T和B记忆细胞

Ｔ和Ｂ记忆细胞是初次免疫应答后克隆消除保留下来的高亲和力细胞，它们有独特的表型，具有淋巴因子分泌、分布和迁移性以及活化的特点。短期免疫记忆要求残存抗原持续性存在，长期免疫记忆与ｂｃｌ－２表达有关。     

血管内皮细胞的活化或损伤诱导平滑肌细胞的增生和凋亡

一、材料与方法1.细胞培养 :采用改进的Ｊａｆｆｅ氏培养法 ,培养人脐带静脉内皮细胞。采用贴块法培养人脐动脉平滑肌细胞并传代。培养液均为含 2 0 %胎牛血清的ＤＭＥＭ培养液。2 .内皮细胞的脂质过氧化引发实验 :将培养达融合状态的内皮细胞分组 ,分别加入含不同浓度氢过氧化枯烯的培养液孵育后 ,测定脂质过氧化物的代谢终产物丙二醛 (ＭＤＡ)的含量。3.培养液中乳酸脱氢酶 (ＬＤＨ)活性的测定 :ＬＤＨ是细胞内的可溶性酶 ,当细胞膜被破坏时可漏出细胞外 ,可作为细胞损伤的早期检测指标。采取内皮细胞培养液 ,以Ｓｉｇｍａ公司的ＬＤＨ测…     

人胎视网膜发生的光镜和电镜观察

本文在光镜下观察40例人胎视网膜的发生,在电镜下观察15例人胎视网膜视细胞、双极细胞、节细胞的发育。结果表明:胚胎第9周时神经上皮可分内、外成神经细胞层。第10周时内、外成神经细胞层之间的Chievitz带消失;第11周时节细胞从内成神经细胞层内迁;第13周节细胞与内成神经细胞之间出现内网层;第16周始双极细胞从外成神经细胞层中内迁形成外网层和内核层。第20周后视网膜各层形成。而视细胞、双极细胞、节细胞的超微结构于胎儿8个月后才发育完善。其结构与成人基本相同。     

人血树突状细胞形成细胞簇功能的体外观察

观察了分离的人外周血树突状细胞分别与同种异体淋巴细胞和淋巴因子激活杀伤细胞于３７℃，５％ＣＯ２饱湿条件下共有育形成的细胞簇，以４－２５个细胞聚集计为一簇进活细胞计数。结果发现：经１６小时培养的树突状细胞，共育２４小时比共育４小时形成的细胞族明显增加，而与共育２８小时者无明显差异；培养３６小时的树状细胞与培养１６小时的树突状细胞相比，以上结果表明，人血树突细胞与淋巴细胞或淋巴因子激活的杀伤细胞形成细     

树突状细胞与T,B细胞相互关系研究进展

本文介绍了ＤＣ与Ｔ细胞活化,Ｔ细胞对ＤＣ的作用、ＤＣ对Ｂ细胞的作用,Ｂ细胞对ＤＣ的作用及ＤＣ表面某些重要分子表达上调的途径。     

地塞米松诱导裸鼠脾细胞程序性死亡的研究

本文用地塞米松与裸鼠脾细胞共培养，发现ＤＥＣ能有效地诱导脾细胞发生细胞程序性死亡或凋亡从而明显抑制脾ＮＫ细胞活性。结果表明：（１）常规电镜显示细胞收缩但胞膜完整，核凝缩，呈现典型的ＰＣＤ特征。（２）加入ＤＥＸ的脾细胞ＤＮＡ琼脂糖凝胶电泳呈现特征性梯状图谱，片段大小为１８０ｂｐ或其倍数，（３）脾ＮＫ细胞活性测定结果表明ＤＥＸ浓度在１０＾－８－１０＾－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ范围内可诱导出明显的ＰＣＤ现象发生；     

生精细胞的凋亡与调控

生精细胞凋亡是近年来生殖生物学的研究热点之一 ,动物的不同发育阶段 ,年龄差异 ,激素水平尤其FSH是影响生精细胞凋亡的重要因素。本文重点对生精细胞凋亡的影响因素及其基因调控机制进行综述。     

人膀胱癌上皮细胞株T24分泌LAK细胞诱导因子（LAK—IF）

从人膀胱上皮癌细胞株T24的亚克隆株T24-8的无血清培养上清液经55%硫酸铵沉淀,再对无离子水透析,得到了有诱导LAK 细胞活性的粗提品。有此作用的因子称为LAK 细胞诱导因子(LAK-IF)。它的分子量为67KD,等电点为pH3.1～3.5。抗人IL-6单抗不能阻断LAK-IF 的作用。LAK-IF 粗提品经Mono-Q 柱快速蛋白液相层析见3个峰。第2峰蛋白质有LAK-IF 活性。     

