Early diagnostic for vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage

Vasospasm is the leading cause of sequelae or deaths after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Vasospasm occurs 2-10 days after haemorrhage and that justifies close monitoring during this period. Because clinical signs appear often to late to reverse ischaemia, paraclinic tools have been developed. Arteriography is the historical gold standard for diagnosis but no clear validated rules exist to measure vessel sections. Diagnosis of vasospasm is, thus, relatively subjective and only reflects one moment of arteries status. Transcranial doppler is a non-invasive and easily repeatable method but sensibility and specificity for vasospasm diagnosis are low compared to arteriography. However, day-to-day changes of arterial blood cells velocities can help to determine vasospasm risk and/or indicate time for arteriography. CT-scanner, PET-scan or IRM can help to evaluate ratio between perfusion and metabolism. Nevertheless, as arteriography, it is only a one-time measurement without control of treatment effects. Waiting for improvement of diagnosis techniques, arteriography stays the gold standard. To choose the right moment for invasive methods, intensivists need to use clinical and transcranial doppler data and start treatment as early as possible to be efficacious.     

端粒酶活性检测对胰腺癌的早期诊断价值

目的 探讨端粒酶活性检测对胰腺癌的早期诊断价值.方法 检索早期经胰液、胰管刷取物、针吸组织细胞等样本检测端粒酶活性诊断胰腺癌的研究文献.筛选文献并提取纳入研究中有关准确度的数据.采用Meta-DiSc1.4软件进行Meta分析.结果 共纳入文献12篇,经异质性检验无阈值效应;Meta回归分析表明实验盲法、不同样本间无异质性,不同检测方法是纳入研究间异质性的主要来源.进一步亚组分析,TRAP法检测端粒酶活性早期诊断胰腺癌的敏感度、特异度分别为0.86(95%CI:0.78～0.91)、0.78(95%CI:0.68～0.87),综合受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC)=0.9005,Q*=0.8318;TRAP-ELISA法检测的上述指标分别为0.72(95%CI:0.63～0.79)、0.63(95%CI:0.47～0.77),AUC=0.7634,Q*=0.7046.结论 端粒酶活性检测对胰腺癌的早期诊断价值中等,可以作为胰腺癌早期诊断或筛查可选的检查方法,单独作为诊断指标尚有不足.     

白细胞介素-6对新生儿脓毒症早期诊断价值的Meta分析

目的:探讨白细胞介素-6(IL-6)对新生儿脓毒症的早期诊断价值.方法:计算机检索获得IL-6对新生儿脓毒症的诊断性研究文献,检索数据库为Cochrane Library、PubMed、EMBASE、维普中文科技期刊数据库、Medline、Web of knowledge、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国知网(CNKI)和万方数据库.检索时间为建库至2016年8月,按照QUADAS标准对纳入文献进行质量评估,使用MetaDisc1.4软件进行Meta分析,对其敏感度、特异度、诊断比值比进行汇总,行敏感性分析及异质性检验,绘制综合受试者工作特征曲线(SROC).结果:初检到542篇文献,最终14篇文献符合纳入标准进入Meta分析.采用随机效应模型进行Meta分析,结果显示合并敏感度为0.72[95%CI(0.69,0.74)],特异度为0.85[95%CI(0.83,0.87)],阳性似然比为5.98[95%CI(3.79,9.43)],阴性似然比为0.23[95%CI(0.15,0.37)],诊断比值比为29.23[95%CI(14.79,57.77)].SROC曲线下面积AUC=0.9199(Q*=0.8532).结论:在早期新生儿脓毒症患者中,IL-6对患儿诊断脓毒症有较好的敏感度和特异度,即IL-6升高的患儿诊断为脓毒症的可能性较高,但在实际临床工作中仍需参考其他实验室相关检查及具体临床表现进行诊断.     

家兔闭合性胸部创伤早期影像学检查的诊断价值

目的探讨放射性核素显象、胸部CT和X线检查对家兔闭合性胸部创伤的早期诊断价值. 方法建立单侧胸部撞击伤动物模型,采用单光子发射计算机断层显象(SPECT)、胸部CT和X线片对闭合性胸部创伤进行早期诊断,并与病理解剖结果进行对照观察. 结果伤后30分钟伤侧肺感兴趣区致伤部位/心脏部位(ROI2/ROI1)比值立即升高,至伤后6小时达到高峰;对侧肺相对应部位/心脏部位(ROI3/ROI1)比值缓慢升高,至伤后6小时达到高峰,但仍小于伤侧肺,双侧肺之间比较差别具有显著性意义(P＜0.01). 结论胸部X线片检查仍是诊断胸部创伤最基本的方法,但对严重的胸部创伤和多发伤患者应尽早做胸部CT检查,SPECT对肺挫伤有较高的诊断价值.CT对肺挫伤的诊断敏感性优于X线片,但对渗出和水肿则不如SPECT灵敏、准确. 因此,对严重胸部创伤、多发伤患者,急诊检查应采用CT,以尽快明确诊断.     

