Concurrent paediatric seat belt injuries of the abdomen and spine

Between 1981 and 1989, 541 children were admitted with abdominal injuries sustained as passengers in motor vehicle accidents. Twenty-nine of them had seat belt injuries of the abdomen. From 1981 to 1984, 1 child was admitted each year with such injuries and 21% of the abdominal injuries were due to seat belts. The number of cases had increased to 8 in 1989 and 78% of abdominal injuries were due to seat belts. These changes coincided with increased compliance with seat belt legislation in the State of Victoria. Restraint of children under 8 years of age in the front seat was legislated in 1976 and in the rear seat in 1981. In 1985, drivers were also held responsible for the restraint of children 8–17 years of age. Most of the children with seat belt injuries of the abdomen used lap belts or poorly fitting lap/sash belts. Twenty of the children had other non-abdominal injuries including 11 head, 7 thoracic, and 12 limb injuries. Eight children had spinal injuries including 7 Chance flexion-distraction fractures of the spine and 1 spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality. Chance fractures were only detected in one-half of the children on admission and in only 1 of the 9 children who had a laparotomy. Seventy-five per cent of children with spinal injuries had a laparotomy; 67% of those with abdominal injuries had spinal injuries, while only 7% of those not undergoing laparotomy had spinal injuries. These findings indicate that all children with seat belt injuries of the abdomen need careful clinical and radiographic assessment of the thoracolumbar spine. Prevention of seat belt injuries of the abdomen and spine requires legislation that ensures that all children use effective restraints that are appropriate for their age, size, and position within the vehicle. Correspondence to: W. G. Cole     

儿童弥漫性轴索损伤的临床特征及治疗(附26例报告)

目的探讨儿童弥漫性轴索损伤(Diffuse axonal injury,DAI)的发病机制、临床特征及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析本院于2008年7月至2014年1月收治的26例儿童弥漫性轴索损伤病例的临床诊疗经过,并随访其预后。结果 26例中,死亡3例,植物生存1例,5例出现不同程度后遗症,基本痊愈17例。结论儿童弥漫性轴索损伤受伤原因与成人不同,以高坠伤多见,病死率及致残率较成人低,早期诊断、积极治疗预后良好。     

专业人员指导下孤独症谱系障碍儿童家长执行的家庭康复疗效观察的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨专业人员指导下,由家长执行的家庭康复对孤独症谱系障碍（autism spectrum disorder,ASD）儿童的治疗作用。 方法 前瞻性选取ASD儿童60例（月龄24~60个月）,随机分为观察组和常规组。常规组儿童仅对家长进行线上理论培训。观察组儿童家长,除线上理论培训外,还进行专业人员团队指导下由家长执行的家庭康复。采用心理教育评估第3版（Psycho-Education Profile Third Edition,PEP-3）、儿童期孤独症评定量表（Childhood Autism Rating Scale,CARS）评估两组儿童干预前、干预后能力变化情况。 结果 经6个月干预后,观察组PEP-3量表各维度和常规组大部分维度得分较干预前提高（P<0.01）;两组CARS量表得分较干预前降低（P<0.05）。与常规组相比,干预后观察组儿童PEP-3量表语言理解、语言表达、大肌肉、小肌肉、个人自理、适应行为维度得分提高（P<0.05）,CARS量表得分降低（P<0.05）。 结论 对家长培训,由家长执行的干预可以提升ASD儿童的能力,改善其核心临床症状;但以专业人员组成的团队为资源平台,以家长为主要干预力量的家庭康复服务模式,对提升ASD儿童语言、运动等能力,改善其症状严重程度的效果更为显著。     

The early clinical phenotype of Fabry disease: a study on 35 European children and adolescents

Fabry disease (FD) is a debilitating progressive multisystem X-linked lysosomal storage disorder. It was generally believed that the disease affects only adult males. Through systematic pedigree analysis, we identified 35 paediatric FD patients (age 1 to 21 years, mean 12.6 years) in 25 families. Predominant signs in this cohort were: acroparesthesia, hypohidrosis, and cornea verticillata. Neurological and psychological changes, such as tinnitus, recurrent vertigo, headache, diminished level of activity, fatigue, and depression were often observed. Angiokeratoma and gastrointestinal symptoms were frequent. Some patients also showed cardiac abnormalities. Six children and adolescents (three males and three females) over 14 years of age had renal involvement (all with proteinuria, one male had a decreased creatinine clearance of 62 ml/min). No males, but three females (1.5, 4 and 9 years of age), were free of signs and symptoms. Males (n=15, age 1 to 21 years, mean 12.4 years) and females (n=20, age 1.5 to 20 years, mean 12.7 years) showed comparable disease severity. However, the clinical courses demonstrated a wide intra- and interfamilial variability and tended to be more heterogeneous in the girls. Female patients are frequently affected at an early age, not much differently than males. They should be carefully examined because most carriers are symptomatic. Conclusion: Fabry disease usually becomes clinically manifest in childhood. Renal involvement can begin in adolescence. The diagnosis is made following a high level of suspicion or systematic pedigree analysis. It is crucial for paediatric Fabry disease patients to have early access to optimal supportive symptomatic management. Enzyme replacement therapy has shown promising effectiveness in adults. Considering its widespread therapeutic and potential preventive benefits, enzyme replacement therapy should be initiated at an early stage, prior to the onset of irreversible complications.Abbreviations FD Fabry disease - GALA -galactosidase A - Gb ₃ globotriaosylceramide     

