输尿管移行细胞癌预后影响因素分析

目的提高输尿管移行细胞癌的治疗效果。方法对获随访的３５例输尿管移行细胞癌预后影响因素作回顾性分析。结果输尿管肿瘤３年生存率为５４％，５年生存率为４６％，单发输尿管上中段癌３年、５年生存率分别为８６％和８６％，明显高于下段癌的４３％和２９％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。细胞分级：Ｇ１４例无１例死亡；Ｇ３３年、５年生存率分别为３１％和２３％，明显低于Ｇ２的６６％和５０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。以临床分期统计其３年、５年生存率：Ｔ１１００％和８３％；Ｔ２６５％和５５％（Ｐ＞０．０５）；Ｔ３均于３年内死亡。结论输尿管移行细胞癌预后差，输尿管下段癌预后最差，肿瘤细胞分化程度及浸润深度是决定预后的主要因素。     

选择性膀胱部分切除术联合膀胱灌注化疗治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌疗效及预后影响因素

目的探讨选择性膀胱部分切除术（PC）联合膀胱灌注化疗治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌（MIBC）疗效及预后影响因素。方法回顾性收集本院收治的55例肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者临床资料,所有患者均接受PC联合膀胱灌注化疗治疗,并进行随访观察5年癌特异性生存率、总生存率和复发率,先采用单因素分析5年癌特异性生存率的可能影响因素后行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果55例患者随访时间10~60个月,中位随访时间44个月,5年癌特异性生存率、总生存率和复发率分别为72.73%（40例）、61.82%（34例）和30.91%（17例）;χ2检验显示,年龄≥60岁、T3分期、有膀胱肿瘤史、肿瘤多发、肿瘤≥5cm患者5年癌特异性生存率显著降低,而联合输尿管再植术（UR）治疗患者5年癌特异性生存率显著升高,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,肿瘤≥5cm,肿瘤多发,T3分期是肌层浸润性膀胱癌预后的危险因素,会降低癌特异性生存率,而联合UR治疗则是其保护因素,能增加癌特异性生存率。结论PC联合膀胱灌注化疗是治疗MIBC可行的保留膀胱术式,联合UR治疗可以改善预后,而肿瘤≥5cm、多发以及T3分期的患者5年癌特异性生存率明显降低,不推荐行保留膀胱手术。     

上尿路移行细胞癌患者预后因素的Cox模型分析

目的：通过Cox比例风险模型。分析上尿路移行细胞癌患者的预后因素。指导临床治疗。方法：45例肾盂、输尿管移行细胞癌患者接受分析。年龄、性别、就诊时问、术前血色素、术中输血量、手术方式、病理分级、临床分期、肿瘤数目、肿瘤大小、术后有无复发、PCNA指数等12个变量进入Cox模型。结果：临床分期、PCNA指数、肿瘤数目、就诊时问四项参数与预后有关,其中临床分期、PCNA指数关系非常密切。病理分级、手术方式两项参数也有一定关系。根据临床分期和PCNA指数将患者分为A、B、C三组,术后5年生存率分别为92．65、38．4％与3％。差异非常显著。结论：Cox模型表明临床分期、PCNA指数与预后关系最密切。肿瘤数目、病理分级、就诊时问、手术方式对预后也有重要影响。根据临床分期和PCNA指数将患者分为不同的组,对判断预后。指导临床治疗有一定意义。     

110例睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤预后多因素分析

目的：观察睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤的临床特征,探讨影响其预后相关因素。方法：回顾性分析2002年1月～2009年9月收治110例睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤患者的临床资料,采用Kaplan—Meier法计算生存率;应用Cox模型将110例患者资料进行统计并分析其预后的影响因素。结果：本组患者术后3年生存率为90．4％,5年生存率为86％。。睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期的3年生存率分别为100％、91．6％、82。5％,5年生存率分别为96．7％、91．6％、67．1％。将AFP、HCG、临床分期和病理类型这4个单因素分析中有统计学意义的变量引入Cox比例模型进行多因素分析后,结果仅显示临床分期（P=0．018）,病理类型（P=0．033）对睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤的预后有统计学意义,为睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤患者长期生存的独立影响因素。结论：睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤的预后与肿瘤的临床分期和肿瘤细胞的病理分型有关。     