降钙素原在呼吸道感染性疾病诊疗中的应用价值

目的探讨降钙素原（serum procalcitonin,PCT）对呼吸道感染性疾病的诊疗价值。方法选取我院收治的呼吸道感染性疾病患者47例和同期健康体检人群41例进行PCT水平测定,比较两组间PCT值的变化,并分析感染性疾病组PCT水平的分布情况。结果感染组中血清PCT水平高于健康体检人群,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;在健康对照组中,41例体检者PCT值均波动于0.01～0.25ng/mL;感染性疾病组中,PCT值高于0.25mg/mL的比例约为57.45%,高于参考值1.0ng/mL的比例为34.04%。结论定量检测血清PCT水平对常见呼吸道感染性疾病的诊断及治疗具有一定的指导意义,但单独应用该指标敏感性低,需结合其他指标综合判断。     

Procalcitonin (PCT) in cardiac surgery: diagnostic value in systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis and after heart transplantation (HTX)

PURPOSE: Since it is of great importance to distinguish between a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and an infection caused by microbes especially after heart transplantation (HTX), we examined patients following heart surgery by determining procalcitonin (PCT), because PCT is said to be secreted only in patients with microbial infections. METHODS: Sixty patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and 14 patients after heart transplantation were included in this prospective study. In the CABG group we had 30 patients without any postoperative complications (group A). Furthermore we took samples of 30 patients who suffered postoperatively from a sepsis (group B, n=15) or a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (C, n=15). In addition we measured the PCT-levels in 65 blood samples of 14 patients after heart transplantation (Group I: rejection > IIa, II: viral infection (CMV), III: bacterial/fungal infection, IV: controls). RESULTS: In all patients of group A the pre- and intraoperative PCT-values and the measurement at arrival on intensive care unit (ICU) were less than 0.2 ng/ml. On the second postoperative day the PCT-value was 0.33+/-0.15 ng/ml in the control group. At the same time it was 19.6+/-6.2 ng/ml in sepsis and 0.7+/-0.4 ng/ml in systemic inflammatory response syndrome patients (P<0.05). In transplanted patients we could find the following PCT-values: Gr.I: 0.18+/-0.06 II: 0.30+/-0.09 III: 1.63+/-1.16 IV: 0.21+/-0.09 ng/ml (P<0.05 comparing group III with I, II and IV). CONCLUSIONS: These results show that extracorporeal circulation (ECC) and systemic inflammatory response syndrome do not initiate a PCT-secretion. Septic conditions cause a significant increase of PCT. In addition, PCT is a reliable indicator concerning the essential differentiation of bacterial or fungal--not viral--infection and rejection after heart transplantation.     

Early and late outcome after diagnostic thoracoscopy and talc pleurodesis.

Although thoracoscopy is now recognized to be of both diagnostic and therapeutic value, the risks of this procedure have not been fully addressed. We retrospectively reviewed our experience with 100 patients who underwent 110 thoracoscopies during the period January 1989 to February 1991. Sixty-five men and 35 women (ratio of 1.9:1) underwent thoracoscopy using general anesthesia and intubation with a double-lumen endotracheal tube. The mean age was 64.2 +/- 11.6 years (range, 13 to 85 years). The diagnosis was established in 48 (85.7%) of the 56 patients with undiagnosed pleural effusions. Forty-four patients were referred for therapeutic thoracoscopic talc pleurodesis. Pleurodesis was successful in 42 patients (95.5%). Four patients (4%) had five postoperative complications (two bronchopleural fistulas, two chest infections, and one arrhythmia). Five patients (5%) died after thoracoscopy; mean age was 67.8 +/- 8.1 years (range, 55 to 77 years). The causes of death were cardiac arrest in 2, respiratory failure in 1, and malignant cachexia in 2. The findings of this study confirm that thoracoscopy can achieve high rates of diagnostic and therapeutic success but is not without attendant mortality in a high-risk patient population.     