Effect of parent-child cooperative music therapy on children with autism spectrum disorder and their mothers: a prospective randomized controlled study北大核心CSCD

目的 探讨亲子合作式音乐疗法对孤独症谱系障碍（autism spectrum disorder,ASD）儿童的核心症状及其母亲的影响。 方法 前瞻性采用随机数字表法将112例ASD儿童及其母亲分为音乐疗法组和应用行为分析法（applied behavior analysis,ABA）组,每组各56例。ABA组采用ABA进行干预,音乐疗法组在ABA组基础上采用亲子合作式音乐疗法。2组干预时长均为8周。采用儿童孤独症评估量表（Childhood Autism Rating Scale,CARS）、儿童孤独症家长评定量表（Autism Behavior Checklist,ABC）、亲职压力简表（Parenting Stress Index-Short Form,PSI-SF）、家庭关怀度指数量表（Family APGAR Index,APGAR）和Herth希望量表（Herth Hope Index,HHI）,评估干预前和干预后ASD儿童的核心症状及其母亲的亲职压力、家庭关怀度和希望水平。 结果 共100对母子参与了全程研究（每组各50对）。干预后音乐疗法组ASD儿童ABC量表总分、感觉维度、社交维度、躯体运动维度得分,以及CARS量表总分低于ABA组（P<0.05）。干预后音乐疗法组母亲的PSI-SF总分、亲子互动失调维度得分,HHI量表总分和各维度得分,以及APGAR量表总分、合作度和亲密度得分均高于ABA组（P<0.05）。 结论 在ABA的基础上,加用亲子合作式音乐疗法可改善ASD儿童的核心症状,减轻母亲的亲职压力,提升其家庭关怀度指数和希望水平。 引用格式：中国当代儿科杂志,2022,24（5）：472-481     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童丘脑和小脑磁共振波谱特征和临床关系的前瞻性研究

目的 探究孤独症谱系障碍（autism spectrum disorder,ASD）儿童丘脑和小脑生化代谢物指标变化及与临床特征的关系。 方法 前瞻性采用磁共振波谱（magnetic resonance spectroscopy,MRS）单体素点分辨率波谱序列对50名2~6岁的ASD儿童双侧丘脑和小脑进行分析,以肌酸（creatine,Cr）为内标测定代谢物N-乙酰天冬氨酸（N-acetylaspartate,NAA）/Cr、胆碱（cholin,Cho）/Cr、肌醇（myoinositol,MI）/Cr、谷氨酸复合物（glutamine and glutamate complex,Glx）/Cr的相对值,比较各代谢物的差异和临床症状之间的关系。 结果 ASD儿童左侧丘脑NAA/Cr与Griffiths发育评估量表中文版中听力-语言和手眼协调评分呈正相关（P<0.05）;右侧小脑Cho/Cr与个人-社交、听力-语言、手眼协调呈正相关（P<0.05）;左侧丘脑和左侧小脑的NAA/Cr呈正相关,左侧丘脑和左侧小脑的Glx/Cr呈正相关（P<0.05）。ASD儿童丘脑和小脑部位左右两侧代谢物之间相比差异无统计意义（P>0.05）。 结论 ASD儿童小脑、丘脑存在代谢紊乱,且左侧小脑和左侧丘脑代谢物改变之间存在关联,部分指标与ASD临床症状相关。MRS可能揭示了ASD的病理基础并为其诊断、预后评估提供无创、定量检测方法。     

Effect of somatostatin on postoperative gastrointestinal function and stress level in children with acute abdomen: a prospective randomized controlled study北大核心CSCD