不同分期上尿路尿路上皮癌患者预后分析

目的:探究不同分期的肾盂癌及输尿管癌患者预后是否存在差异性。方法:回顾性分析2011—2018年我院诊断为上尿路尿路上皮癌(UTUC)的199例患者的临床资料,按肿瘤发生部位分为肾盂癌组及输尿管癌组。Cox比例危险模式分析患者的无复发生存率(RFS)、肿瘤特异性生存率(CSS)和总体生存率(OS)与预后相关的病理特点。Kaplan-Meier生存回归曲线分析上述特点对预后是否存在统计学意义。结果:在Cox分析中肿瘤的病理分级分期可以作为肿瘤复发及死亡的预测因素。原发肿瘤部位在RFS、CSS或OS上差异均无统计学意义(P=0.074、0.69、0.75)。Kaplan-Meier生存回归曲线分析中肿瘤位置不会对预后产生影响(RFS:P=0.148,CSS:P=0.332),而输尿管镜检降低输尿管癌CSS(P=0.021)。将肾盂癌组及输尿管癌组按照T_a+T_(is)+T_1、T_2及T_3+T_4期分成3个亚组进行生存回归分析,各个亚组中肾盂癌与输尿管癌不存在预后差异性。结论:术前输尿管镜活检更易造成输尿管癌患者肿瘤特异性死亡,但UTUC不存在肿瘤原发位置的预后性差异。因此不应将UTUC的肿瘤部位作为临床决策的考虑因素,而对疑似输尿管癌患者是否行输尿管镜活检需谨慎决定。     

影响肾盂输尿管癌预后的多因素分析

目的 探讨影响肾盂输尿管癌患者的预后因素. 方法回顾性分析220例经病理证实的肾盂输尿管癌患者资料.男146例,女74例.年龄38～84岁.肾盂癌103例,输尿管癌84例,肾盂癌合并输尿管癌13例,肾盂癌合并膀胱癌5例,输尿管癌合并膀胱癌11例,肾盂癌、输尿管癌、膀胱癌同时发生4例.TNM分期:Ta2例、T1116例、T248例、T337例、T417例;WHO分级:G15例、G287例、G3128例.选择11个对预后可能产生影响的因素,应用Cox比例风险回归分析各因素与术后生存率的关系,生存率分析采用Kaplan-Meier方法.生存分析比较采用Gehan比分检验和Log-rank时序检验.应用logistic回归分析各因素与术后再发膀胱癌的关系. 结果 Ta～T1患者5年生存率为80.5%(95/118),T2为70.8%(34/48),T3为45.9%(17/37),T4为17.6%(3/17),Ta～T1、T2与T3～T4之间比较差异有统计学意义(u=9.429,P=0.002).输尿管肾镜术治疗组生存率与其他手术组生存率分析比较,差异无统计学意义(x2=0.217,P=0.641).影响肾盂输尿管癌患者长期生存率的因素为年龄(RR=1.639,P-0.027)、症状初发到手术时间(RR=1.279,P=0.019)、肿瘤分期(RR=1.373,P=0.011).与术后再发膀胱癌显著相关的因素足肿瘤多部位生长(RR=11.292,P=0.003)及伴发膀胱癌(RR=8.780,P=0.001). 结论 年龄、症状初发到手术时间、肿瘤分期是影响肾盂输尿管癌患者长期存活的危险因素,肿瘤多部位生长及伴发膀胱癌是术后再发膀胱癌的高风险因素.     

