尾部悬吊与30月龄大鼠比目鱼肌的形态学特征比较

目的 观察尾部悬吊和30月龄大鼠比目鱼肌发生萎缩过程的异同点.方法 SD雄性大鼠42只,随机分为7组,即尾部悬吊5 d、7 d、14 d组,相应的同步对照和30月鼠龄组,在各时间点制备比目鱼肌横截面冰冻切片标本,用抗MHC Ⅱ单克隆抗体进行免疫组织化学染色,计算比目鱼肌Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维横截面积并计数各型肌纤维数目.结果 与同步对照组相比,悬吊组大鼠比目鱼肌的湿重,相对湿重,Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维横截面积,经体重归一化的肌纤维横截面积均显著降低,Ⅱ型肌纤维比例显著增加,而Ⅰ型肌纤维比例减少.与14 d对照组相比,30月龄组大鼠比目鱼肌湿重和Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维横截面积均明显增大,但其相对湿重和经体重归一化的肌纤维横截面积却显著降低,与悬吊14 d组无显著差异.30月龄组大鼠比目鱼肌中Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维比例与各对照组相比亦无显著差异.结论 30月龄大鼠比目鱼肌萎缩以首先出现相对湿重与归一化肌纤维横截面积降低为特征,且发生较慢,而尾部悬吊大鼠比目鱼肌则在较短时间内发生全面萎缩.     

尾部悬吊对大鼠比目鱼肌梭内外肌纤维乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响

目的：研究尾部悬吊对大鼠比目鱼肌肌型和梭内外肌纤维胆碱酯酶活性的影响，探讨失重或模拟失重状态下肌肉萎缩和肌型转换的机制。方法：选用雌性大鼠，以尾部悬吊法模拟失重。实验分为尾部悬吊7d、14d、21d组及相应的同步饲养对照组。以琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）确定肌型，检测不同类型梭内外肌纤维乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）活性。结果：悬吊使肌肉萎缩、梭外肌纤维构成比发生改变，Ⅰ型纤维减少而Ⅱ型纤维增多。Ⅰ、Ⅱ型梭外肌纤维和梭内肌纤维乙酰胆碱酯酶活性均减弱。结论：模拟失重可导致神经-肌接头胆碱酯酶活性减弱。这种变化可能与运动神经元活动下降有关。     

两种中药对14 d后肢去负荷大鼠肌肉结构的影响

目的 研究当归和川芎对尾吊大鼠比目鱼肌(SOL)肌球蛋白重链(MHC)表达及肌萎缩的影响.方法 尾部悬吊法建立模拟失重模型,将大鼠分为同步饲养组(Con)、尾吊灌溶媒组(HLU+W)、尾吊当归灌胃组(HLU+Ang)和尾吊川芎灌胃组(HLU+Lig).免疫组化法检测大鼠比目鱼肌肌球蛋白重链的表达.结果 与同步饲养组相比,尾吊组比目鱼肌的湿重,肌重体重比以及Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型肌纤维横截面积均有所下降,而MHC Ⅱ的表达和Ⅱ型肌纤维的比例上升.与未治疗组相比,当归可以使Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型肌纤维横截面积分别提高29%和35%,MHC Ⅱ的表达下降.川芎可使Ⅰ型肌纤维横截面积提高25%(P=0.064)并相应减少MHC Ⅱ的表达.结论 当归和川芎均能显著抑制模拟失重导致的MHC Ⅱ型表达的升高,并缓解尾吊大鼠肌纤维横截面积的缩小.     

不同恢复方式对去负荷大鼠腓肠肌纤维类型组成的影响

目的:探讨自然恢复和离心运动恢复等再负荷方式对废用性骨骼肌纤维横截面积及类型的影响。方法:采用尾部悬吊模型。24只成年雌性SD大鼠按体重随机分为对照组(CON)、尾部悬吊组(TS),悬吊14天后解悬吊自然恢复组(NR)和悬吊14天后离心运动恢复组(ER),每组6只。离心运动为每天下坡跑1h,坡度-5%,跑速16 m/min,共2周。取大鼠腓肠肌进行异染性染料ATPase染色,计算腓肠肌纤维组成百分比和肌纤维横截面积(CSA)。结果:(1)TS组大鼠腓肠肌I型%和IIa%显著低于CON组(P<0.01),IIb%显著高于CON组(P<0.01);TS组Ⅰ型肌纤维CSA较CON组减少42.2%(P<0.01),Ⅱa型肌纤维CSA减少30.0%,Ⅱb型肌纤维CSA减少了17.9%(P<0.01)。(2)NR组I%与CON组无显著差异,IIa型和IIb型肌纤维CSA与CON组无显著差异。(3)ER组I%、IIa%和IIb%和横截面积均与CON组无显著性差异。(4)ER组与NR组相比,I%无显著性差异,IIa%高12.54%(P<0.01),IIb%低14.63%(P<0.01);ER组Ⅰ型肌纤维CSA为NR组的1.18倍(P<0.01),两组Ⅱa和Ⅱb型肌纤维CSA则没有显著性差异。结论:尾部悬吊造成骨骼肌废用性肌萎缩,与自然恢复相比,离心运动能较好地使废用性萎缩骨骼肌的面积和肌纤维组成百分比得到恢复。     

