Transfusion-acquired cytomegalovirus infection in neonates. A prospective study

The incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection was determined in 114 transfused neonates of any birthweight born to CMV antibody-negative mothers. In a second phase of this study, an additional 28 transfused infants weighing less than 1250 g, born to both CMV antibody-negative and antibody-positive mothers, were followed. All infants underwent weekly virus culture and monthly serology during hospitalization and at 6 to 12 weeks after their last transfusion. Only one of 126 (0.8%) seronegative infants and one of 16 (6.3%) seropositive infants developed CMV infection. If the assumption is made that the CMV-infected infant received only 1 unit of infectious blood, the risk of transfusion-acquired CMV infection to seronegative infants is 0.16 percent per cellular unit transfused or 0.37 percent per seropositive cellular unit transfused. Despite similarities in the prevalence of CMV antibody in the donor population, the age of blood products used, and the mean number of donor exposures, a significantly lower incidence of CMV infection was found in the seronegative transfused infants than that in two previously published studies (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.001). Because no mortality and very little morbidity could be attributed to transfusion-acquired CMV infection in the nurseries, the authors can see no justification for the provision of specialized blood components for the prevention of CMV infection in this patient population.     

Transfusion- and community-acquired cytomegalovirus infection in children with malignant disease: a prospective study

BACKGROUND: The use of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-"safe" blood has been recommended for CMV seronegative patients with newly diagnosed malignant disease for whom bone marrow transplantation is a future option. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To evaluate this policy, 76 CMV- seronegative children with lymphoreticular malignancies or solid tumors were randomly assigned to receive either blood components that were not screened for CMV antibody or CMV-seronegative red cell (RBC) and platelet units. Subjects were followed for evidence of CMV infection by the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and virus isolation. Follow-up continued long after the blood transfusions to determine the risk of community-acquired CMV infection. RESULTS: No cases of transfusion-acquired CMV infection were documented. The prevalence of CMV IgG and IgM antibody in blood donors was 40.5 and 0.9 percent, respectively. Patients assigned to receive standard blood components and CMV-negative components were given a median (range) of 7 (1-30) and 9 (1-38) RBC units and 11 (0-123) and 14 (0-71) platelet units, respectively. The risk of transfusion-acquired CMV infection is estimated to be less than 1 in 698 donor exposures. Two patients developed asymptomatic community-acquired CMV infection, for an incidence of 1.7 percent per patient-year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: The risk of transfusion-acquired CMV infection in this population is low, largely because of the patients' low level of exposure to seropositive blood and the use of relatively white cell-reduced components for purposes other than CMV prevention. Such children at this center therefore continue to receive standard blood components. Strategies to prevent CMV seroconversion in these children should include parental education to minimize the risk of community-acquired infection.     

A prospective study of symptomatic bacteremia following platelet transfusion and of its management

BACKGROUND: The danger of bacteremia due to contaminated platelets is not well known. There are also no established guidelines for the management of febrile reactions after platelet transfusion. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To determine the risk of symptomatic bacteremia after platelet transfusion, 3584 platelet transfusions given to 161 patients after bone marrow transplantation were prospectively studied. Platelet bags were routinely refrigerated for 24 hours after transfusion. Septic work-up was initiated for a temperature rise of more than 2 degrees C above the pretransfusion value within 24 hours of platelet transfusion or a temperature rise of more than 1 degree C that was associated with chills and rigor. Diagnosis of bacteremia after platelet transfusion was made only when the pairs of isolates from the blood and the platelet bags were identical with respect to their biochemical profile, antibiotic sensitivity, serotyping, or ribotyping. RESULTS: Thirty-seven febrile reactions, as defined above, occurred. Bacteremia subsequent to platelet transfusion was diagnosed in 10 cases. There was a 27-percent chance (95% CI, 15–43%) that these febrile reactions represented bacteremia that resulted from platelet transfusion. For a subgroup of 19 patients with a temperature rise of more than 2 degrees C, the risk of bacteremia was 42 percent (95% CI, 23–64%). Septic shock occurred in 4 of the 10 bacteremic patients. A rapid diagnosis was possible because the involved bacteria were demonstrated by direct Gram stain of the samples taken from the platelet bags of all 10 patients. CONCLUSION: Significant febrile reactions after platelet transfusion are highly likely to be indicative of bacteremia. Routine retention of platelet bags for subsequent microbiologic study was useful in the investigation of these febrile reactions. Empiric antibiotic therapy is indicated.     