T淋巴细胞生存与死亡的决定

Ｔ淋巴细胞抗原受体(ＴＣＲ)通常以异二聚体(α/β或γ/δ)的形式存在,大多数胸腺和外周Ｔ淋巴细胞表达ＴＣＲγ/δ,而只有5%以下的Ｔ淋巴细胞和某些内皮组织中的Ｔ淋巴细胞表达ＴＣＲγ/β[1]。ＴＣＲα/β的γ/δ分子胞内区都很短,只有3～5个氨基酸残基。因此,ＴＣＲ分子本身不能传递抗原刺激信号,而由ＣＤ3分子传递。高度可变的ＴＣＲ分子与恒定的ＣＤ3分子组成Ｔ细胞抗原受体复合物(ＴＣＲ/ＣＤ3),共同完成抗原刺激信号的传递。人的ＣＤ3分子由γ、δ、ε和ζ-ζ同二聚体组成,在所有的ＴＣＲ 的Ｔ细胞中表达,在胎儿ＴＣＲ-的ＮＫ细胞上…     

Ontogeny of the rat parietal cell: analysis using anti-parietal cell antibody and transmission electron microscopy.

We studied the ontogeny of the rat parietal cell using human anti-parietal cell antibody and transmission electron microscopy. In the gastric fundus of the rat, we found that the epithelium changed from stratified to columnar at gestational day 18.5. Gastric pits began to form at gestational day 19.5. Primitive fundic glands appeared at gestational day 20.5. Human anti-parietal cell antibody specifically stained the rat parietal cells. By this immunohistochemical staining, rat parietal cells were identified from gestational day 19.5. At first we observed only a few plump parietal cells sparsely located in the fundic glands. In neonatal rats, the parietal cells increased in number and began to distribute themselves over a wider area of the primitive fundic glands especially in the lower half. As the rats grew, the distribution area of the parietal cells expanded to cover the whole of the glands except for the foveolar region. Parietal cells in the isthmus and neck regions were round and plump, while those in the basal region were slender and polygonal. We found that throughout the development of the fundic glands there were several ultrastructural changes of the parietal cells. In the late fetal period, parietal cells containing lysosomes and secretory granules were observed, but no tubulovesicles were identified. Development of the tubulovesicles was remarkable until one week after birth. The ultrastructure of the parietal cells of the neonate and adult varied, depending on their distribution area. We found that parietal cells in the basal region of the fundic glands which are fully matured cells had wider intracellular secretory canaliculi, while cells in the upper region had narrower canaliculi; this indicates the functional difference between hydrochloric acid secretion in parietal cells of the two regions.     

新生小鼠胃内组胺免疫反应细胞的形态及分布

目的：观察出生后小鼠胃内组胺免疫反应细胞的个体发生、分布、形态及数量变化。方法：免疫组织化学技术。结果：小鼠出生后第5天,胃体部粘膜上皮中出现组胺阳性细胞,此后随着胃体部粘膜的发育,组胺阳性细胞数量明显增多,密集分布于胃体部粘膜下1/3处的上皮内。胃粘膜下层中也可见少量组胺弱阳性细胞。上皮内的组胺阳性细胞多为闭合型,胞体较小,常聚集、环抱壁细胞。结论：小鼠胃体部粘膜中组胺阳性细胞出现的时间较G细胞、D细胞、EC细胞晚,随着小鼠的生长发育,其数量呈显著性增加。位于胃粘膜下1/3处上二皮内的组胺阳性细胞可能为肠嗜铬样细胞（ECL细胞）,ECL细胞释放的组胺,有可能通过旁分泌的方式作用于壁细胞。     

Morphological features of the esophagogastric transition zone at fetuses and newborns

Morphological research of the esophagogastric transition mucosa at 35 fetuses and newborns was done. The esophagogastric transition was lined by high columnar epithelium and mucos glands. At fetuses of 22-24 week gestational age studied zone didn't have any glands. Histochemical features of the epithelium, particularly MUC5AC positive staining, corresponded to cardial type of the Barrett esophagus, defined at adults. We have revealed that mucosa of the esophagogastric transition has gastric origin and arises before birth. We found out the islets of columnar epithelium on the surface of the laminated pavement epithelium, indicated about its uneven development up to the birth. The sites of immature epithelium could be considered as transformation zones both of laminated pavement epithelium or columnar one.     

