸骨正中切口行胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力的对照研究

目的分析比较电视胸腔镜入路(VATS组)与胸骨正中切口(TS组)入路行胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力的临床特点及疗效,从而为重症肌无力患者手术方案的选择提供进一步的临床指导依据。方法回顾性分析李惠利医院心胸外科2010年1月至2017年12月113例重症肌无力患者行胸腺扩大切除手术的临床资料,其中电视胸腔镜组(VATS组)58例,胸骨正中切口组(TS组)55例。结果VATS组与TS组患者的一般临床资料无差异,VATS组与TS组患者比较:手术时间(分钟)、术中失血量(ml)、术后、口感染、肺部感染、术后重症肌无力危象发生率、住院天数(天)、总住院费用(元)、术前MGFA临床分型和术后病理分型等指标。VATS组患者手术时间(分钟)更短[(99.35±29.2)s vs.(112.53±32.2)s,P=0.04],手术失血量更少[(42.9±14.3)ml vs(139.0±15.1)ml,P=0.03],术后引流量更少[(139.0±18.1)ml vs(539.0±19.2)ml,P=0.01];住院时间更短[(4.0±0.3)天vs.(7.3±1.2)天,P=0.02];术后切口感染率及肺部感染更低;总住院费用更低;术后重症肌无力危象发生率,术前MGFA临床分型,术后病理分型等指标比较差异无统计学意义。结论电视胸腔镜入路相较胸骨正中切口入路行胸腺扩大切除术,明显减少失血量,术后恢复快,缩短住院时间,具有很好的安全性,可替代胸骨正中切口入路术。     

Role of video-assisted thoracic surgery for the treatment of myasthenia gravis: extended thymectomy by median sternotomy versus the thoracoscopic approach with sternal lifting

The role of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) thymectomy is still being studied, and many surgeons remain skeptical of the value of this recent option. We made a retrospective evaluation to ascertain whether VATS-extended thymectomy is as reliable as standard median sternotomy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG) and whether the endoscopic procedure presents any advantages for patients. Eighteen consecutive patients requiring extended thymectomy for MG were treated between April 1997 and September 2003 at our hospital. Nine patients received VATS-extended thymectomy, and the remaining nine patients received standard extended thymectomy by sternotomy. In the VATS group, the anterior mediastinal space was well visualized by sternal lifting. The mean operative time was 268.3 +/- 51.1 minutes in the VATS group and 177.3 +/- 92.5 minutes in the sternotomy group. Operative time was significant longer in the VATS group than in the sternotomy group (P < 0.05). The mean operative bleeding was 68.6 +/- 47.8 ml in the VATS group and 154.1 +/- 109.0 ml in the sternotomy group. Operative bleeding was significantly less in the VATS group than in the sternotomy group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to postoperative duration of chest tube or the level of serum C-reactive protein on the first operative day. There was a downward trend in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors antibody levels after thymectomy compared with before thymectomy in both groups. VATS thymectomy should be considered a valid alternative to the established approaches aimed at achieving a "curative thymectomy" in patients with MG.     

Video-assisted thoracoscopic thymectomy--preliminary results

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) provides a new approach to thymectomy. From April 1999 to December 1999, we performed a total of 10 video-assisted thoracoscopic thymectomies for myasthenia gravis (MG). There were one male and nine female patients with ages ranging from 8 to 59 years. Thymoma was present in one of the ten patients. We considered that complete thymectomy was accomplished in all cases by examination of the thymic bed and of the resected specimen. There was no mortality or intraoperative complications. The median postoperative hospital stay was 4 days. Clinical improvement was observed in all patients after this short follow-up. Compared with a similar historical group of patients with MG who underwent transsternal thymectomy, the VATS group was associated with significantly less analgesic requirement and shortened hospital stay. We conclude that VAT thymectomy is technically feasible and is associated with a favorable postoperative course compared with the transsternal approach. We believe that complete thymectomy can be achieved by this approach. Further investigation with long-term follow-up is needed to further clarify the role of VAT thymectomy in thoracic surgery.     

Surgical approach in thymectomy: Our experience and review of the literature

AimThymectomy is the main treatment for thymoma and patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). The traditional approach is through a median sternotomy, but, recently, thymectomy through minimally invasive approaches is increasingly performed. Our purpose is an analysis and discussion of the clinical presentation, the diagnostic procedures and the surgical technique. We also consider post-operative complications and results, over a period of 5 years (May 2011–June 2016), in thymic masses admitted in our Thoracic Surgery Unit.MethodsWe analyzed 8 patients who underwent surgical treatment for thymic masses over a period of 5 years. 6 patients (75%) had thymoma, 2 patients (25%) had thymic carcinomas. 2 patients with thymoma (33%) had myasthenia gravis. We performed a complete surgical resection with median sternotomy as standard approach.ResultsOne patient (12%) died in the postoperative period. The histological study revealed 6 (75%) thymoma and 2 (25%) thymic carcinomas. Post-operative morbidity occurred in 2 patients (25%) and were: pneumonia in 1 case (12%), atrial fibrillation and pleural effusion in 2 patients (25%). One patient with thymoma type A recurred at skeletal muscle 2-years after surgery.ConclusionsThymic malignancies are rare tumors. Surgical resection is the main treatment, but a multimodal approach is useful for many patients. Radical thymectomy is completed removing all the soft tissue in the anterior mediastinum between the two phrenic nerves and this is the most important factor in controlling myasthenia and influencing survival in patients with thymoma. Open (median sternotomy) approach has been the standard approach for thymectomy for the better visualization of the anatomical structures. Actually, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) thymectomy and robotic video-assisted thoracoscopic (R-VATS) approach versus open surgery has an equal if not superior oncological efficacy, better perioperative complications and survival outcomes.     