Somatomedin C (IGF I) plasma levels after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in end-stage cirrhotic patients

Insulin-like growth factors [IGF I and II or somatomedins (SMS)] are polypeptides chemically and biologically correlated with insulin. The main source of synthetic activity and secretion is the liver, although many other tissues have been demonstrated to synthesize SMS [5]. In the circulation, they are not present in a free form, but are mostly bound to a specific carrier protein independently synthesized in the liver. Hepatic or extrahepatic storage organs have not been demonstrated; the half life of the SMS-binding protein complex is between 3 and 4 [1]. Synthesis of SMS is regulated by GH, insulin, thyroxine and nutrition (caloric and protein intake, and nitrogen balance). The role of corticosteroids is still a matter of debate: in patients treated with steroids SMS blood levels have been shown to be within normal limits, while biological activity has been demonstrated to be significantly reduced by SMS inhibitors, probably induced by corticosteroid therapy [2]. The biological properties of SMS are related to their structural homology with insulin, and can be summarized as follows [5]:

1. Insulin-like activity (glucose oxidation, lipogenesis, glycogen synthesis, inhibition of lipolysis and glycogenolysis)
2. Sulphation activity (incorporation of sulphate and leucine into glycosaminglycans of the cartilage)
3. Stimulation of fibroblast multiplication
4. Amplification of other hormone activities (GH)
5. Complementary anabolic activity with insulin.

Low levels of SMS have been demonstrated in hypopituitarism (secondary) or in other diseases independent of GH reduced secretion (primary) such as malnutrition, malabsorption, acute or chronic liver failure and uraemia [2]. Negative nitrogen balance, hypocaloric and/or low protein diets are usually correlated with low levels of SMS. Recently, Schalch et al. reported on the role of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in normalizing SMS blood levels in a group of end-stage liver diseased patients [³]. This preliminary paper deals with changes in IGF-I plasma levels (somatomedin C) in a group of patients affected by end-stage liver cirrhosis before and after OLT.     

血浆D-二聚体与纤维蛋白原在下肢深静脉血栓中的诊断价值

目的：探讨D-二聚体（DD）和纤维蛋白原（FIB）在下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）诊断中的临床意义。方法对52例疑似DVT患者进行血浆DD和FIB检测,并计算D-二聚体/纤维蛋白原比值（D/F值）,根据彩色多普勒超声检查结果明确诊断,同时选取健康体检者50例作为对照组。结果 DVT组血浆DD、FIB及D/F值均明显高于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;DVT组与非DVT组比较,DVT组DD、FIB和D/F值明显高于非DVT组具有显著性差异（P＜0.01）,D/F值、DD、FIB对诊断DVT的敏感度分别为98%、94%、85%,D/F值在诊断DVT中较单独应用DD或FIB有较高的敏感度。结论检测血浆DD、FIB及D/F比值可提高DVT临床诊断的特异性,对下肢深静脉血栓的早期诊断具有重要的临床意义。     

尿及癌组织中Survivin的表达对膀胱癌的早期诊断价值

目的 通过对膀胱移行上皮癌患者尿脱落细胞及癌组织中抑制凋亡相关基因Survivin的检测，探讨早期发现、常规筛选膀胱癌且无损伤的方法。方法留取53例膀胱移行上皮癌、20例泌尿系其他疾病患者及10例健康志愿者新鲜中段晨尿200mL，对53例膀胱移行上皮癌患者术后癌组织，用巢式逆转录聚合酶链反应（nestedRT-PCR）检测Survivin的表达，同时行尿脱落细胞学检查及膀胱镜取材病检。结果用巢式RT—PCR检测53例膀胱移行上皮癌患者尿及癌组织中Survivin均有表达，所有样本尿中Survivin的表达敏感性为100％，特异性为90％。尿脱落细胞学敏感性为37．7％，特异性为100％。膀胱镜病检敏感性、特异性均为100％。尿及癌组织中Survivin与尿脱落细胞学敏感性比较有显著差异（P〈0．05），与膀胱镜检相同。而特异性分别为90％、100％、100％，P〉0．05，无差异。结论用巢式RT-PCR方法检测膀胱移行上皮癌患者尿及癌组织中Survivin的表达，其敏感性、特异性相同。尿脱落细胞Survivin表达敏感性、特异性高。尿取材无损伤、方便，敏感性优于尿脱落细胞学检查，与膀胱镜检相当，特异性与尿脱落细胞学检查及膀胱镜病检无差别，且对膀胱癌前病变的归转有一定价值。检测尿中Survivin有望成为临床诊断、筛检膀胱癌的较可靠方法。     

