Influence of abutment substrate and ceramic thickness on the colour of heat-pressed ceramic crowns

All-ceramic crowns made of leucite-based heat-pressed ceramics are widely used to restore non-vital teeth in conjunction with various post and core materials. However, as some light passes through the ceramic, the colour of the abutment substrate can negatively affect the final aesthetic appearance of the all-ceramic crown. In this study, we made background specimens simulating gold-alloy cast posts and other simulating porcelain veneered cast posts, overlaid different thickness of heat-pressed ceramic on these background specimens, and measured the shifts in colour. We found that, when the background specimen was a gold alloy, the background colour had an effect on the apparent colour, unless the ceramic was more than 1.6 mm thick. When the background specimen was porcelain veneered, the background colour had no evident effect, even when the ceramic was not very thick. Therefore, when making a restoration using a leucite-based heat-pressed ceramic crown, it is advisable to use tooth-coloured materials such as a porcelain veneered cast post, if you will not be able to make the ceramic more than 1.6 mm thick.     

Metal ceramic crowns--a review of tooth preparation

The metal ceramic crown has become the most popular extra-coronal restoration in the armamentarium of the dentist, certainly within the UK. It combines the aesthetic qualities of porcelain with the strength of cast metal. This review discusses a number of issues relating to these crowns, and considers the principles of tooth preparation and marginal fit. The physical requirements of tooth preparation are considered in terms of shoulder width, emergence profile, shoulder angle and effects on the pulp. It also considers the teaching of metal ceramic crown preparation, the failure of metal ceramic crowns and the influence that preparation quality has on these failures.     

Esthetic modification of cast dental-ceramic restorations

The advantages and disadvantages of conventional opaque substructures (eg, metal ceramic restorations) used for creating esthetic complete crown restorations are reviewed, and the esthetic advantages of veneering a translucent crown (Dicor) are considered. An appropriate aluminous veneering porcelain was identified (Vitadur Veneer). This veneer porcelain was chosen to match the thermal coefficient of expansion of the cast glass-ceramic substructure. A flexural strength study was then completed and it showed no difference in the strength of the veneered and nonveneered translucent cast glass-ceramic specimens. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the interface between the porcelain veneer and cast glass-ceramic substructure had no visible porosity and resulted in a continuous-appearing structure. Potential coping designs, as well as the clinical applications and ramifications of this modified crown, are discussed.     

Resistance to fracture of crowned endodontically treated premolars restored with ceramic and metal post systems.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess the resistance to fracture of crowned endodontically treated premolars with varying ceramic and metal post systems under simulated occlusal load. METHOD AND MATERIALS: The study consisted of 60 extracted intact premolars with similar root diameter and length. Teeth were divided equally into 4 groups (n = 15) and prepared for posts and cast crowns as follows: group 1 = preformed metal post, composite core, and cast crown; group 2 = cast post and core and cast crown; group 3 = zirconia post, composite core, and cast crown; and group 4 = zirconia post and heat-pressed ceramic core and cast crown. All prepared teeth had 2 mm of sound dentin on which the cast crowns were cemented. A continuous load (kg) was applied by an Instron testing machine to the buccal cusp at a 30-degree angle to the long axis of each tooth at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min until failure. One-way analysis of variance with Scheffe test was used to statistically compare the differences between groups. RESULTS: Mean failure loads (in newtons) for the 4 test groups were as follows: 1,103.3 (group 1), 1,234.5 (group 2), 826.6 (group 3), and 870.6 (group 4). No significant difference in failure load values was found among all tested groups (F[3,59] = 2.05; P >.05). The primary mode of failure (85%) in all groups was an oblique radicular fracture, either apical to the post or at the post level. Horizontal fracture (15% to 20%) of the root and post was found in groups 3 and 4. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, varying ceramic and metal post systems did not affect the failure resistance of teeth restored with full-coverage cast metal crowns, under simulated occlusal load.     

Use of contact testing in the characterization and design of all-ceramic crownlike layer structures: a review.