川芎嗪和黄芪对尾部悬吊大鼠比目鱼肌肌球蛋白ATP酶活性及肌萎缩的影响

目的 探讨川芎嗪和黄芪对吊尾大鼠比目鱼肌（SOL）肌球蛋白ATP酶（mATPase）活性及肌萎缩的影响。方法 尾部悬吊法建立模拟失重模型,Ca^2＋-ATPase法测定SOL的mATPase活性。结果 1）与吊尾组（TS）相比,在腹腔注射川芎嗪组和黄芪组,SOL中Ⅱ型肌纤维比例均显著降低,且黄芪组Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维的比例与同步饲养组相比亦无显著差异;2）川芎嗪组SOL中Ⅰ型肌纤维横截面积（CSA）显著增大,与同步饲养组相比无显著性差异,黄芪组Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维CSA及平均CSA均显著地增大,且与同步饲养组相比亦无显著性差异;3）川芎嗪组和黄芪组梭内肌各纤维的mATPase染色均与同步饲养组相近。结论 川芎嗪和黄芪对大鼠SOL的失重性肌萎缩及慢肌向快肌的转化均有明显的对抗作用,且均可显著抑制模拟失重导致的梭内肌各纤维mATPase活性的升高。     

4 h/d站立可防止4周尾部悬吊大鼠比目鱼肌的萎缩

目的依据比目鱼肌湿重、不同型肌纤维横截面积及比例与聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离肌球蛋白重链(mvosin heavy chain,MHC)异构体比例的变化,评价4h／d站立是否可防止模拟失重下比目鱼肌的萎缩。方法雄性SD大鼠18只,按体重配对原则随机分为3组,每组6只：即对照组(CON),尾部悬吊4周组(TS)及尾部悬吊 4h／d站立组(TS STD4)。4周后,取双侧肾上腺及比目鱼肌(soleus,SOL),称取湿重。左侧SOL行冰冻切片,ATP酶钙钴法染色以观察骨骼肌肌纤维种类及横截面积。右侧SOL行组织匀浆,在70V、40C下,于8％凝胶上电泳28h,考马斯亮蓝染色,用Scion image软件对MHC条带进行光密度容积的测量,得出不同MHC异构体的比例。结果4周模拟失重导致双侧后肢骨骼肌SOL的湿重、Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型肌纤维横截面积、Ⅰ型肌纤维比例及MHCI的比例均显著降低(P＜0、01或P＜0．05)。4h／d间断性站立可完全防止比目鱼肌上述指标的变化,与CON组相比无显著差异(P＞0．05)。结论每日4h站立可完全防止模拟失重大鼠SOL萎缩。     

氯化胆碱对尾吊大鼠比目鱼肌肌萎缩对抗效果的观察

目的 探讨氯化胆碱对尾吊大鼠比目鱼肌肌萎缩的影响。方法 按体重配对原则将24只雌性SD大鼠分为对照组（CON）、尾吊组（TS）与尾吊给药组（TS＋Cch），每组8只。尾部悬吊法建立模拟失重模型，1／2尾吊大鼠按150mg／kg的剂量用氯化胆碱灌胃，连续14d。Ca^2＋-ATPase法测定比目鱼肌（SOL）的mATPase活性，常规方法制作石蜡组织切片。结果 1）以氯化胆碱灌胃后，尾吊大鼠SOL中Ⅰ型肌纤维比例明显升高，Ⅱ型肌纤维比例明显降低，P〈0．001；2）以氯化胆碱灌胃后，尾吊大鼠SOL的肌束之间间隙减小，Ⅰ型肌纤维横截面积（CSA）明显升高，P〈0．001，Ⅱ型肌纤维CSA和单根肌纤维的平均CSA亦明显高于尾吊组，P〈0．05；3）以氯化胆碱灌胃后，尾吊大鼠SOL的梭内肌纤维中，一核链纤维的mATPase染色呈阴性，其它各纤维与尾吊组相同，均呈阳性。结论氯化胆碱对模拟失重条件下大鼠SOL慢肌向快肌的转化与模拟失重引起的肌萎缩均有显著的对抗作用。     

