汉语儿童阅读障碍的临床评定与分型研究

目的：探讨汉语儿童阅读障碍（ＣＲＤ）的临床表现与分型特点。方法：采用ＩＣＤ－１０诊断标准和汉语阅读技能诊断测验（ＣＲＳＤＴ），对１１４名３～６年级ＣＲＤ儿童和１３１名正常儿童作对照研究和聚类分析。结果：ＣＲＤ表现为汉字形－音／形－义识别障碍、阅读流畅性、准确性差和理解困难；６年级患儿的阅读技能明显低于３年级正常儿童的水平；其阅读障碍可分为三型：（１）单字识别障碍型，占２１．６％；（２）词、句理解困难型，占８．１％；（３）混合型，占７０．３％；汉字识别以形－音伴形－义识别障碍较为突出；单纯形－义识别障碍较少而轻，属高一级水平的认知发展迟滞。结论：ＣＲＤ儿童在汉字的解码识别和记忆、阅读速度和准确性以及词、句理解等方面持续存在明显障碍，表现为不同的认知发展和神经语言学亚型，与汉语成人失读症和国外拼音文字儿童阅读障碍有所不同。     

汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的阅读相关认知技能缺陷

目的:探讨汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的阅读相关认知技能缺陷.方法:以47名四、五年级阅读障碍儿童和43名正常儿童为对象,系统考察了儿童的命名组词、阅读理解和阅读流畅性等阅读能力以及语音意识、语素意识、正字法意识及快速命名等阅读相关认知技能.结果:①阅读障碍儿童在所有阅读能力和阅读相关认知技能测验中均显著落后于正常儿童.②不同阅读相关认知技能对阅读能力的不同方面存在不同影响.③语音意识、语素意识、正字法意识及快速命名相结合能有效地预测儿童是否患有阅读障碍.结论:汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童在语音意识、语素意识、正字法意识及快速命名等方面存在着不同缺陷,这可能是导致他们阅读能力落后的重要原因.     

汉语阅读技能诊断测验（CRSDT）的初步编制

目的：为汉语儿童阅读障碍（ＲＤ）的研究与临床标准化诊断试编制一个《汉语阅读技能诊断测验（ＣＲＳＤＴ）》。方法：根据认知心理语言学与神经语言学理论，结合ＲＤ症状学特点编制了ＣＲＳＤＴ，在小学三～六年级２４５名阅读障碍与正常儿童中作一试验。结果：（１）在测验各项目及总分上，正常儿童与ＲＤ儿童差别显著（Ｐ＜．０００１）；正常儿童不同学绩水平间的差别大于不同年级之间的差别。（２）分半信度为．７７～．８１；重测信度为．９０（．６７～．９４）；α系数为．９０。（３）测验总分与语文成绩相关为．８５；临床按标准分７０划界诊断的灵敏度为９４．７％，特异度为９８．５％；因素分析所获三因子模型（字识别、词句理解、记忆－把握）可解释６４．４％的变异，符合汉语失读症的神经语言学层级理论。结论：ＣＲＳＤＴ的信度、效度初步达到心理测量学要求，具有临床实用价值，并与国外同类测验作了比较。     

10例孤独症儿童心理推测能力的测试分析

目的：探讨孤独症儿童的心理推测能力。方法：本研究使用自编的测验故事为测量工具考察了学龄孤独症儿童的心理推测能力。结果：孤独症儿童能理解他人的生理性和社会性愿望，并能依据他人的愿望预测他人的行为；基本能理解他人的积极性和消极性情绪；但他们在理解他人的虚假信念时则表现出明显的困难，并且不能理解他人由虚假信念所导致的认知性情绪。结论：依据孤独症儿童在理解他人虚假信念上的表现，提示孤独症儿童在理解他人虚假信念的能力上只存在着量上的差异而非质上的差异。     

学习困难儿童视听知觉特征与智力结构的关系探讨

目的：阐明Illinois心理语言测试与智力及Berry视觉一运动测试之间的交互关系。方法：对59名学习困难儿童进行韦氏智力测验、Illinois心理语言测试及Beny单项神经心理测试。结果：Illinois心理语言测试除听觉理解外，均与Berry视-动测验呈显著性正相关；除词汇表达外，均与韦氏测验的空间因子正相关；听觉理解、视觉组合与韦氏总智商、操作智商密切相关；语法组合、视觉联合及手势表达与概念因子正相关。表象和自动化水平有赖于视听知觉的整合。学习困难儿童的词汇表达、视觉记忆相对较低。结论：心理语言测试与智力测试不是测量同一种特质，认知水平与一般能力的空间因子密切相关．知觉的某些分测最与总智商有关，并与视觉一运动测量正相关。     