Ceramic-based crowns, particularly molar crowns, can fail prematurely from accumulation of fracture and other damage in continual occlusal contact. Damage modes depend on ceramic types (especially microstructures), flaw states, loading conditions, and geometric factors. These damage modes can be simulated and characterized in the laboratory with the use of Hertzian contact testing on monolayer, bilayer, and trilayer structures to represent important aspects of crown response in oral function. This article reviews the current dental materials knowledge base of clinically relevant contact-induced damage in ceramic-based layer structures in the context of all-ceramic crown lifetimes. It is proposed that simple contact testing protocols that make use of sphere indenters on model flat, ceramic-based layer structures-ceramic/polymer bilayers (simulating monolithic ceramic crowns on dentin) and ceramic/ceramic/polymer trilayers (simulating veneer/core all-ceramic crowns on dentin)-can provide useful relations for predicting critical occlusal loads to induce lifetime-threatening fracture. It is demonstrated that radial cracking from the lower core layer surface is the dominant failure mode for ceramic layer thicknesses much below 1 mm. Such an approach may be used to establish a scientific, materials-based foundation for designing next-generation crown layer structures.     

Spectrometric analysis of the influence of metal substrates on the color of metal-ceramic restorations

The development and use of ceramic alloys have created the potential for variation in the color of dental porcelain. In order to define the nature of the alterations, it is necessary to examine quantitatively the color of dental porcelain baked onto ceramic alloys. The purpose of this study was to examine spectrometrically where color differences occur in the fabrication process. One shade of Vita porcelain was baked onto coupons of three ceramic alloys (high gold, palladium-silver, base metal). Eight replications were made in each alloy at seven fabrication steps: prepared metal, oxide, first opaque, second opaque, first dentin, second dentin, and glaze. Spectrometric analyses were performed for each replication at each step. Data were tabulated every 10 nm over the recorded 380-750-nm range, for conversion to the CIE color measurement system. Tristimulus values X, Y, and Z and chromaticity coordinates x and y were calculated. Differences from spectrographic inspection were seen among the metal substrate series. The greatest variation appeared at the first dentin step between the palladium-silver and high-gold alloys and between the palladium-silver and base metal alloys. Mean tristimulus values were significantly different (p less than 0.0001) for all steps and alloys. The distribution of plotted values followed the same pattern of spectral changes throughout the seven fabrication steps. Analysis of these data shows that color differences of metal-ceramic coupons based on dissimilar metal substrates can be quantified, and that spectral reflectance values can be converted to CIE notation. As depicted spectrally, notable color differences appeared with the first dentin porcelain layer.     

Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Custom-Made Ceramic Dowel Made Using CAD/CAM Technology

Purpose: This study compares the stress distribution in the structure of a loaded endodontically treated maxillary extracted canine restored with either custom-made zirconia (Cercon) or cast gold dowel and core. Materials and Methods: Standard treatments were implemented to prepare the gutta-percha-filled root canal and dowel space. The tooth along with the dowel and core fabricated pattern resin were prepared to receive an all-ceramic (Cercon) crown. An impression was made for the tooth preparation with the zirconia milled dowel and core in place to fabricate the Cercon crown using CAD/CAM. The restored canine was scanned, and from the scan two models were constructed with the surrounding ligament and bone. Three-dimensional finite element elastic analysis was then carried out for the stress distribution within the different regions of the two models due to a concentrated force of 100 N applied at the mid-lingual area. Analyses were made for three load angulations, vertical, buccolingual horizontal, and an in-between oblique force at 45(o) . Each region of the models was assumed isotropic and homogeneous. The two restored canines with zirconia and gold were compared in terms of the resulting maximum tensile, compressive, and Von Mises stresses. Results: Generally, there were no significant differences in the maximum stresses in most regions for both models. Von Mises stresses for zirconia dowel and core was 8.966 MPa and for cast gold dowel and core was 8.752 MPa. The maximum tensile stress for zirconia dowel and core was 9.326 MPa, and for cast gold dowel and core was 8.166 MPa. Conclusions: The present work validates the use of CAD/CAM zirconia material for ceramic dowel and cores. Clinical implications: CAD/CAM Zirconia can be used for a custom-made dowel and core in an esthetically demanding zone as an esthetic replacement for a metal cast dowel and core when restoring endodontically treated teeth.     

