水溶媒剂型在蚊香系列的应用研究

目的用水作为滴加、释放媒介,制作盘式蚊香、电热片蚊香和电热液体蚊香。方法通过溶解-乳化-包裹等加工工艺,研制水溶媒母液,对盘式蚊香、电热片蚊香进行药剂滴加,以及用于电热液体蚊香,并根据国标方法对药效、毒性、稳定性进行了实验研究。结果研制的15%氯氟醚菊酯、15%四氟甲醚菊酯母液,将母液用水稀释,用于制作氯氟醚菊酯、四氟甲醚菊酯盘式蚊香、电热蚊香片和电热液体蚊香;经检测,0.35%水剂盘式蚊香KT50为4.93和4.52 min,电热片蚊香通电8 h后的KT50为2.90和4.53 min,电热液体蚊香通电360 h后的KT50为3.43和3.53 min,模拟现场1 h击倒率除氯氟醚水剂外均达到90%以上,急性毒性试验显示均为低毒级。结论以水代替油作为溶媒,大大减少了煤油的用量,降低了CO2的排放,可以此降低企业成本,实现低能耗、低污染、低排放。     

天然除虫菊素盘式蚊香对淡色库蚊的药效实验研究

目的通过生物测试,观察天然除虫菊素盘式蚊香对淡色库蚊的药效.方法实验室室内药效试验,按GB13917.4-92和GB/T17322.4-1998标准密闭圆筒法进行;模拟现场药效试验按照GB13917.8-92和GB/T17322.11-1998规定进行.结果实验室KT50为3.93 min,24 h死亡率平均为82.5%.模拟现场2 h击倒率均为100%,24h死亡率平均为80.4%.结论天然除虫菊素盘式蚊香具有使用安全、效果好等特点,值得推广应用.     

4种杀虫气雾剂对卫生害虫的药效测定

目的　测定4种不同配方杀虫气雾剂对常见的3种卫生害虫的药效。方法　采用GB13917 2 -1992和GB/T17322 2-1998的测试方法和评价标准进行试验和评价。结果　在实验室药效测定4种不同杀虫气雾剂对致倦库蚊的KT50为2. 10~2 27min, 24h死亡率为100%;对家蝇的KT50为2 .00~3 01min, 24h死亡率100%;对德国小蠊的KT50为0 .37 ~3. 44min, 24h死亡率100%。模拟现场药效测试, 2h击倒率为100%, 24h死亡率为100%。结论　4种杀虫气雾剂对蚊、蝇和蟑螂均有较好的杀灭效果。     

蚊香药效与现场预防蚊虫叮咬效果初步研究

目的：研究蚊香实验室药效与现场实际应用效果及蚊香使用时间长短对防护效果的影响，并分析现行蚊香药效试验及评价标准的适用性；方法：根据GB13917．4—92使用实验室和野外品系的致倦库蚊进行试验及现场人诱叮咬试验；结果：0．2％富右旋反式烯丙菊酯盘香对实验室敏感蚊虫的KT50为4．89min～5．24min，24h死亡率为73．7％～78％；对野外品系蚊虫的KT50为7．91min～7．98min，24h死亡率为48.7％～50．3％；在现场窗户微开时应用该盘香能有效预防蚊虫叮咬，但蚊香点燃结束后2．5h，蚊虫叮咬率为13．3次／h；结论：O．2％富右旋反式烯丙菊酯盘香．在现场使用能有效预防蚊虫叮咬．但保护时间与蚊香使用时间有关。试验结果同时反映现行的蚊香试验和评价标准难以全面评价蚊香实际使用效果，有必要应用野外蚊虫进行测试并研究抗药性与药效关系。     

市售蚊香灭蚊效果测定

目的:对南宁市市售蚊香产品的灭蚊效果进行检测合格率;方法:检测盘式蚊香的KT_(50)值为3.16min～5.31min,电热蚊香片燃烧后8h的KT_(50)值为1.54min～2.41min;结果:盘式蚊香24h死亡率44.07％～100％;电热蚊香24h死亡率35％～90％;结论:所测蚊香击倒快,致死效果也较满意,灭蚊效果均合格。     

电热蚊香液的药效评估研究

目的测试评估不同品种电热蚊香液对蚊虫的药效。方法依据国标GB/T 13917.6-2009和GB/T 13917.10-2009进行室内药效试验和模拟现场试验。结果室内药效试验显示所有测试的22个样品对淡色库蚊的药效均达到国标B级,9个样品总体评价为A级。现场模拟试验显示,19个样品的药效为A级,A级率为86.3%。结论电热蚊香液对蚊虫的药效总体良好,在室内使用能够有效的控制蚊虫危害。     

三种蚊香对淡色库蚊的效果观察

目的：3种蚊香对淡色库蚊的效果。方法：采用GBl3917——1992和GB／T17322--1998规定的测试方法和评价标准进行。结果：在实验室3种蚊香对淡色库蚊KT50蜘为2．27～4．98min，24h死亡率为91．4％～100％；在模拟现场2h击倒率为100％，24h死亡率为96％～100％。结论：3种蚊香对蚊虫均能达到较好的杀灭效果。     

多孔电热片蚊香对致乏库蚊的效果及其性能研究

目的　观察多孔电热片蚊香在实际应用中的生物药效、挥发性及稳定性。方法　室内药效试验和模拟现场药效试验分别按照GB 13 917.5 1992和GB 13 917.8 1992标准中规定的相关测试步骤进行 ;通过不同时间段加热处理 ,求出累计挥发率 ;采用热藏加速试验处理 ,给出有效含量损失率。结果　多孔电热片蚊香的生物药效优于对照组 ;累计挥发率多孔电热片蚊香为 84.5 6% ,对照组为 79.43 % ;损失率多孔电热片蚊香为 8.3 3 % ,对照组为 6.67%。结论　多孔电热片蚊香药液挥散面积大 ,见效快 ,药效高 ,具有开发应用前景。     

富右丙烯菊酯电热蚊香片对蚊虫的药效研究

目的：为提高富右丙烯菊酯在电热蚊香片中的应用价值，笔者根据杀虫剂复配原理将其与EBT、增效剂等进行了复配；方法：用密闭圆筒法对10种预配方进行筛选，采用GB13917．5—1992“农药登记卫生用杀虫剂室内药效试验方法”密闭圆筒法测定了两种复配配方对淡色库蚊的毒杀效果；结果：25mg／片和10mg/片富右丙烯菊酯电热蚊香片通电预热2h、4h、6h、8h的KT50(min)分别是2．31、2．24、2.40、2．72和2．69、2．42、2．45、3．05；24h死亡率分别为89．66％-100％和88．33％-96．77％；结论：按GB／T17322．5-1998国家标准测试，结果均达到A级，完全达到复配要求。     

渗透剂对水基杀虫气雾剂药效影响的研究

目的探讨渗透剂对水基杀虫气雾剂的影响,为水基杀虫气雾剂研发提供参考.方法采用GB13917.2-1992和GB/T17322.2-1998的测试方法和评价标准进行试验和评价.结果含10%渗透剂的0.4%水基杀虫气雾剂对致倦库蚊的KT50为2.79 min,24 h死亡率为100%;对德国小蠊的KT50为4.46 min,24 h死亡率为100%.结论加入适量的渗透剂可提高水基杀虫气雾剂的药效.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.