振动训练对大鼠骨骼肌最大力量和肌纤维形态结构的影响

目的:探讨不同频率振动训练对大鼠肌纤维形态结构的影响。方法:24只SD雄性大鼠随机分成安静对照组(C)、低频率振动训练组(L)、中频率振动训练组(M)和高频率振动训练组(H),每组6只。训练组大鼠每天接受一次振动训练,训练时间为30min(15min×2,间歇5min),振动频率分别为15 Hz、25 Hz和35 Hz,振幅为1.5mm,每周训练6次,共8周。8周后,测试大鼠后肢最大力量;取其腓肠肌制作冰冻切片,采用单克隆抗体BA-D5(lgG,anti-MHCI)、SC-71(lgG,anti-MHCIIa)和BF-F3(lgM,anti-MHCIIb)进行免疫组化染色,观察不同类型肌纤维百分比,计算不同类型肌纤维横截面积。结果:(1)与C组相比,L组和M组大鼠后肢肌肉最大力量显著增加(P<0.05)。(2)与C组相比,L组和M组大鼠腓肠肌中Ⅱx型肌纤维明显减少(P<0.05),Ⅱa型肌纤维显著增加(P<0.05)。(3)与C组相比,M组大鼠腓肠肌Ⅰ型、Ⅱa型和Ⅱb型肌纤维横截面积显著增加(P<0.05),H组Ⅰ型、Ⅱa型和Ⅱb型肌纤维横截面积显著减小(P<0.05)。结论:振动训练引起的肌肉力量增加可能与肌纤维的横截面积增加和Ⅱa肌纤维百分比增加存在一定的联系。     

慢性心肌缺血大鼠膈肌舒缩功能和结构的变化

 目的 探讨慢性心肌缺血大鼠膈肌结构和功能的变化及其机制。方法 24只大鼠随机分为2组,实验组结扎冠状动脉分支,复制慢性心肌缺血模型;对照组仅做开胸手术。用组化染色法对膈肌纤维进行分类分析,做膈肌条等张收缩实验分析膈肌舒缩功能。结果 慢性心肌缺血大鼠膈肌Ⅰ类纤维比例增加(40％±1％→48％±1％),Ⅱa类纤维比例明显下降(43％±2％→36％±2％),两类纤维横截面积均下降,同时膈肌舒缩功能也明显减退。结论 慢性心肌缺血可导致大鼠膈肌纤维发生选择性萎缩和舒缩功能减退。     

游泳运动对老龄小鼠骨骼肌收缩蛋白基因表达的影响

目的:观察游泳运动对老龄小鼠骨骼肌收缩蛋白基因表达的影响。方法:2月龄雌性ICR小鼠8只(C2),10月龄雌性ICR小鼠32只随机分为10月龄对照组(C10)、12月龄对照组(C12)、12月龄每日运动组(共10周,S1)和12月龄隔日运动组(共10周,S2)(分组命名以取材时间为准)。实验结束后取右侧股直肌,利用RT-PCR方法测定各种收缩蛋白:肌球蛋白重链各亚型(Ⅰ、Ⅱa、Ⅱb、Ⅱx型)及肌动蛋白(α-actin)基因(mRNA)的表达。结果:C10组股直肌Ⅱa型MHC表达显著上升而Ⅱx型则显著下降(P<0.05)。C12组Ⅱb型MHC的表达则较C10组有明显的下降(P<0.01)。两运动组Ⅱa型MHC的表达均比C12组有明显的提高(P<0.01),Ⅱx型则均显著下降(P<0.01)。S2组α-actin表达低于S1组(P<0.05),Ⅱa型MHC则显著高于S1组(P<0.01)。结论:增龄使小鼠股直肌中Ⅱb-MHC和Ⅱx-MHC均出现下调,而Ⅱa-MHC则出现上调。游泳运动可分别使Ⅱa-MHC和Ⅱx-MHC出现明显的上调和下调。     

成批煤气爆燃烧伤的救治体会

报道治疗因煤气泄漏爆炸烧伤病员7例，经应用MEBT技术积极救治，其中6例于伤后17天痊愈出院，另一例特重伤员也于伤后30天康复出院。作者认为：应严格按照MEBT／MEBO要求进行规范治疗，正确处理生命体征、休克、感染、脏器功能和创面的辨证关系。同时，不能忽视外科营养在过程中的重要作用，它是创面修复的物质保证。     

Glutamine supplementation in vitro and in vivo,in exercise and in immunodepression

In situations of stress, such as clinical trauma, starvation or prolonged, strenuous exercise, the concentration of glutamine in the blood is decreased, often substantially. In endurance athletes this decrease occurs concomitantly with relatively transient immunodepression. Glutamine is used as a fuel by some cells of the immune system. Provision of glutamine or a glutamine precursor, such as branched chain amino acids, has been seen to have a beneficial effect on gut function, on morbidity and mortality, and on some aspects of immune cell function in clinical studies. It has also been seen to decrease the self-reported incidence of illness in endurance athletes. So far, there is no firm evidence as to precisely which aspect of the immune system is affected by glutamine feeding during the transient immunodepression that occurs after prolonged, strenuous exercise. However, there is increasing evidence that neutrophils may be implicated. Other aspects of glutamine and glutamine supplementation are also addressed.     