Effect of core stiffness on the in vitro fracture of crowned, endodontically treated teeth

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Dentin and core materials that substitute for missing dentin are dissimilar materials. A core material with a lower elastic modulus may deform more under applied stress and therefore result in reduced stress concentration at the core/dentin junction. PURPOSE: This in vitro study examined the effect of core stiffness on the fracture resistance and failure characteristics of a crowned, endodontically treated tooth under simulated occlusal load. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty extracted human mandibular premolars were divided equally into 4 groups and prepared for posts and cast crowns as follows: group 1 = cast post and core, cast crown; group 2 = preformed metal post, composite core, and cast crown; group 3 = preformed metal post, amalgam core, and cast crown; and group 4 (control) = preformed metal post, no core, and cast crown. All prepared teeth had 2 mm of sound dentin on which the cemented crown rested. A continuous load (kg) was applied to the buccal cusp at a 30-degree angle to the long axis of each tooth at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min until failure. Collected data were subjected to 1-way analysis of variance with the Welch modification to compare groups (P<.05). RESULTS: Failure loads for the 4 test groups were as follows: 98.1 +/- 34.6 kg (group 1), 94.4 +/- 41.8 kg (group 2), 105.5 +/- 18.6 kg (group 3), and 101.1 +/- 55.3 kg (group 4). No significant difference in failure load values was found among the 4 groups. The primary mode of failure (80%) in all groups was an oblique radicular fracture, either apical to the post or at the post level. Horizontal fracture of the root and post was found in groups 1, 2, and 3 (20%). Loosening of the crown, post, and core was found only in group 2(20%). CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, core stiffness did not affect the failure resistance of teeth restored with posts and cores and complete-coverage cast metal crowns. The dominant pattern of failure was unrepairable root fracture. Only the composite core exhibited repairable fractures.     

The dental application of electroformed pure gold. I. Porcelain jacket crown technique.

The use of gold electroforms provides (1) a porcelain jacket crown and adaptable gold margin; (2) a matrix for porcelain inlays; (3) an adaptable margin for cast ceramic bonded to metal crowns or abutments. Further, by the application of electrodeposited tin to the gold, excellent bonding of porcelain occurs. This system can be used advantageously as a substrate for bonding porcelain to metals.     

CELAY全瓷桩核强度的研究

目的:比较Celay 全瓷桩核、铸造金属桩核及Parapost 预成桩复合树脂核修复的根管治疗牙全冠修复后的抗折裂强度。方法:60 个完整拔除的人上中切牙,根管治疗后随机分为5 组,每组12 个。A 组:牙体预备保留210 mm高的牙本质套圈,Celay 桩核;B 组:牙体预备无牙本质套圈,Celay 桩核;C 组:牙体预备保留210 mm 高的牙本质套圈,铸造金属桩核;D 组:牙体预备无牙本质套圈,铸造金属桩核;E 组:牙体预备保留210 mm高的牙本质套圈,Para2post 预成桩,复合树脂核。所有标本皆用Celay 全冠修复。标本在室温下保存于100 %湿度中30 d 后,在MTS 810 材料试验机上沿与牙长轴成45°的方向加载,测试折裂强度。结果:各组的折裂强度间有显著性差异( P < 0101) ,牙体预备保留210 mm高的牙本质套圈时,Celay 桩核与铸造金属桩核的折裂强度显著高于其他三组,其他三组之间无显著性差异,Celay 桩核修复时,有无210 mm高的牙本质套圈其折裂强度有显著性差异( P < 0105) 。结论:在牙体预备保留210 mm高的牙本质套圈时,Celay 桩核的强度可基本满足临床要求而不致发生桩核的折裂。     

Esthetic option for the implant-supported single-tooth restoration -- treatment sequence with a ceramic abutment

A single implant-supported restoration is one treatment alternative to consider for the replacement of a missing tooth. Technological advances in materials and machining have led to the development of a densely sintered aluminum oxide ceramic abutment, designed and machined using CAD/CAM technology. This manufacturing method improves management of the subgingival depth of the crown/abutment interface and enhances the esthetic qualities of the restoration. However, since this ceramic abutment has less mechanical resistance than metal abutments, its use should be confined to the restoration of incisors and premolars not subjected to excessive occlusal forces.     