原发性输尿管癌影响预后因素分析

目的　探讨原发性输尿管癌影响预后因素及术后发生膀胱癌的危险因素。　方法　16 0例输尿管癌中男 93例 ,女 6 7例 ,平均年龄 6 3.7岁。左侧 81例 ,右侧 79例 ;上段 30例 ,中段 2 1例 ,下段 96例 ,单侧多发 13例。病理分期Ta9例 ,T15 8例 ,T2 4 6例 ,T3 4 1例 ,T46例 ;分级G14例 ,G2 119例 ,G3 37例。 16 0例均行手术治疗 ,其中肾、输尿管全长加膀胱袖状切除 12 4例 (77.5 % )。总结临床病理学资料 ,对随访结果进行统计学分析。　结果　患者 5年生存率 5 3.0 % ,其中Ta、T1、T2 患者 5年生存率 (83.3%、71.9%、5 9.1% )与T3 和T45年生存率 (37.5 %、16 .7% )比较差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 0 0 1) ;G1、G2 患者的 5年生存率 (10 0 .0 %、6 3.5 % )与G3 (19.0 % )比较差异有统计学意义 (P =0 .0 0 1)。肿瘤分期分级是影响预后的因素。 16 0例输尿管癌术后发生膀胱癌者 38例 (2 3.8% )。多因素分析结果显示 ,伴有同发膀胱癌和下段输尿管癌是术后发生膀胱癌的危险因素 (P =0 .0 0 1,P =0 .0 0 5 )。　结论　原发性输尿管癌分期分级是影响预后因素 ;伴有同发膀胱癌和下段输尿管癌是术后发生膀胱癌的危险因素。     

肾细胞癌数据库三年临床资料COX模型分析

目的通过对同济医院肾细胞癌数据库三年临床数据的研究，探讨肾细胞癌的特征及影响其预后相关因素。方法采用Kapplan-Meier法计算生存概率及应用COX模型对肾细胞癌数据库中回访数据齐全的145例性别、年龄、是否偶发、临床分期、病理分类、病理分级、手术方式、有无免疫治疗等因素作为分析因子，计算生存率，分析预后影响因素。结果145例肾细胞癌患者存活满1年、3年分别为126例、105例，生存概率分别为86．3％、72．4％。COX回归模型提示影响肾细胞癌患者预后的主要因素依次为是否行肾癌根治手术、病理分级、有无淋巴结转移、肿瘤分期；建立肾细胞癌术后生存预测方程：h（t，x）-ho（t）exp（O．850Xs＋0．997X。＋1．497X9—1．974X10）。结论肾细胞癌的预后与是否行肾癌根治手术、肿瘤细胞的病理分级、有无淋巴结转移、肿瘤T分期等因素有关。     

影响肾癌预后因素的Cox回归分析

目的探讨影响肾癌预后的因素。方法采用Kapplan—Meier法计算生存概率、logrank检验生存率差异及应用Cox模型将获得随访的71例肾细胞癌患者的性别、年龄、是否偶发、临床分期、病理分类、手术方式、有无免疫治疗等因素作为分析因子,计算生存率,分析预后影响因素。结果71例患者的1年生存率为94．1％,3年生存率为81．3％,5年生存率为63．6％。单因素分析筛选出8个对肾细胞癌预后有影响的因素,分别为是否为偶发癌、TNM分期、是否有淋巴结转移、是否有癌栓、是否行根治性肾切除术、有无肿瘤细胞坏死、术后是否行免疫治疗、肿瘤病理类型。Cox多因素分析提示TNM分期、是否为偶发癌、是否行根治性肾切除术、术后是否行免疫治疗为影响肾癌预后的独立因素。结论肾细胞癌患者预后与肿瘤的TNM分期、是否行肾癌根治术、是否为偶发癌、术后有无行免疫治疗有关,其中肿瘤的TNM分期为危险因子,后3个因素为保护因子。     

应用Cox模型分析影响胸段食管癌切除术预后的因素

目的 分析影响胸段食管癌切除术后患者预知的因素,探讨各因素之间的关系。方法 采用计算机比例风险模型（Cox模型）,对影响胸段食管癌三区域淋巴结清除根治术患者预后的临床因素进行分析。结果 预后与肿瘤侵及深度、分化程度、临床分期、淋巴结转移个数及区域数呈正相关,而与年龄呈负相关（P＜0．01）;性别和肿瘤长度与预后无关。淋巴结转移个数与肿瘤分化程度和侵及深度呈正相关,与年龄呈负相关（P＜0．01）,而与3年和5年生存率显著相关（P＜0．01）。本组5年生存率为53．7％。结论 胸段食管癌的预后与肿瘤的侵及深度、分化程度、淋巴结转移个数、肿瘤的部位及患者年龄等因素密切相关;胸段食管癌三区域淋巴结清除根治术有效地提高了淋巴结转移阴性和转移较少患者的生存率。     