目的 探讨生长抑素对急腹症患儿术后胃肠功能及应激水平的影响。 方法 选取2019年8月至2021年6月徐州市儿童医院收治的行手术治疗的102例急腹症患儿为研究对象。将患儿随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各51例。对照组患儿术后给予止血、抗感染等常规治疗,观察组在常规治疗的基础上加用生长抑素。术前、术后第1天及术后第5天采集两组患儿外周血,比较两组患儿血清血管内皮素-1（endothelin-1,ET-1）、促肾上腺皮质激素（adrenocorticotropic hormone,ACTH）、皮质醇（cortisol,Cor）及胃泌素、胃动素水平,以及两组患儿术后恢复情况及并发症发生率。 结果 术前两组患儿血清ET-1、ACTH、Cor、胃动素及胃泌素水平差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。术后第1天、第5天,观察组患儿血清ET-1、ACTH、Cor水平均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;术后第5天,观察组患儿胃动素与胃泌素水平均高于对照组（P<0.05）。术后观察组患儿首次肛门排气时间、肠鸣音恢复时间、首次排便时间、住院时间均较对照组缩短（P<0.05）。观察组并发症发生率（6%）显著低于对照组（24%,P<0.05）。 结论 生长抑素可显著降低急腹症患儿术后应激反应,改善胃肠功能,降低并发症发生率,有益于疾病预后。     

The effects of early postnatal dexamethasone therapy on pulmonary outcome in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome: a two-year follow-up study

AIM: To evaluate the pulmonary outcome at corrected age of 2 y on preterm infants who participated in a double-blind trial of early postnatal dexamethasone therapy (< 12 h after birth) for the prevention of chronic lung disease. METHODS: Clinical respiratory status, blood gases, acid-base balance and pulmonary function were evaluated at corrected age of 2 y in 116 preterm infants (59 infants in the control group; 57 in the dexamethasone-treated group). In the dexamethasone-treated group, dexamethasone was administered intravenously every 12 h in tapering doses: 0.25 mg/kg on days 1 through 7, 0.12 mg/kg on days 8 through 14, 0.05 mg/kg on days 15 through 21, and 0.02 mg/kg on days 21 through 28. RESULTS: The clinical and laboratory characteristics in the perinatal period were comparable between the groups. At the time of follow-up (mean +/- SD corrected age was 25.1 +/- 4.8 mo for the control group and 24.6 +/- 5.1 mo for the dexamethasone-treated group), there was a slightly lower mean body weight and body length, and a lower psychomotor developmental index in the dexamethasone-treated group than in the control group (10.9 +/- 2.1 vs 11.5 +/- 1.9 kg, 84.4 +/- 6.1 vs 85.9 +/- 5.8 cm, and 82 +/- 24 vs 89 +/- 26, respectively); however, these differences were not statistically significant. There were no significant differences between the control and dexamethasone-treated groups in clinical respiratory status, blood gases, acid-base balance or in lung mechanics (V(T): 9.5 +/- 2.0 vs 9.4 +/- 1.9 ml/kg; V(min): 0.23 +/- 0.04 vs 0.23 +/- 0.03 l/min/kg; C(RS): 13.1 +/- 3.9 vs 12.6 +/- 3.6 ml/kPa/kg; R(RS): 1.56 +/- 0.64 vs 1.62 +/- 0.58 kPa/l/s, respectively). CONCLUSION: There was no apparent adverse respiratory outcome associated with early postnatal dexamethasone therapy.     

The impact of realized access to care on health-related quality of life: a two-year prospective cohort study of children in the California State Children's Health Insurance Program

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of realized access to care (problems getting care, access to needed care) on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in the California State Children's Health Insurance Program. STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective cohort study (n = 4,925; 70.5% [3438] had complete data). Surveys were taken at enrollment and after 1 and 2 years in the program. Parents and children reported HRQOL (PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales). Repeated-measures analysis accounted for within-person correlation and adjusted for baseline PedsQL, baseline realized access, race/ethnicity, language, chronic health condition, and having a regular physician. RESULTS: Realized access to care during the prior year was related to HRQOL for each subsequent year. Foregone care and problems getting care were associated with decrements of 3.5 (P < .001) and 4.5 (P < .001) points for parent proxy-report PedsQL and with decrements of 3.2 (P < .001) and 4.4 (P < .001) points for child self-report PedsQL. Improved realized access resulted in higher PedsQL scores, continued realized access resulted in sustained PedsQL scores, and foregone care resulted in cumulative declines in PedsQL scores. CONCLUSIONS: Realized access to care is associated with statistically significant and clinically meaningful changes in HRQOL in children enrolled in the California State Children's Health Insurance Program.     

Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in New Zealand children, demographic, clinical features, initial management and outcome after twelve-month follow-up: results of a three-year national surveillance study

Aim: To describe the demographic, clinical features, steroid response, histopathology and complications of all children diagnosed with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) in New Zealand over a 3-year period. Methods: A questionnaire seeking relevant clinical information was sent to all paediatricians who reported a new case of nephrotic syndrome to the New Zealand Paediatric Surveillance Unit. A follow-up questionnaire was sent to reporting paediatricians after the first 12 months of follow-up. Results: The incidence was 1.9 children per 100,000 under age 15 years. There was no significant difference in INS between ethnic groups. Approximately 80.4% were steroid responsive with median time to response of 8.4 days and mean time to relapse was 15.1 +/- 12.1 weeks (10.1-19.8 95% confidence interval). Follow-up at 12 months after diagnosis showed that two-thirds were either steroid dependent or frequent relapsers. Steroid resistance patients had a more variable course with some developing chronic renal failure and other remaining persistently nephrotic. Conclusion: The incidence and outcome of children with INS are similar to overseas studies. A large variety of steroid treatment regimens were noted. Current evidenced-based guidelines to treat INS were used infrequently.     

唐氏综合征患儿先天性心脏病术后并发症和预后的病例对照研究

目的探讨唐氏综合征(DS)患儿先天性心脏病(先心病)术后的并发症及预后。方法以2009年1月1日至2013年6月30日DS先心病术后患儿为DS组,选择同期非DS先心病术后患儿作为对照组。两组根据先心病类型分别分为简单和复杂型先心病亚组。比较两组患儿临床特征、术后并发症及预后。结果 DS组和对照组分别纳入77例,两组年龄、性别构成、体重和先心病类型差异均无统计学意义。DS组简单先心病亚组46例(59.7%),复杂先心病亚组31例;对照组简单先心病亚组47例(61.0%),复杂先心病亚组30例。DS组机械通气时间和ICU住院时间较对照组明显延长(P均0.05),低心排综合征、再插管、肺部感染和肺动脉高压的发生率较对照组亦明显增高(P均0.05);病死率也高于对照组(6.5%vs 1.3%),但差异无统计学意义(P=0.096)。DS组和对照组简单型先心病亚组并发症发生率及病死率差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。DS组复杂型先心病亚组在机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、总住院天数较对照组相应亚组均明显延长,低心排综合征、肺动脉高压和肺部感染的发生率亦明显增高(P均0.05),病死率DS组复杂型先心病亚组有增高趋向(12.9%vs 3.3%,P=0.173)。结论 DS不增加简单型先心病患儿术后并发症和病死率;但增加复杂型先心病术后并发症发生率的风险,有增加病死率的趋向。     

High prevalence of atopy, but not of asthma, among children in an industrialized area in North Italy: The role of familial and environmental factors – a population-based study

The prevalence of atopy and asthma, and their association with familial and environmental factors were investigated among 13- to 14-yr-old children living in Brescia, an industrialized town in North Italy. All the 1450 children attending primary school in the town were invited to participate, and 967 of them (66.7%, 493 males) provided a valid questionnaire filled in by their parents at home. We used a modified version of the questionnaire adopted in the Italian Study of Respiratory Disorders in Childhood and Environment, which is an extended version of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. Six hundred and twenty-eight subjects underwent skin prick test (SPT), and 308 of them (49%) were positive for at least one of the 12 allergen extracts commonly employed. Ninety-nine children (10.2%) had a physician's diagnosis of asthma - 12.4% of the males and 8.0% of the females (p = 0.03). The prevalence of wheezing in the past 12 months was 6.2%. Atopy was found in 76.8% of the subjects with, and in 45.6% of those without physician's diagnosis of asthma (p < 0.001). Analysis by multiple logistic regression showed an inverse association between physician-diagnosed asthma and female sex (odds ratio, OR = 0.5); presence of relatives in the bedroom in initial years of life (OR = 0.6); attending day care (OR = 0.4) and infant school (OR = 0.4); a positive association with parental history of wheezing (OR = 2.5) and asthma (OR = 3.8); and the child's history of asthmatic bronchitis (OR = 31.9) and atopic eczema (OR = 3.8) in the first 2 yr of life. The strength of the associations did not change when restricting the analysis to atopic asthma. In conclusion, atopy and clinical asthma among 13- to 14-yr-old adolescents are significantly associated with some familial and environmental factors, providing further support for the hygiene hypothesis. Prevalence of atopy, but not of asthma, is high in this industrialized area. The strong association found between atopy and clinical asthma suggests that atopy may play a role in causing asthma in genetically predisposed children only.