Anatomy of the ankle ligaments: a pictorial essay

Understanding the anatomy of the ankle ligaments is important for correct diagnosis and treatment. Ankle ligament injury is the most frequent cause of acute ankle pain. Chronic ankle pain often finds its cause in laxity of one of the ankle ligaments. In this pictorial essay, the ligaments around the ankle are grouped, depending on their anatomic orientation, and each of the ankle ligaments is discussed in detail.     

Anatomy of the ankle ligaments: a pictorial essay

Understanding the anatomy of the ankle ligaments is important for correct diagnosis and treatment. Ankle ligament injury is the most frequent cause of acute ankle pain. Chronic ankle pain often finds its cause in laxity of one of the ankle ligaments. In this pictorial essay, the ligaments around the ankle are grouped, depending on their anatomic orientation, and each of the ankle ligaments is discussed in detail.     

CT enteroclysis: a pictorial essay

The objective of the CT-enteroclysis is to distend the entire small intestine equally and sufficiently using a nasojejunal probe and an enteroclysis catheter for administration of a neutral opacifying agent. Today this is the best radiological method available to explore the small intestine because of its good spatial resolution and the rapidity of the exam. It is a high-performance exam when searching for transmural and extramural pathologies, in particular small tumoral lesions. It remains less effective in the exploration of anomalies of the lumen's mucosal lining, contrary to videocapsule endoscopy and the double-balloon enteroscope. It has been recognized that the CT-enteroclysis is a high-performance examination that should replace the small-bowel follow-through exam. However, there are undeniable disadvantages: higher does of radiation, patient discomfort during placement of the enteroclysis catheter, false-positive results, long interpretation time, and the impossibility of exploring the endoluminal aspect of the intestinal mucosal lining. All radiologists should therefore become familiar with the problems involved with this exam and its signs and patterns, which are illustrated in this pictorial review.     

Genitourinary trauma: a pictorial essay

Genitourinary trauma is often overlooked in the setting of acute trauma. Usually other more life-threatening injuries take precedence for immediate management. When the patient is stabilized, radiologic imaging often plays a key role in diagnosing insults to the upper and lower genitourinary tract in the setting of trauma. Our aim is to provide a pictorial assay of imaging findings in upper and lower tract genitourinary trauma from a variety of mechanisms including blunt trauma, penetrating trauma, and iatrogenic trauma. A patient archiving and communication system will be used to review imaging studies of patients at our institution with genitourinary tract trauma. Cases of renal, ureteral, bladder, urethral, penile, and scrotal trauma will be considered for inclusion in our study. Multimodality imaging techniques will be reviewed. The imaging and pertinent findings that occur in various types of genitourinary trauma are outlined. Genitourinary trauma is often missed in the frenzy of acute trauma. It is important to have a high suspicion for injury especially in severe trauma, and in particular clinical settings. Although often not life threatening, recognizing the diagnostic imaging findings quickly is the realm of the astute radiologist so appropriate urologic management can be made.     

Imaging bicipitoradial bursitis: a pictorial essay

Skeletal Radiology - Although bicipitoradial bursitis is not commonly seen, when it does occur, it can frequently lead to diagnostic difficulty, mimicking either a soft-tissue tumor or infection....     

MRI in lung cancer: a pictorial essay

Imaging studies play a critical role in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. CT and 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography CT (PET/CT) are widely and routinely used for staging and assessment of treatment response. Many radiologists still use MRI only for the assessment of superior sulcus tumours, and in cases where invasion of the spinal cord canal is suspected. MRI can detect and stage lung cancer, and this method could be an excellent alternative to CT or PET/CT in the investigation of lung malignancies and other diseases. This pictorial essay discusses the use of MRI in the investigation of lung cancer.     

Two unusual causes of dysphagia: a pictorial essay

Dysphagia was the presenting symptom in two adult patients. One had a mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst, the other a pulmonary sling. The role of imaging methods in making the diagnoses is illustrated.     

Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder: a pictorial essay

This paper is an overview of the imaging characteristics of primary carcinoma of the gallbladder, based on the premise that more general knowledge of the imaging patterns of the primary tumor and its modes of spread might increase the likelihood of accurate preoperative diagnosis of this lesion. Primary tumor patterns discussed and illustrated are: (I) an intraluminal mass, (II) focal or diffuse thickening of the gallbladder wall, and (III) replacement of the gallbladder by a mass. Illustrated patterns of tumor spread include direct extension and lymphatic and hematogenous metastases.     