Upper urinary tract cancer: location is correlated with prognosis

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate prognostic information of anatomical location in patients with upper tract transitional cell carcinoma (UTTCC). METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 149 upper tract transitional cell carcinoma (UTTCC) patients from a single institute treated surgically between 1988 and 2003. RESULTS: Transmural tumor growth (pT3 or pT4) was less common in distally located tumors (33%) compared to mid (44%), proximal ureter (75%) or pyelum tumors (41%). Tumor stage was the best predictor of disease specific survival. Distally located tumors had a significantly better survival than proximally located cancers (median survival 53 months versus 16 months for tumors in the proximal ureter). Bladder cancer was found in 73 (49%) patients. Invasive UTTCC were less likely to be associated bladder cancer (RR 0.66, 95%CI 0.43-0.98). In a multivariate analysis both tumor stage and location in the upper tract were predictive of disease specific survival after UTTCC diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Tumor location in the proximal upper tract predicts stage-independent poor prognosis in patients with UTTCC.     

Lymphovascular invasion independently predicts increased disease specific survival in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract

PURPOSE: We investigated the prognostic impact of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and traditional prognostic factors for survival in a large series of patients treated surgically for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). We also developed a prognostic factors-based model for risk stratification of upper tract TCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified a study population of 173 consecutive patients treated surgically for upper tract TCC at our institution between 1980 and 2002. We compared LVI with other pathological features and determined the disease specific survival rate. RESULTS: LVI was found in 52 patients (30.1%). As tumor grade and pathological stage increased, the incidence of LVI increased significantly. LVI was found in 12 of 133 patients (9.0%) without lymph node metastasis compared with 40 of 40 patients (100%) with lymph node metastasis. Five and 10-year disease specific survival rates were 84.9% and 80.4% in the absence of LVI, and 40.2% and 21.1% in the presence of LVI, respectively (p <0.001). In multivariate analysis LVI, pathological T stage and tumor grade were independent predictors for disease specific survival. The relative risk of death could be expressed with the formula, exp(0.729 x tumor grade + 1.659 x pathological T stage + 1.160 x LVI). Using this equation the patients were stratified into low risk (grade 1 or 2, LVI negative, stage pT2 or lower), high risk (any tumor grade, LVI positive, stage pT3 or greater) and intermediate risk (all others) groups with significant differences in survival. Five and 10-year disease specific survival rates were 93.0% and 89.4% in the low risk group (82 patients), 66.8% and 62.9% in the intermediate risk group (53 patients), and 25.6% and 0% in the high risk group (38 patients), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to pathological stage and tumor grade, LVI is an independent prognostic factor for disease specific survival in upper tract TCC. Patients in the high and/or intermediate risk groups may benefit from integrated therapies with surgery and postoperative systemic chemotherapy.     

Upper tract transitional cell carcinoma following cystectomy for bladder cancer.