新疆石河子地区奶牛隐性乳房炎的调查与分析

采用LMT法对新疆石河子地区三个规模化奶牛场泌乳牛群进行了隐性乳房炎检测,共检测994头泌乳牛3976个乳区.结果表明:奶牛隐性乳房炎阳性率为81.9%,乳区阳性率为49.1%.数据分析表明,不同年龄、胎次以及有无卧床奶牛的隐性乳房炎阳性率差异显著(P<0.05),后乳区的隐性乳房炎感染率显著高于前乳区感染率(P<0.05),隐性乳房炎乳区发生数也明显影响当日产奶量(P<0.05).     

Sex differences in neuromuscular fatigability in response to load carriage in the field in British Army recruits

Objectives

Women are resistant to neuromuscular fatigue compared to men in response to a range of exercise tasks. The sex differences in the neuromuscular responses to load carriage have yet to be investigated.

Decrease in eccentric hamstring strength in runners in the Tirol Speed Marathon

Background

The local muscular endurance of knee flexors, during eccentric work in particular, is important in preventing or delaying kinematic changes associated with fatigue during treadmill running. This result, however, may not be transferable to overground running.

Objective

To test the hypothesis that overground running is associated with eccentric hamstring fatigue.

Methods

Thirteen runners (12 male and one female) performed an isokinetic muscle test three to four days before and 18 hours after a marathon. Both legs were tested. The testing protocol consisted of concentric and eccentric quadriceps and hamstring contractions.

Results

There were no significant differences between peak torque before and after the race, except that eccentric peak hamstring torque (both thighs) was reduced.

Conclusion

Overground running (running a marathon) is associated with eccentric hamstring fatigue. Eccentric hamstring fatigue may be a potential risk factor for knee and soft tissue injuries during running. Eccentric hamstring training should therefore be introduced as an integral part of the training programme of runners.     

肺心病慢性呼吸性酸中毒合并代谢性酸碱失衡判断方法探讨(附80例次血气分析)

目的：对42例肺心病慢性呼吸性酸中毒患者的80例次血气测定结果。方法：用不同的酸碱图（卡）及代偿公式进行酸碱类型的初步差别分析。结果：结合临床表现、各种影响因素与治疗反应等作出综合判定。结论：比较二种判定的差异，并提出较为实用、可靠的判断建议，以助于复合型呼吸性酸碱失衡的临床诊断与处理。     

Oxalosis in primary hyperoxaluria in infancy

Primary hyperoxaluria (PH1) is a rare inborn autosomal recessive metabolic disorder due to the deficiency of hepatic alanine-glyoxylate-aminotransferase. This deficiency results in excessive synthesis and urinary excretion of oxalate, inducing renal stone formation and deposition of calcium oxalate in the kidney, bone, myocardium, and vessels (systemic oxalosis, SO) in the most severely affected individuals. We report renal and skeletal changes in a 3-month-old girl with PH1 and SO. Intense cortico-medullary hyperechogenicity and increased homogeneous radiopacity of normal-sized kidneys suggested the diagnosis of SO. Skeletal survey showed osteopenia and characteristic symmetrical metaphyseal transverse bands in long bones, progressively becoming more dense and migrating towards the diaphysis. Multiple pathological and slowly healing fractures of the limbs occurred at the dense band level. A radiopaque rim was then observed in flat bones, epiphyseal nuclei, and vertebral bodies. Inflammatory granulomatous reaction, induced by the presence of oxalate crystals in the marrow spaces, coexisted with progressively evident radiological signs of secondary hyperparathyroidism, with partially overlapping features. The patient was treated by peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis until combined liver–kidney transplantation. There are no previous reports of infants treated with hemodialysis for more than 2 years.     

Interventional radiology in oncology in private practice

Interventional oncology in private practice requires expert training and can be performed in a stand-alone facility for type 1 procedures in a hospital setting for type 2 and 3 procedures where subspecialized radiologists, state-of-the-art equipment, and postprocedure hospital monitoring are available. A multidisciplinary effort with oncologists, internal medicine physicians and anesthesiologists is necessary. The practice of interventional oncology requires around the clock availability, meticulous and established protocols and procedures and a financial investment. On the other hand, it is professionally gratifying because of constant technical advances and the impact on patients.