Distinct enzyme profiles in patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis reflect heterogeneous causes with different outcomes after liver transplantation (OLT): a long-term documentation before and after OLT

BACKGROUND: Sound information is lacking about the clinical presentation of cryptogenic cirrhosis and its outcome after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). METHODS: Among 856 patients who have been transplanted at our center, 40 patients had no evidence of any known etiologies and were therefore defined as suffering from cryptogenic cirrhosis. Their median follow-up period before OLT was 78 months (range, 1-264), and after OLT 97 months (range, 1-132). Laboratory and histological data were evaluated according to features being compatible either with a toxic, hepatitic, or cholestatic condition. RESULTS: The clinical and histological findings differed specifically between these three groups. The toxic-like group (GGT 4-18 x upper limit of normal [ULN]) expressed significantly higher IgA levels, had histologically more often fatty liver changes, and risk factors for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis predominated (56% compared with 3% in the other groups, P=0.01). The hepatitic-like group (ALT 2-18 x ULN) showed histologically features of chronic hepatitis or hepatitic cirrhosis, and only among these patients a median International Autoimmune Hepatitis (IAH) score of 13 was found suggesting autoimmune hepatitis (AiH). In the cholestatic group (AP 2-8 x ULN) histology was compatible with a non-toxic inflammatory process but IAH score excluded AiH in all. After OLT, actuarial graft and patients survival was 90% at 5 years. Mild or moderate graft hepatitis occurred in 9 patients (23%) and was significantly associated with a pre-OLT IAH score >or= 10 (P =0.008). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides arguments that cryptogenic cirrhosis is a heterogeneous disease in which autoimmune mechanisms might be predominately involved and being responsible for recurrence of chronic liver disease observed in some instances after OLT.     

刃天青还原分析法在用接收器特性法评估雄猪精液中的诊断意义

目的:确定精子代谢状态可以作为一个有用的精液质量分析工具。方法:用接收器特性法(ROC)评估刃天青还原法联合分光光度计法的精确度。结果:活动精子密度和精子指数(SI)(精子密度×精子活力百分比的平方根×形态正常精子百分比)的 ROC 曲线下面积为0.992。参考 SI 值,采集到的精液样本的质量高低区分点的吸光度为0.209(610nm 波长),该点的敏感性和特异性值分别为94.1%和91.7%。如果以活动精子密度为标准值,这种分析方法的精确度就会降低,敏感性和特异性值分别为88.2%和87.5%。似然比(LR)表明在质量良好的精液样本中测得的吸光度低于0.209,至少相当于在质量不佳的精液样本中测得的数值的11.3倍,但是就活动精子密度而言,计算出的 LR 值为7.06。结论:本研究结果表明刃天青还原分析法联合分光光度计法是一种精确的评估雄猪精液质量的方法。     

Determination of the diagnostic value of the resazurin reduction assay for evaluating boar semen by receiver operating characteristic analysis

Aim： To assess that metabolic status of spermatozoa could provide a useful tool for evaluation of semen quality. Methods： The accuracy of the spectrophotometric application of the resazurin reduction assay was assessed using receiver operating characteristic （ROC） analysis. Results： Areas under ROC curves （AUC） for motile sperm concentration and sperm index （SI） （sperm concentration multiplied by the square root of percentage sperm motility multiplied by the percentage normal sperm morphology） were 0.922. The best discrimination between poor and good semen samples according to the SI was achieved at a cut-off point of A610 = 0.209, where high sensitivity （94.1%） and specificity （91.7%） were calculated. The assay was less accurate when motile sperm concentration was used as the criterion value, yielding sensitivity of 88.2% and specificity of 87.5%, respectively. Likelihood ratios （LR） indicate that absorbances lower than 0.209 were at least 11.3 times as likely to be found in good semen samples than those in poor according to the SI, whereas in the case of motile sperm concentration, the LR was calculated to be 7.06. Conclusion： These results show that the resazurin reduction assay combined with spectrophotometry is an accurate method of assessing the quality of boar semen.     

Early diagnostic and endoscopic dilatation for the treatment of acquired upper airway stenosis after intubation in children

Background

Upper airway stenosis (UAS) after endotracheal intubation is a common problem in children. Most literature refers to a surgical treatment for these lesions. Laryngotracheal reconstruction and cricotracheal resection are used for low- and high-grade stenosis, but decannulation is not always possible immediately after surgery.