PURPOSE: We assessed the incidence of upper urinary tract tumors (UUTTs) after cystectomy for invasive or superficial transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. The risk factors, patients' characteristics and evolution of those who developed UUTTs are analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From August 1980 to February 1994, 568 radical cystectomies were performed for TCC of the bladder: in 469 instances (82.5%) due to invasive tumor (T2-T4), and in 99 cases (17.5%) for superficial tumor (Ta, T1, Tis). All patients were followed for at least 5 years or until death. A retrospective study of patients who developed UUTTs has been performed. A revision of bladder tumor and UUTT characteristics, and the intervals between both is also evaluated. RESULTS: 26 patients (4.5%) developed UUTTs: 11 of the 99 patients cystectomized for superficial TCCs (11.1%); 6 of the 392 patients with primary invasive TCC (1.5%), and 9 of the 77 (11.6%) patients with invasive tumors and a prior history of superficial TCC. The interval to the development of UUTT was higher after cystectomy for superficial tumor. TCCs of the bladder that subsequently developed UUTTs were high grade in 84%, multifocal in 80%, or had carcinoma in situ in 65%, tumor in the prostatic urethra in 52%, and involvement of the distal ureter in 57%. Twenty-two UUTTs (84%) were located in the calyces or the renal pelvis, 3 were bilateral (11.5%), 14 multiple (58%) and 4 superficial (16%). With a median follow-up time of 18 (range 3-103) months, 14 patients (53.8%) died of tumor, 2 were alive with disease, 2 were lost for follow-up, and 8 (30%) were alive and free of disease. CONCLUSIONS: We found that patients cystectomized for superficial or invasive TCC with a prior history of superficial TCC have a higher incidence of UUTTs. These cases require follow-up with annual urography or loopography.     

Transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract new concepts in management

Transitional cell carcinomas of the upper urinary tract (UUT-TCCs) are rare: they account for approximately 5% of all urothelial carcinomas. 30% of patients with UUT-TCC have a history of bladder TCC, but fewer than 2% of patients with bladder TCC have UUT-TCC. Tumor microsatellite instability (MSI) is an indicator of the clonal expansion of neoplasms; it was first identified in tumors from patients with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC). UUT-TCC occurs in 5% of patients with HNPCC. High-frequency microsatellite instability is present in almost 20% of cases of sporadic UUT-TCC. In cases of UUT-TCC with high-frequency MSI, hereditary cancer must be sought, especially if the patient is younger than 60 years or has a personal or family history of an HNPCC-related cancer: such patients should undergo DNA sequencing for the MSH2 gene germline mutation. Invasive UUT-TCC has a poor prognosis. 5-year survival is less than 50% for stage T2-T3 tumors and less than 10% for T4 or N+/M+ tumors. The main prognostic factors are age and tumor stage and grade. High-frequency MSI is a positive prognostic factor, especially in patients younger than 70 years with T2/T3/N0-M0 tumors.     

13-year survival comparison of percutaneous and open nephroureterectomy approaches for management of transitional cell carcinoma of renal collecting system: equivalent outcomes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the renal collecting system traditionally has been managed by open nephroureterectomy with en bloc resection of a bladder cuff. However, for a select patient population with a solitary kidney or bilateral disease, the morbidity and mortality associated with chronic renal insufficiency and dialysis is deterring. In these situations, a more conservative approach such as antegrade percutaneous resection should be considered. The long-term disease-free outcome of percutaneous management in comparison with open nephroureterectomy has not been previously reported. We evaluated our experience with two surgical approaches to treat upper tract TCC: percutaneous resection and nephroureterectomy/nephrectomy to assess the clinical efficacy of these surgical modalities. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively identified 162 patients who had clinically localized TCC of the upper urinary tract. Records were reviewed to identify those with 13-year follow-up (N = 110) in respect to tumor grade, stage, disease-free status, length of cancer-specific survival, and overall survival. Statistical analysis of the results of open nephroureterectomy/nephrectomy (N = 60) and percutaneous resection (N = 50) was performed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Student's t-test. RESULTS: All patients had disease in clinical stage Ta through T3. During a mean follow-up of 46.6 (range 6-150) months, grade 1 disease demonstrated little invasive potential. Of the disease-specific deaths, 60% (17/26) were of patients with grade 3 lesions, with a mean cancer survival period of 15.2 months after the initial procedure. Disease-specific survival rates after open and percutaneous approaches for grade 2 disease were 53.8 and 53.3 months, respectively (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Tumor grade appeared to be the most important prognostic indicator in patients with renal TCC regardless of the surgical approach. Grade 3 tumors were more aggressive, presenting in an advanced stage with invasion, and recurrences were usually associated with metastasis. In this population, nephroureterectomy is warranted if the patient is a surgical candidate. The percutaneous option for grade 1 or 2 disease may be extended beyond the population with solitary kidneys and a risk of chronic renal failure to be offered to healthy individuals with normal contralateral kidneys who are willing to abide by a strict and lengthy follow-up.     