Precision porcelain jacket crown technique

A simple technique for construction of an aluminous porcelain crown has been described. An aluminous core is fabricated without platinum foil on a ceramic refractory die and, when retrieved, serves as a coping on the master cast. The technique and accuracy of fit are illustrated with the fabrication of an aluminous porcelain crown on the Bureau of Standards' full-crown die.     

Relative translucency of six all-ceramic systems. Part I: core materials

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: All-ceramic restorations have been advocated for superior esthetics. Various materials have been used to improve ceramic core strength, but it is unclear whether they affect the opacity of all-ceramic systems. PURPOSE: This study compared the translucency of 6 all-ceramic system core materials at clinically appropriate thicknesses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Disc specimens 13 mm in diameter and 0.49 +/- 0.01 mm in thickness were fabricated from the following materials (n = 5 per group): IPS Empress dentin, IPS Empress 2 dentin, In-Ceram Alumina core, In-Ceram Spinell core, In-Ceram Zirconia core, and Procera AllCeram core. Empress and Empress 2 dentin specimens also were fabricated and tested at a thickness of 0.77 +/- 0.02 mm (the manufacturer's recommended core thickness is 0.8 mm). A high-noble metal-ceramic alloy (Porc. 52 SF) served as the control, and Vitadur Alpha opaque dentin was used as a standard. Sample reflectance (ratio of the intensity of reflected light to that of the incident light) was measured with an integrating sphere attached to a spectrophotometer across the visible spectrum (380 to 700 nm); 0-degree illumination and diffuse viewing geometry were used. Contrast ratios were calculated from the luminous reflectance (Y) of the specimens with a black (Yb) and a white (Yw) backing to give Yb/Yw with CIE illuminant D65 and a 2-degree observer function (0.0 = transparent, 1.0 = opaque). One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's multiple-comparison test were used to analyze the data (P<.05). RESULTS: Contrast ratios in order of most translucent to most opaque were as follows: Vitadur Alpha 0.60 +/- 0.03, Empress (0.5 mm) 0.64 +/- 0.01, In-Ceram Spinell 0.67 +/- 0.02, Empress 2 (0.5 mm) 0.68 +/- 0.02, Empress (0.8 mm) 0.72 +/- 0.01, Procera 0.72 +/- 0.01, Empress 2 (0.8 mm) 0.74 +/- 0.01, In-Ceram Alumina 0.87 +/- 0.01, In-Ceram Zirconia 1.00 +/- 0.01, and 52 SF alloy 1.00 +/- 0.00. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, there was a range of ceramic core translucency at clinically relevant core thicknesses. In order of decreasing translucency, the ranges were Vitadur Alpha dentin (standard) > In-Ceram Spinell > Empress, Procera, Empress 2 > In-Ceram Alumina > In-Ceram Zirconia, 52 SF alloy.     

3种树脂覆盖齿科合金对全瓷冠修复的遮色效果

目的：观察3种树脂，不同层厚下对齿科合金的遮色效果，及对全瓷冠颜色的影响。方法：2种成核树脂和1种通用树脂制作厚度为1．0mm和2，0mm的试样，制作贵、贱合金片模拟金属桩核材料，制作In-Ceram Alumina和EmpressⅡ2种全瓷材料试样。以2．0mm厚树脂加全瓷修复的颜色作为参照，采用金属树脂全瓷叠加的方法测量复合体颜色，并计算与参照组的色差。然后依次磨除树脂片，在其厚度为0，8mm、0．6mm、0．4mm、0．2mm以及无树脂层的情况下测量计算色差。结果：当树脂层厚度≥0．6mm时，DMG和ParaPost中试验组与参照组色差〈1．0；对于Z100树脂，当树脂层厚度〈1．0mm时，色差〉1．0。镍铬合金组的色差均高于金合金组（P〈0.01），当以金合金作为基底背景时，DMG和ParaPost树脂均能有效遮盖金合金颜色。Z100树脂组的色差大于另外2种树脂色差（P〈0．01）。结论：DMG和Para-Post树脂在厚度达到0．6mm时能够有效遮盖底层金属的颜色。全瓷修复如果使用金属核时，建议使用金合会材料。     