Headache following carotid endarterectomy: a prospective study

The occurrence of headache in the 28 days following surgery was studied in 50 consecutive patients (14F and 36M, mean aged 70 years) who underwent carotid endarterectomy for atheromatous carotid stenosis. Thirty-one patients (62%) reported headache. Headache occurred in the first five days after surgery in 87% of cases. Its characteristics and temporal profile were highly variable but it was mostly bilateral (74%), mild or moderate (78%), requiring no treatment (77%). No correlation was found between the occurrence of headache and degree of stenosis, intraoperative characteristics and past history of headache. In none of our patients was severe ipsilateral headache, cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome, or cluster-like hemicrania encountered and only five patients met the IHS criteria for post-endarterectomy headache. Post-endarterectomy headache is frequent when specifically looked for and is therefore not a single entity. The present IHS criteria are unsatisfactory and should be modified accordingly.     

肝移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的特点

目的:观察肝移植受者术后巨细胞病毒的感染情况及干预效果。方法:选择2002-07/2005-07在上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院行同种异体原位肝移植手术的患者20例,均知情同意。术后1个月内每周检测1次巨细胞病毒血清抗体,术后2~6个月每个月检测1次巨细胞病毒血清抗体,以后有感染症状时检测巨细胞病毒血清抗体。所有患者术后给予更昔洛韦0.5g静脉滴注,2次/d,维持2周;以后用阿昔洛韦800mg/d口服,维持3个月进行预防性治疗。所有患者术后采用三联免疫抑制治疗,根据术后血药浓度及肝功能改变调整免疫抑制药物用量。采用ELISA法检测患者血中巨细胞病毒抗体-巨细胞病毒IgG、巨细胞病毒IgM。巨细胞病毒血清抗体阳性者诊断为巨细胞病毒感染;巨细胞病毒血清抗体阳性合并组织器官受累者诊断为巨细胞病毒病。结果:20例患者全部进入结果分析,无脱落。20例患者中3例血中巨细胞病毒IgM转化为阳性,为巨细胞病毒感染,其中2例伴有呼吸系统症状及影像学改变,诊断为巨细胞病毒性肺炎。3例巨细胞病毒感染病例中2例治愈,1例死于呼吸衰竭。巨细胞病毒感染率为15%(3/20),巨细胞病毒肺炎发病率为10%(2/20),病死率为5%(1/20)。结论:肝移植术后进行巨细胞病毒感染的预防性治疗,定时监测尽早发现巨细胞病毒感染,及时治疗,阻断其向巨细胞病毒病演变是降低巨细胞病毒病死率的有效方法。     

巨细胞病毒先天性感染与低出生体重儿关系的研究

目的：探讨巨细胞病毒（ＣＭＶ）的先天性感染对新生儿胎龄、体重的影响。方法：对１８６例早产适于胎龄儿、１４２例小于胎龄儿（ＳＧＡ）和９５例足月儿与其母配对,用酶联免疫吸附法和免疫组织化学法分别检测抗ＣＭＶ特异性ＩｇＭ抗体及巨细胞病毒抗原（ＣＭＶＡｇ）。结果：ＣＭＶ先天性感经ＳＣＡ组为３１．７％,明显高于早产适于胎龄儿的８．１％和足月儿对照组的５．２％,结论：小儿胎龄儿的产生可能与ＣＭＶ的先天性感染有     

Risk factors for post-ICU red blood cell transfusion: a prospective study

Introduction  

Factors predictive of the need for red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in the intensive care unit (ICU) have been identified, but risk factors for transfusion after ICU discharge are unknown. This study aims identifies risk factors for RBC transfusion after discharge from the ICU.     