Roles of p53 and MDM2 in tumor proliferation and determination of the prognosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter

BACKGROUND: The significance of p53 overexpression for the prognosis of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the renal pelvis and ureter remains controversial. Simultaneous evaluation of p53 and MDM2 may enable better prediction of tumor proliferation and patient prognosis than that obtained with evaluation of p53 alone. METHODS: Immunohistochemical detection of p53 protein, MDM2 protein and Ki-67 antigen as proliferation markers was performed for tissue samples obtained from 74 patients with TCC of the renal pelvis and ureter. The correlations of p53/MDM2 overexpression with conventional pathological features, Ki-67 labelling index (LI) and patient survival were studied. RESULTS: Overexpression of p53 was related to progression of each of the pathological features examined (grade, stage, type of infiltration, vascular invasion and lymphatic invasion) and Ki-67 LI was significantly higher with high p53 expression than with low p53 expression. However, overexpression of MDM2 was related to neither disease progression nor Ki-67 LI. Survival analyses were performed for 66 patients. Univariate analysis showed p53 to be a useful prognostic indicator, but in a multivariate analysis only type of infiltration and Ki-67 LI were independent survival markers, while p53 was not. Overexpression of MDM2 was unrelated to patient survival, and the combination of p53 and MDM2 for survival indication was found not to be useful. CONCLUSIONS: Overexpression of p53 is related to disease progression, increased tumor proliferation and patient survival for TCC of the renal pelvis and ureter, but the independent prognostic value of p53 did not reach statistical significance. Combined analysis of MDM2 with p53 cannot be recommended for examination of the malignant potential of TCC of the renal pelvis and ureter.     

Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter: prognostic factors influencing progression and survival

OBJECTIVES: We retrospectively evaluated prognostic factors for progression-free and disease-specific survival in a large cohort of patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the ureter. METHODS: A single-centre series of 145 consecutive patients treated with partial resection of the ureter or nephroureterectomy between 1975 and 2004 was evaluated. Median follow-up was 96 mo. Routine preoperative laboratory parameters as well as clinical and tumour-specific data were assessed. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS: Five-year disease-specific survival ranged from 96.1% for stages pTa to 28.6% for pT4. Grade1 tumours were associated with 5-yr disease-specific survival rates of 100% compared with 84% for G2, and 51.9% for G3 tumours, respectively. Univariate analyses identified pT stage and grade, tumour diameter, cM and pN categories, weight loss, the presence of synchronous tumour in the renal pelvis as well as elevated levels for humoral factors such as serum alkaline phosphatase (AP), white blood cell (WBC) count, platelet count, gamma-glutamyl transferase, creatinin, and blood urea nitrogen as prognostic factors. In multivariate analyses, tumour grade and WBC counts were predictive for low progression-free survival rates, whilst simultaneous tumour in the renal pelvis, high AP levels, and WBC counts were correlated with worse disease-specific survival. CONCLUSIONS: Our retrospective analysis provides clinical factors to identify patients with TCC of the ureter at high risk for progression and death of disease. Interestingly, humoral factors such as elevated serum AP levels and high WBC counts were demonstrated to be of paramount prognostic significance besides tumour stage, grade and multifocality.     