RG实验低熔瓷与钛的结合性能分析

目的　测试作者自行研制的RG实验低熔瓷与钛的结合性能。方法　铸造 1 0mm×5mm× 1 4mm钛片 5个 ,于钛片表面依次熔附RG实验遮色瓷和牙本质瓷总厚度 1mm。采用扫描电镜观察钛瓷界面形貌并做能谱分析。采用铸造法制备 2 8mm× 3mm× 0 5mm的NiCr合金试件6个 ,纯钛试件 1 8个。于NiCr合金试件中份 8mm× 3mm处熔附 1mmVita常用瓷 ;钛试件分为 3组 ,每组 6个 ,于试件中份 8mm× 3mm处分别熔附 1mmRG实验低熔瓷、VITATITANKERAMLK瓷和NoritakesuperporcelainTi 2 2瓷。在实验机上采用 3点弯曲法测试金瓷分离时的载荷。采用金瓷修复体制作方法制作RG实验钛瓷冠。结果　扫描电镜观察发现遮色瓷与钛之间无明显缝隙存在 ,遮色瓷与钛之间存在一个约 1 μm过渡层 ,能谱分析发现该过渡层的主要化学元素为Ti、Si、O。NiCr合金 VITA瓷试件的分离加载为 (1 2 733± 3 2 97)N ,钛 VITATITAN、钛 Noritake瓷试件和钛 RG实验瓷的分离加载分别为 (7 2 33± 2 539)N、(5 533± 1 1 99)N和 (6 31 6± 1 433)N。经统计检验 ,3种钛瓷试件之间差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5) ;而 3种钛瓷样本的分离加载均明显低于NiCr合金与瓷的分离载荷 ,差异有极显著性 (P <0 0 1 )。钛瓷冠瓷面完整无裂纹。结论　RG瓷与钛具有良好的结合     

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目的评价石英纤维增强树脂桩核修复残根、残冠的临床应用效果。方法选择2004年1月至2006年1月于济南市口腔医院修复科就诊的牙体缺损患者98例,共156颗患牙,均为经完善根管治疗的残根、残冠,随机分为石英纤维增强树脂桩核组(49例72颗患牙)和铸造金属桩核组(49例84颗患牙),金瓷冠修复后随诊3年。结果石英纤维增强树脂桩核组无一例根折裂发生,仅有1颗修复体发生桩折断;而铸造金属桩核组发生根折4颗、铸造金属桩核脱落3颗,出现牙龈色素沉着8颗。石英纤维增强树脂桩核组3年修复成功率(71/72,98.6%)明显高于铸造金属桩核组(69/84,82.1%),二者差异有统计学意义。结论石英纤维增强树脂桩核具有良好的美学效果,强度高,抗疲劳、抗腐蚀性及生物相容性好且不易造成根折,是残根、残冠修复的理想选择。     

A2色天然牙与金属烤瓷全冠的同色异谱效应分析

目的金属烤瓷全冠与天然牙具有不同的光谱反射曲线，当光源改变后，同色异谱效应的存在可能破坏二者的颜色匹配。本实验对A2色天然牙和采用两种品牌A2色饰面瓷的金属烤瓷全冠在4种不同光源下的颜色参数进行测量．分析二者在不同光源下的颜色变化。比较其光谱反射曲线．同时通过计算分析二者的同色异谱效应。方法采用PR-650光谱扫描色度仪对A2色天然牙和两种品牌A2色金属烤瓷全冠在D65光源、A光源、CWF光源和紫外光（UV）下的颜色参数L^＊、a^＊、b^＊（国际发光照明委员会1976 L^＊a^＊b^＊系统）和三刺激值X、Y、Z（国际发光照明委员会1931XYZ系统）进行测量，比较其光谱反射曲线．同时通过计算特殊同色异谱指数来分析二者的同色异谱效应。结果A2色天然牙和金属烤瓷全冠的L^＊、a^＊、b^＊值随着光源的改变而改变，二者的变化趋势不完全一致．方差分析和SNK法两两检验显示差异有统计学意义：天然牙和金属烤瓷全冠之间．不同品牌的金属烤瓷全冠之间的光谱反射曲线形状有较大区别，但是每条曲线都有三个以上的交叉点和重合处，在特定光源下可以达到同色，具有同色异谱效应；A2色天然牙与金属烤瓷全冠之间同色异谱指数在A光源下为2．53和0．95．在CWF光源下2．95和2.47，在UV光源下为3．20和5．07。结论光源对天然牙和金属烤瓷全冠的颜色有较大影响，A2色天然牙与金属烤瓷全冠之间以及不同品牌的金属烤瓷全冠之间存在较明显的同色异谱效应。     