肾移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的临床分析

学术背景:巨细胞病毒感染是肾移植术后常见并发症和主要死亡原因,除具有器官特异性损害外,也可增加移植物排斥危险,进一步影响移植肾的长期存活.了解巨细胞病毒感染的特点、危险因素及目前常见防治手段十分重要.目的:就肾移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的危险因素及防治进行综合分析.检索策略:应用计算机检索Pubmed数据库1987-01/2004-12有关肾移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的文章,检索词为"Kidney transplantation, CMV, infection",限定文章语言种类为英语.对资料进行初选,纳入标准:①有关肾移植术后巨细胞病毒感染病因的研究.②有关肾移植术后巨细胞病毒感染临床防治的研究.排除标准:重复研究.文献评价:共收集98篇文章,排除重复或类似研究,19篇符合要求被选为参考文献.其中5篇文章研究了肾移植术后巨细胞病毒的感染特征,6篇文章研究了巨细胞病毒感染的危险因素,8篇文章研究了巨细胞病毒感染的防治问题.资料综合:①肾移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的特征:巨细胞病毒感染是由于巨细胞大量复制达到较高的病毒载量引起,移植肾提供了复制的理想场所.②肾移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的危险因素:D /R-是术后巨细胞病毒感染的极高危险因素;肾移植术后排斥反应、使用免疫抑制剂、肾移植手术时间均是巨细胞病毒感染的危险因素.③巨细胞病毒感染的防治:避免感染、重视术前供受双方血清检测及筛选血制品是预防巨细胞病毒感染的有效方法.结论:重视肾移植术前供受双方血清检测,慎重选择血制品是预防肾移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的有效方法.调整免疫抑制剂,选用适当抗病毒治疗方法,不仅能有效抗巨细胞病毒感染,在防止急性排斥反应和肾功能损害方面也表现出其优异特性.     

早产儿先天性巨细胞病毒感染特点及危险因素分析

目的调查早产儿先天性巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染状况,分析其特点及危险因素。方法选择住院的早产儿,分别采用荧光定量PCR(FQ-PCR)法和ELISA法检测脐血血清CMV IgM与DNA。同时记录新生儿和母亲的人口学信息,采用二元多因素logistic回归分析早产儿先天性CMV感染相关影响因素。结果共纳入1315例早产儿,血清CMV IgM和(或)CMV DNA阳性者占1.98%(26/1315),CMV IgM阳性者占1.44%(19/1315),血清CMV DNA阳性者占1.14%(15/1315),CMV IgM与CMV DNA均为阳性者占0.61%(8/1315)。早产儿先天性CMV感染症状较为轻微。母亲年龄<25岁、初次妊娠、孕期胎膜早破是早产儿先天性CMV感染的危险因素(P均<0.05)。结论早产儿先天性CMV感染发生率较高,以无症状感染为主。提高年轻育龄妇女对CMV的知晓率、加强早产儿先天性CMV感染的管理是很有必要的。     

荧光定量PCR检测婴幼儿巨细胞病毒感染情况分析

目的探讨荧光定量PCR(FQ-PCR)方法检测婴幼儿尿液人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)在HCMV感染诊断中的意义。方法采用FQ-PCR检测148例临床疑似HCMV感染婴幼儿尿液中HCMV-DNA水平。同时采用ELISA法检测婴幼儿血清HCMV-IgM抗体。在尿液HCMV-DNA检测阳性患儿中比较血清HCMV-IgM抗体阳性与阴性患儿尿液中HCMV-DNA拷贝数差异。结果 FQ-PCR检测尿液HCMV-DNA的阳性率为35.14%,ELISA检测婴儿血清HCMV-IgM的阳性率为15.54%。两种方法对HCMV感染诊断的阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。在尿液HCMV-DNA检测阳性患儿中,IgM抗体阳性组尿液HCMV-DNA拷贝数显著高于阴性组(P<0.01)。结论 FQ-PCR检测尿液HCMV-DNA是早期诊断婴幼儿HCMV感染的敏感有效的方法。     

Complications of therapeutic plasma exchange: a prospective study of 1,727 procedures