Purpose

The aim of this study was to verify the feasibility and results of endoscopic dilatations for treatment of subglottic stenosis.

Method

The study encompassed a 12-year retrospective analysis of patients treated for UAS in a tertiary center. All children were symptomatic at the time of the endoscopic diagnosis. The stenosis was graded according to the Myer-Cotton criteria. Endoscopic dilatation was initiated immediately after the diagnosis. Children with grade IV stenosis underwent surgery.

Results

Children with tracheal stenosis and no involvement of the subglottic area did not respond to endoscopic dilatations and underwent surgery. There were 45 children with grade I stenosis, 12 with grade II, 7 with grade III, and 4 with grade IV lesions. Patients with grade I, II, and III stenosis were all treated by endoscopic dilatations alone and were decannulated when asymptomatic. The average time for decannulation was 18.90 ± 26.07 months for grade I, 32.5 ± 27.08 months for grade II, and 27.57 ± 20.60 months for grade III stenosis (P < .01, for grade II vs grade III).

Conclusion

Grade I, II, and III subglottic stenoses can be safely managed by early endoscopic dilatations with a high rate of success and low rate of morbidity but require a significantly long period of treatment.     

D-二聚体在早期诊断急性肠系膜缺血的价值

目的:探讨血浆D-二聚体在早期诊断急性肠系膜缺血中的应用价值。方法:成年雄性Wistar大鼠48只随机均分为实验组和对照组,实验组结扎肠系膜上动脉建立肠系膜动脉缺血模型,对照组仅行开腹手术,1h、6h、12h后分别抽血检测血浆D-二聚体和其他生化指标。结果:实验组中随肠系膜缺血时间的延长,血浆D-二聚体水平越高,实验组和对照组有显著性差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。其他实验室指标实验组和对照组差异无统计学意义。结论:动态测定血浆D-二聚体可能对早期筛选急性肠系膜缺血具有重要价值。     

彩色多普勒超声在布加综合征诊断中的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声对布加综合征的诊断价值。方法应用彩色多普勒超声,分析34例布加综合征二维超声及血流声像图特点。结果 34例布加综合征中,直接征象显示下腔静脉膈膜型狭窄7例(20.6%),肝静脉或下腔静脉隧道型狭窄或闭塞18例(52.9%),下腔静脉内血栓或肿瘤4例(11.8%),外压型布加综合征5例(14.7%),均在超声下得到很好的显示;而间接征象主要表现为肝硬化和肝静脉间交通支,发生率分别为76.5%(26例)和91.2%(31例)。结论彩色多普勒超声能够明确显示布加综合征受累血管病变部位、范围、类型,可为临床诊疗提供可靠的诊断信息。而间接征象的出现可为诊断提供辅助证据。     

小肠移植术后内镜引导下移植肠黏膜活检的时机及诊断价值

目的 总结小肠移植术后内镜引导下移植肠黏膜活检的时机及该技术对急性排斥反应和感染的诊断价值.方法 根据免疫抑制方案的不同,将15例小肠移植受者分为3个阶段.1994-1995年为第1阶段(3例),2003-2006年为第2阶段(7例),2007年以后为第3阶段(5例).第3阶段进行计划性内镜引导下移植肠黏膜活检的监测,既术后第3天进行首次内镜引导下移植肠黏膜活检,此后活检的频次在术后第1个月为2次/周,术后第2～3个月为1次/周,术后第4～6个月为1次/2周,术后7个月以后为1次/月,在受者出现排斥反应的临床症状和抗排斥反应治疗期间,也进行内镜引导下移植肠黏膜活检.结果 15例共进行内镜引导下移植肠黏膜活检255次,移植肠腹壁造口肉眼直视下取材活检21次.以上276份样本中,诊断排斥反应共51份(18.5%),其中诊断不确定急性排斥反应至轻度排斥反应32份(11.6%)、中度排斥反应9份(3.3%)、重度排斥反应10份(3.6%),巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染2份(0.7%),细菌感染2份(0.7%).15例共发生病理证实并需l临床治疗的排斥反应20次,其中不确定急性排斥反应至轻度排斥反应11次、中度5次、重度4次,发生细菌性和CMV肠炎各1次.结论 内镜引导下移植肠黏膜活检及其病理学检查是小肠移植术后诊断排斥反应和感染的重要手段,有计划的进行该检查对排斥反应有术后监测、早期诊断、鉴别诊断和指导治疗的价值.