三种预备体材料对前牙烤瓷冠及牙本质应力分布的影响

目的：研究种类和强度不同的冠预备体材料与瓷层破折碎裂的内在关系，对临床上残根，残冠的核桩冠修复技术以及全冠的修复技术提供必要的理论指导。方法：选用计算机建立上颌牙的三维有限元模型，模拟了瓷层，Ni-Cr合金帽状冠，牙本质，核桩等结构，与临床实际结构类似，分析在活髓牙，钴铬合金及复合树脂三种预备体情况下，金属烤瓷全冠的瓷层内，金瓷界面以及残余牙本质的应力分布情况。结果：高弹性模量的Co-Cr合金能够降低瓷层，金瓷界面以及残余牙本质内的最大主应力和最小主应力峰值，防止瓷层破折碎裂，同时，改变原有的应力分布模式，在桩与残余牙本质交界处出现应力集中现象，而弹性模量与牙本质基牙相近的复合树脂桩不改变原有的应力分布模式，降低应力峰值的作用不明显。结论：对于行根充治疗术的无髓牙，应采用高弹性模量的高熔合金核桩冠修复，对于活髓牙，保存牙髓活力行烤瓷冠修复。     

Shear bond strength of textured opaque porcelain.

Textured opaque porcelains have been introduced to improve the appearance of metal ceramic restorations by increasing light refraction. This investigation compared the shear bond strength of a textured opaque porcelain with that of a conventional opaque porcelain. Opaque and body porcelains were fired onto six different alloys and the specimens were loaded to failure by applying shear force at the alloy-porcelain interface. No significant differences in bond strength were found between the textured and conventional opaque porcelains for any of the alloys tested.     

A mechanical study on new ceramic crowns and bridges for clinical use

By the recent development of new ceramics, i.e. castable glass ceramics and high strength porcelain, the clinical use of all-ceramic bridges as well as all-ceramic crowns have been expected. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties of new ceramics and to analyze the stress distributions in new ceramic crowns and bridges. The Young's modulus, flexural strength and diametral tensile strength of four types of new ceramics (DICOR, BIORAM-C, OPTEC, and HI-CERAM) were measured, and the fracture loads of new ceramic anterior crowns and bridges on the metal abutments were evaluated. Three dimensional finite element analyses of new ceramic anterior crowns and bridges were also carried out to investigate the effects of various mechanical factors; locations of loading point, types of ceramics, thickness of crowns, luting materials, core materials, and designs of fixed joints. In each experiment, the loading forces were applied at 45 degree to the tooth axis. The results were summarized as follow; 1) DICOR showed the highest flexural strength. HI-CERAM hard core porcelain showed the highest Young's modulus and tensile strength. 2) HI-CERAM crowns showed the highest fracture load among the new ceramic crowns. DICOR bridges were significantly stronger than BIORAM-C bridges. The stress analyses of the experimental cases indicated that the fractures of crowns and bridges occurred by the concentration of tensile stresses. 3) By the load at the incisal edge, the highest tensile stresses were caused in the crown. In the crown with 0.5 mm thickness at axial wall, high tensile stresses were observed at more wide regions of palatal side than in the crown with 0.75 mm or 1 mm thickness. However, in the case with an enamel layer remained on the surface of the abutment tooth, the stresses were reduced in spite of the crown thickness. When the abutment tooth was restored with a metal post and core, the stresses of the crown decreased in comparison with the natural abutment tooth. 4) In case of bridges, high tensile stresses concentrated at the fixed joints under any loading point. The stresses tended to rise slightly according to the increase of the Young's modulus of bridges. The aluminous core material which had high Young's modulus was effective for the reduction of the stresses at the surface of the bridge. Those tensile stresses were reduced remarkably by increasing the thickness of the fixed joints toward the labial and vertical side.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)