The type and number of complications was prospectively examined in 1,727 successive TPE treatments in 174 patients over 66 months at a single center. Most treatments were prescribed for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP; 42%), recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS; 22%), or myasthenia gravis (MG; 13%). About 57% of treatments used albumin-saline as the replacement solution and 43% used fresh-frozen plasma (FFP), almost all for TTP. There were 889 complications; 614 treatments (36% of the total) involved a complication. Most complications were minor; there were no deaths. Three treatments (0.2%) were discontinued due to a complication, and 2 (0.1%) required transfer to a higher acuity hospital bed. The most common complications were fever (7.7% of treatments), urticaria (7.4%), and hypocalcemic symptoms (7.3%). 42% of treatments with FFP involved a complication, compared to 30% of treatments using albumin-saline (P < 0.0001). The most common complications with FFP were urticaria (17%) and pruritis (13%); these occurred more commonly than in patients receiving albumin-saline. The most common complications with albumin-saline replacement were hypocalcemic symptoms (8.2%) and mild hypotension (8.1%). Mild and severe hypotension was significantly (P < 0.0001) more common with albumin-saline replacement. TPE is associated with a number of minor complications. Complications occur more commonly with FFP replacement compared to albumin-saline replacement. Pruritis and urticaria occur more commonly with FFP, and hypotension occurs more commonly with albumin-saline.     

Prospective study of congenital cytomegalovirus infection

The overall incidence of neonates with urinary cytomegalovirus (CMV) excretion was 0.9% of 954 tested. The incidence was twice as high in the lower as in the upper socioeconomic group (SEG). Mothers of infants with CMV infection in the lower SEG reported a greater number of chronic and gestational medical problems and showed a lower mean age than mothers of CMV-infected infants in the upper SEG. The mean age of mothers of CMV-infected infants was not significantly different from the respective control group in either upper or lower SEG. There was no impairment of immune responses in nine prospective or in two referred cases. Although eight of nine prospective cases might have been considered asymptomatic at birth, careful evaluation in the neonatal period showed significant growth inhibition in five, specific clinical changes in seven, and nonspecific clinical changes in all of the nine infants. Thus, "asymptomatic" neonates may demonstrate effects of the infection during the neonatal period.     

Evaluation of hematologic factors and bilirubin following exchange transfusion in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia

IntroductionExchange transfusion (ECT) is one of effective treatments for rapid reduction of the bilirubin serum levels. The main purpose of this study was to offer greater insights into the effects of ECT on the hematologic factors and bilirubin in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was performed on 380 neonates over 35 gestational weeks, and 2–14 days old with a bilirubin of above 17 mg/dl who had undergone ECT at Ghaem Hospital of Mashhad in Iran from 2011 to 2021. Blood samples were examined before, immediately after, 6 h and 60 h after ECT for complete blood cell count (CBC), platelet count and bilirubin serum level analysis.ResultsIn this study, the mean age of neonates was 5.21 ± 3.55 days with a mean birth weight of 2810 ± 710 gr. The mean platelet count (PLT), white blood cell (WBC) and the serum level of bilirubin were estimated at 260,000/mm², 12,400/mm², 23 mg/dl before ECT and 97,000/mm², 7370//mm² and 12.6 mg/dl immediately after ECT, respectively (P-value <0.001).ConclusionThe results indicated that the mean serum levels of bilirubin, platelets, and leukocytes dropped to 55%, 30%, and 60% of their baseline levels before ECT, respectively, but they all spiked after ECT.     

慢性肾盂肾炎与巨细胞病毒感染关系初探

目的探讨巨细胞病毒（ＣＭＶ）感染与慢性肾盂肾炎发病的关系。方法应用免疫斑点法检测慢性肾盂肾炎患者尿液中ＣＭＶ，酶联免疫吸附试验检测患者血清中ＣＭＶ抗体。结果６８例慢性肾盂肾炎患者中３６例尿液ＣＭＶ抗原检测阳性（５３％），３９例血清ＣＭＶ抗体阳性（５７％）；５０名健康对照组尿液ＣＭＶ抗原阳性４例（８％），血清ＣＭＶ抗体阳性７例（１４％），二组相比较，差异有非常显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论提示ＣＭＶ感染可能是肾盂肾炎病因中的一个重要因素