肾癌患者肿瘤大小的预后意义

为探讨肿瘤大小与肾癌预后的关系,回顾分析172例手术治疗的肾癌病例。结果显示肿瘤大小与分期、分级和生存率均相关。较大肿瘤组高期、(P<0.05)。经多因素分析排除分期、分级等因素影响后,肿瘤大小与生存率并无显著相关(P=0.1874),表明肿瘤大小并非独立影响肾病预后的因素。     

The prognostic significance of S-phase analysis in stage Ta/T1 bladder cancer. A Southwest Oncology Group Study

OBJECTIVES: An intergroup study (SWOG 8795) comparing two forms of adjunctive therapy (immuno and chemo), bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and mitomycin C (MMC), furnished preregistration index tumors for 244 patients with superficial, papillary stage Ta/T1 TCC. These were examined by flow cytometry to learn whether DNA ploidy or proliferation (low vs high S-phase fraction (SPF) helped to predict disease recurrence or progression. METHODS: Cell cycle analysis using commercially available (Multicycle) programs was performed on 249 Ta/T1 bladder cancers. Tumor grade, available for 223 cases, was assigned by a single study pathologist. The SWOG statistical office reviewed follow-up information and other data and performed statistical analysis. RESULTS: Disease recurrence occurred in half the cases studied. The most parsimonious model predictive of recurrence included only treatment arm and tumor grade, with the MMC arm and tumor grade greater than I indicating worse prognosis (p = 0. 014). Neither ploidy nor SPF predicted recurrence-free survival or contributed prognostic information that was additive to tumor grade. Within 5 years of follow-up, disease progression or death from bladder cancer occurred for 29/223 (13%) of patients. The most parsimonious model for progression-free survival included only grade greater than I (p<0.001) and high SPF (p = 0.029) (relative risk: tumor grade, 4.3, high SPF, 1.9). CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of tumor proliferation (low versus high SPF) contributes prognostic information about tumor progression that is additive to tumor grade.     

Tumor necrosis adds prognostically significant information to grade in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: A study of 842 consecutive cases from a single institution. Khor LY,Dhakal HP,Jia X,Reynolds JP,McKenney JK,Rini BI,Magi-Galluzzi C,Przybycin CG.Am J Surg Pathol. September 2016;40(9):1224–1231.

Tumor necrosis has been shown to be an independent predictor of adverse outcome in renal cell carcinoma. A modification of the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grading system for renal cell carcinomas has recently been proposed, which incorporates the presence of tumor necrosis into grade. The investigators proposing this system found that necrosis added significant prognostic information to ISUP grade. We attempted to describe our experience with the effect of tumor necrosis in relationship to nuclear grade by reviewing the slides from a large consecutive series of localized clear cell renal cell carcinomas from our institution and obtaining long-term clinical follow-up information (overall survival). Of the 842 clear cell renal cell carcinomas reviewed, 265 (31.5%) were ISUP grade 1 or 2, 437 (51.9%) were ISUP grade 3, and 140 (16.6%) were ISUP grade 4. Tumor necrosis was present in 177 (21%) cases. A total of 547 (64.9%) cases were stage pT1, 83 (9.9%) were stage pT2, 193 (22.9%) were stage pT3a, and 19 (2.3%) were pT3b or higher. Median follow-up was 73.2 months (range: 0.12–273.6), and 310 (36.8%) patients died. On univariable analysis, there was no significant difference in outcome for tumors of ISUP grades 1 to 3. After adjustment for age, tumor stage, and tumor size, ISUP grade 4 and necrosis were significant predictors of overall survival on multivariable analysis. When the recently proposed modified grading system incorporating tumor necrosis was applied to our data, there was no significant difference in overall survival between patients with modified grade 1 tumors and those with modified grade 2 tumors (P = 0.31); however, there was a statistically significant difference between patients with modified grade 1 or 2 tumors and those with modified grade 3 tumors (P = 0.04), and a substantial difference in outcome between those with modified grade 3 and modified grade 4 tumors (P<0.001). When a recursive partitioning approach was applied to our data, patients of a given ISUP grade could be further prognostically separated according to the presence or absence of necrosis and could be divided into 3 statistically significant prognostic groups: (1) non-necrotic ISUP grade 1 to 3 tumors, (2) ISUP grade 1 to 3 tumors with necrosis and ISUP grade 4 tumors with<10% necrosis, and (3) ISUP grade 4 tumors with>10% necrosis. In conclusion, our study shows that tumor necrosis adds additional prognostic information to ISUP grade and that quantification of necrosis can further stratify patients with ISUP grade 4 tumors.