Looking for the best management of myasthenia gravis at the Tg.Mureş Clinic of Anesthesia and Intensive Care

Thymectomy is one of the current management strategies for myasthenia gravis. This is observational study focused on the evolution of the surgical and anesthesiological strategies applied to the patients submitted to thymectomy initially by maximal sternotomy (in the years 1994-1998), followed by unconditioned reorientation towards thymectomy by VATS. A number of 103 patients are included, 51 thymectomy by left VATS. All the thoracoscopic thymectomy were performed in general anesthesia, the lungs were separated by left selective intubation, and the left lung was deflated during the surgical procedure. The surgical complications appeared mainly in the VATS group: one pericardial and one myocardial lesion leading to sternotomy (minimal blood loss, uneventful recovery), contralateral pleural lesion with pneumothorax. The classical approach accounted for one hemothorax. The postoperative mortality was zero in the VATS group vs. 6 out of 52 pts in the sternotomy group. The postoperative evolution confronted the anesthesiologist with the classical crises of myasthenia. Death occurred within the first three weeks following surgery. The demise in 3 cases was due to cardiac complications (preexisting cardiomyopathy complicated by ventricular arrhythmia) and respiratory failure plus sepsis (for the remaining cases that we lost). The treatment options in the ICU are discussed: plasmapheresis, immunosuppression, ventilatory support. VATS is appropriate for almost all thymectomy, but the outcome is heavily based on a team approach: neurologist, surgeon and anesthetist.     

Operative technique for thoracoscopic thymectomy

In most cases, myasthenia gravis (MG) and thymoma require complete removal of the thymus gland and resection of the pericardial fatty tissue. There is some debate however, over which surgical approach is best for thymectomy. We have developed a new technique for complete thoracoscopic thymectomy. Between October 1994 and February 1998, we performed a prospective observational study of thoracoscopic thymectomy in 19 patients. The results were analyzed with special reference to perioperative morbidity, short- and intermediate-term improvement of MG, and quality of life. This study showed the feasibility of complete thoracoscopic thymectomy. The procedure was successfully applied in 19 of 20 cases. Thoracoscopic thymectomy was accomplished with zero mortality and a very low perioperative morbidity. While the short-term improvement of MG after this procedure was comparable to that seen with conventional surgery, the short- and intermediate-term quality of life was much better. The preliminary results of thoracoscopic thymectomy appear to be excellent for both patients and neurologists. A prospective randomized trial has been designed to compare thoracoscopic thymectomy with the gold standard of median sternotomy for thymectomy. Received: 9 March 1998/Accepted: 22 June 1998     

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery or transsternal thymectomy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis?

A best evidence topic in thoracic surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was how video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) compares to median sternotomy in the surgical management of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG)? Overall 74 papers were found using the reported search, of which 15 represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results are tabulated. We conclude that VATS produces equivalent postoperative mortality and complete stable remission (CSR) rates, with superior results in terms of hospital stay, operative blood loss and patient satisfaction at the expense of a doubling of operative time. Six studies comparing VATS and transsternal sternotomy in non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis (NTMG) patients found VATS to have lower operative blood loss (73.8±70.7 vs. 155.3±91.7 ml; P<0.05), reduced total hospital stay (5.6±2.2 vs. 8.1±3.0 days; P=0.008), whilst maintaining equivalent remission rates (33 vs. 44.7%; P=0.16) and mass of thymic tissue resection (37 vs. 34 g; P>0.05). One study comparing video-assisted thoracoscopic extended thymectomy to transsternal thymectomy in only thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis (T-MG) patients found equivalent CSR (11.3 vs. 8.7%, P=0.1090) at six-year follow-up. Thymoma recurrence rate (9.64%) was not significantly different (P=0.1523) between the two groups. Eight studies comparing VATS and transsternal approach in mixed T-MG and NTMG patients found a lower hospital stay (1.9±2.6 vs. 4.6±4.2 days, P<0.001), reduced need for postoperative medication (76.5 vs. 35.7%, P=0.022), lower intensive care unit stay (1.5 vs. 3.2 days, P=0.018), greater symptom improvement (100 vs. 77.9%, P=0.019) and better cosmetic satisfaction (100 vs. 83, P=0.042) with VATS. In concordance with NTMG and T-MG alone patient groups, VATS and transsternal methods had equivalent complication rates (23 vs. 19%, P=0.765) with no mortalities in either group. Even though VATS has a longer operative time (268±51 vs. 177±92 min, P<0.05), its improved cosmesis, reduced need for postoperative medication and equivalent disease resolution outcomes make it a preferable surgical option to the transsternal approach.     

电视胸腔镜辅助胸腺切除术

目的探讨电视胸腔镜辅助胸腺切除的临床应用价值. 方法 2002年9月～2004年6月,18例胸腺疾病和重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)行胸腔镜辅助下胸腺切除手术,其中胸腺全切7例,11例MG行胸腺扩大切除. 结果 17例在胸腔镜辅助下完成, 1例中转小切口(7 cm)开胸手术.3例MG术后须短暂呼吸机辅助通气(<12 h),二次气管插管1例,余无严重并发症,无手术死亡.手术时间47～115 min,平均95 min;胸腔引流时间1.2～2.6 d,平均2 d;术后住院时间4～9 d,平均5.5 d.9例良性胸腺瘤或胸腺囊肿随访3～20个月,平均13个月,无复发.11例MG随访3～19个月,平均10个月,4例症状完全缓解,7例都分缓解. 结论胸腔镜辅助下胸腺切除手术,具有创伤小、恢复快等优点,胸腔镜下胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力在技术上是可行的.