CT of blunt pancreatic trauma: a pictorial essay

Blunt trauma to pancreas is uncommon and clinical features are often non-specific and unreliable leading to possible delays in diagnosis and therefore increased morbidity. CT has been established as the imaging modality of choice for the diagnosis of abdominal solid-organ injury in the blunt trauma patient. The introduction of multidetector-row CT allows for high resolution scans and multiplanar reformations that improve diagnosis. Detection of pancreatic injuries on CT requires knowledge of the subtle changes produced by pancreatic injury. The CT appearance of pancreatic injury ranges from a normal initial appearance of the pancreas to active pancreatic bleeding. Knowledge of CT signs of pancreatic trauma and a high index of suspicion is required in diagnosing pancreatic injury.     

Intramural hematoma of the esophagus: a pictorial essay

Intramural hematoma of the esophagus (IHE) is a rare but well-documented condition that is part of the spectrum of esophageal injuries which includes the more common Mallory–Weiss tear and Boerhaave’s syndrome. Acute retrosternal or epigastric pain is a common clinical feature, which can be accompanied by dysphagia, odynophagia, or hematemesis. An early differentiation from Mallory–Weiss tear, Boerhaave syndrome, ruptured aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, acute myocardial infarction, or pulmonary pathology can be difficult. Computed tomography (CT) is the imaging modality of choice and characteristically reveals a concentric or eccentric thickening of the esophageal wall with well-defined borders and variable degree of obliteration of the lumen. Measurement of the attenuation values within the lesion will reveal blood density which varies according to the age of the hematoma. CT should be considered the preferred diagnostic technique, thereby facilitating proper clinical management. Early diagnosis is crucial as most patients maybe treated conservatively with good outcome.     

Interventional radiology in renal emergencies: a pictorial essay

Emergency Radiology - Renal emergencies necessitate prompt diagnosis and management to stop active bleeding and retain kidney function. Causes of renal emergencies can be classified into traumatic,...     

Some uncommon lower mediastinal densities: a pictorial essay

Despite CT and NMR, plain radiography still plays a major role in the diagnosis of mediastinal disease. In this article, the value and limitations of conventional techniques in the diagnosis of some unusual lesions of the lower mediastinum are demonstrated.     

Cystic abdominal masses in children: a pictorial essay

Cystic abdominal masses in children are not an infrequently encountered condition of childhood. These lesions usually present with large size and mimick each other with similar presenting symptoms. Imaging examinations have an important role to determine the type of the cystic abdominal masses, which is crucial for management of patients and presurgical planning. In this pictorial essay, we summarized the imaging features of common cystic abdominal masses of children, including cystic lesions arising from liver, biliary ducts, kidney, pancreas, bowel, ovary, mesentery, and miscellaneous tissues.     

Musculoskeletal lesions with fluid-fluid level: a pictorial essay

A fluid-fluid level was identified in 11.2% of focal lesions of bone. Fluid-fluid levels are observed on cross-sectional imaging with either computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. They become apparent when a fluid collection containing substances of different density is allowed to settle, and when the plane of imaging is perpendicular to the fluid level. For instance, within a collection of blood, the cellular components will settle dependently, with the lower density plasma forming a layer superiorly. The difference in the density of these layers can be observed on CT imaging. With MR imaging, these layers will have different signal characteristics, allowing for visualization of the fluid-fluid level.The presence of fluid-fluid levels within a musculoskeletal lesion is an important finding, which can significantly aid in the differential diagnosis. This finding can be observed in a wide variety of lesions: osseous and soft tissue masses, neoplastic or nonneoplastic lesions, malignant or benign neoplasms, and primary or metastatic malignancies. When a fluid-fluid level is detected, in conjunction with clinical history, the differential diagnosis for a lesion can often be limited to a few choices. For this reason, it is important to be aware of the multiple lesions that can produce fluid-fluid levels, as well as their differentiating characteristics and typical presentations. We will review both osseous and soft tissue lesions, focusing on their imaging characteristics and other important findings.     

Magnetic resonance imaging phase encoding: a pictorial essay

A set of MRI images with various degrees of phase encoding were generated from the same raw data set. The resultant pictorial teaching aid is useful in developing an intuitive understanding of the mechanics and principles of phase encoding in two dimensional, Fourier transform magnetic resonance imaging.     

Radiology of the nasopharynx: pictorial essay

The nasopharynx, located just below the central skull base, is a difficult area to evaluate clinically. Endoscopic examination provides useful information but cannot delineate submucosal disease. Benign lesions of the nasopharynx are relatively uncommon. They include Thornwaldt cyst, juvenile angiofibroma, haemangioma, haemangiopericytoma, Kimura's disease, branchial cleft cyst, oncocytoma, amyloidoma, and non-ossifying fibromyxoid tumours. The most common malignant lesions are carcinomas and lymphomas. Other malignant neoplasms such as adenocystic carcinomas are rarely seen. The purpose of the present pictorial review is to highlight the salient normal anatomy of the nasopharynx and the spectrum of pathological anatomy.