Carbonic anhydrase in the monkey stomach and intestine

The distribution of carbonic anhydrase in the stomach and intestine of the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) was studied by the histochemical method of Hansson. In the gastric surface epithelium high enzyme activity was found in the cytoplasm and at the lateral cell borders. The parietal cells in the gastric glands also showed high enzyme activity, while the chief cells were less active. The mucous cells in the pyloric glands and in the Brunner's glands demonstrated a staining pattern similar to that of gastric surface cells. The mucosa of the duodenum and the jejunum was less intensely stained than the gastric mucosa. The enzyme activity was located at the lateral cell borders of the enterocytes, with weak or no cytoplasmic activity. Goblet cells and Paneth cells were unstained. In the ileum a small number of epithelial cells displayed high enzyme activity; their identity is not clear at present. In the cecum and colon large amounts of cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrase were found in the surface epithelium and in the upper part of the glands. Capillaries showing clear enzyme staining were found in the mucosa of all tissues; they were often located close to the surface epithelium and the glands. In the stomach, cecum and colon the distribution of the enzyme in the monkey appears very similar to that reported for other mammalian species, but in the small intestine clear differences exist. The functional role of carbonic anhydrase at the various sites in the gastrointestinal tract is only partly understood.     

胰岛淀粉样多肽在人胎胃的定位研究

目的 探讨胰岛淀粉样多肽(IAPP)在人胎胃的表达和定位。方法 免疫组织化学SABC法对12例11～20周人胎胃体部IAPP免疫反应(IR)细胞进行定位研究。结果 人胎11周,胃黏膜中已有IAPP-IR细胞,主要定位于胃底腺。14～20周,胃黏膜中IAPP-IR细胞数量逐渐增多,免疫反应显色也逐渐加深。经与HE染色的邻片比较,部分IAPP-IR细胞与壁细胞定位一致。结论 IAPP-IR细胞在人胎儿期已存在于胃体部。     

人胃粘膜肥大细胞的分布与超微结构

光镜观察了２５例人胃底部组织甲苯胺蓝染色切片的粘膜肥大细胞的分布。电镜观察了５例人胃底活检材料内粘膜肥大细胞的超微结构。     

人胎胃壁瘦素及瘦素受体的免疫组织化学

目的：对不同胎龄胎儿胃壁组织发育和胃壁内瘦素及瘦素受体进行定性和定位观察。方法：采用HE和免疫组织化学SABC染色方法。结果：胚胎13w，可见有胃小凹和胃腺。15w时，胃壁具有4层结构。随胎龄增长，胃壁和胃腺逐步发育完善。胚胎13w时，胎儿胃粘膜上皮和胃腺内壁细胞呈瘦素及瘦素受体免疫反应中等阳性，免疫反应产物分布于胞质，而胞核为阴性。随着胃腺的发育，呈免疫反应阳性的壁细胞数目增多。在胎儿整个发育过程中，各胎龄间胃腺瘦素及瘦素受体的免疫反应强度无明显变化。结论：人胚胎发育时期，在胃上皮和胃腺中有瘦素及瘦素受体的表达，推测它们对胎儿的生长发育起重要的调节作用。     

The detection of serotonin and gastrin in gastric carcinoma

It is believed that the immature precursor cells of gastric mucosa have multidirectional potency of differentiation and these cells can differentiate into both endocrine and nonendocrine tumor cells. Fifteen cases of surgically resected stomach with gastric nonendocrine carcinoma were studied by the three-layer immunoperoxidase method. Serotonin was found in five cases, gastrin in one case, and both serotonin and gastrin in three cases. Serotonin also was detected in the noncancerous mucosa in thirteen cases: ten showing positive cells in the antrum and seven in the body. Gastrin was found in the noncancerous mucosa in 13 cases: eight in the antrum, five in the body. In four cases, a few serotonin positive cells were found in glands showing intestinal metaplasia. No correlation was found between the endocrine tumor cells and the types of carcinoma. Because endocrine cells can be detected in general types of gastric carcinoma, these findings suggest that the different kinds of cancer cells (endocrine and nonendocrine) may have a common origin.     

Down-regulation of a morphogen (sonic hedgehog) gradient in the gastric epithelium of Helicobacter pylori-infected Mongolian gerbils

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a morphogen involved in many aspects of patterning of the gut during embryogenesis and in gastric fundic gland homeostasis in the adult. Intestinal metaplastic change of the gastric epithelium is associated with the loss of Shh expression, and mice that lack Shh expression show intestinal transformation of the gastric mucosa. The present study was designed to investigate the alteration of Shh expression in the stomach of an experimental model of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) colonization. Male Mongolian gerbils were inoculated with H. pylori and examined 4 and 51 weeks later. The level of Shh mRNA expression was determined by quantitative RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. Shh protein expression was determined by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Shh was expressed in the parietal cells, zymogenic cells, and mucous neck cells of the gastric fundic glands of gerbils. Prolonged colonization by H. pylori led to extension of the inflammation from the antrum to the corpus of the stomach, with loss of Shh expression. Loss of Shh expression correlated with loss of parietal cells, disturbed maturation of the mucous neck cell-zymogenic cell lineage, and increased cellular proliferation. Shh expression is significantly reduced in H. pylori-associated gastritis. These data show for the first time that H. pylori infection leads to down-regulation of the expression of a morphogen with an established role (Shh) in gastric epithelial differentiation.