Portage早期教育计划在中国精神发育迟滞儿童早期干预中的效果及适用性研究

目的：探讨Ｐｏｒｔａｇｅ计划在中国精神发育迟滞（ＭＲ）儿童干预中的适用性及其效果。方法：采用Ｐｏｒｔａｇｅ早期教育计划对２０名精神发育迟滞儿童智力发展和社会适应技能方面进行干预训练，并用Ｇｅｓｅｌ发展量表和中国幼儿适应技能评定量表对儿童的发展水平及适应技能进行评估。结果：经Ｐｏｒｔａｇｅ计划干预后，ＭＲ儿童的发展水平有明显提高，表现在各领域发育年龄和发育商显著高于对照组；社会适应技能的沟通、运动技能领域也有明显进步，表现在沟通领域分和运动技能分均高于对照组。结论：早期干预在短期对ＭＲ儿童是有显著帮助的，Ｐｏｒｔａｇｅ早期教育计划在中国ＭＲ儿童中有较好的适用性。     

阅读障碍儿童语音转录

目的:考查小学生识字、阅读理解双差组,识字单差组(阅读理解不差),阅读理解单差组(识字量不差)和识字量与阅读理解正常(双好)组及年龄较小但能力正常的阅读水平控制组在语音转录任务上的表现.方法:以自编的图形-语音和假字-语音转录为实验材料,通过录音呈现和记录的方式对入组的被试进行考察.结果:(1)以图形-语音转录为任务时,各组的成绩无显著差别.以假字-语音为任务时,双好组与双差组、双好组与识字单独差组有显著差异.(2)阅读障碍组(包括双差组和识字单差组)于图形-语音和假字-语音成绩存在显著相关,而正常组相关不显著.结论:以识字的解码障碍作为鉴别指标比阅读理解更能区分伴随语音转录缺陷的阅读障碍儿童.     

阴、阳性症状为主的精神分裂症患者神经认知功能的比较研究

目的：探讨阳性症状为主型（阳性型）及阴性症状为主型（阴性型）精神分裂症患者的神经认知功能状况。方法：采用木块图、线方向判断、视觉再生、理解记忆、连线及威斯康星卡片分类（WCST）测验，对25例阴性型精神分裂症患者和20例阳性型精神分裂症患者进行评定。结果：阴性组患者的视觉再生、理解记忆、木块图，连线B时间、思维灵活性以及WCST持续性错误百分数、完成分类数等成绩显著低于阳性组；其中木块图、连线B时间、思维灵活性以及WCST持续性错误百分数指标与SANS总分均有显著相关；视觉再生、理解记忆测验得分及WCST完成分类数与SANS及SAPS总分均有显著相关。结论：不同亚型精神分裂症患者神经认知功能损害的特点不同。顶叶及额叶功能下降与阴性症状关系密切；而颞叶功能下降与阴性、阳性症状均密切相关。     

汉语阅读障碍儿童的认知能力[Ⅱ]

目的：进一步探讨汉语阅读障碍（RD）儿童的认知特点及其认知亚型。方法：采用韦氏儿童智力量表（C－WISC）和韦氏记忆量表（WMS－RC（）以及汉语阅读技能诊断测验（CRSDT）对172例患儿和61例正常儿童进行诊断与评估，结果：1．RD儿童在Bannatyne,Kaufman智力模型及ACID公式中各变量成绩均低于对照组，在Bannatyne智力模型表现出空间能力＞数序列能力＞言语概念化＞获得性知识；Kaufman智力模型中表现为左脑加工能力差于右脑加工。聚类分析表明RD儿童可分为三维亚型。结论：1．RD儿童存在多方面的认知功能缺陷，其左右半球功能不平衡。2．RD儿童存在三种认知障碍亚型。     

分阶综合社交技能训练对孤独症谱系障碍儿童社交认知的干预效果

目的：采用分阶综合社交技能干预方案，探究其对孤独症儿童社交认知的干预效果。方法：共36名孤独症儿童参与研究，干预组(n=22)共参与17次社交技能训练，对照组(n=14)不参加训练。结果：干预组孤独症儿童的孤独症治疗量表和社交反应量表后测结果的总分以及语言、知觉、社交、社交认知、社交动机等维度得分均显著低于对照组。结论：分阶综合社交技能训练可显著提高孤独症儿童的社交认知能力。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.