先天性三尖瓣畸形及其功能影响

在１５６例先天性心血管畸形标本的观察和测量中，检出先天性三尖瓣畸形２５例（１６．０２％），其中Ｅｂｓｔｅｉｎ＇ｓ畸形６例，三尖瓣发育不良１４例，三尖瓣缺如１例，三尖瓣瓣叶或／和腱索骑跨４例。用测量及比较解剖学的方法探求三尖瓣畸形与其功能的影响。结果显示：Ｅｂｓｔｅｉｎ＇ｓ畸形和三尖瓣发育不良的心脏构筑都有明显的变化，而且两者存在一定的差异，同时明确了Ｅｂｓｔｅｉｎ＇ｓ畸形的病理诊断标准和三尖瓣发育不良的分类。     

心房同形位畸形：8例尸检报告

本文报告心房同形位畸形8例。其中7例属右同形位,1例属左同形位。根据肺的分叶、主支气管的形态、主支气管与肺动脉的关系和心耳的形态进行分析,并对畸形心脏按节段分析方法进行全面分析。结果认为右同形位心脏的畸形远较左同形位复杂,前者?例中6例为右室型单心室,1例为完全性房室管畸形;而后者为单心房例。心房同形位畸形亦常伴腹腔脏器异位,由于尸检不全面或尸检记录不完善,难以作为依据进行分析,只有待今后工作改善而进一步研究。     

平板运动试验评价国产C-L Ⅲ型短柱瓣术后远期的跨瓣压差

目的采用平板运动试验评价国产C-LⅢ型短柱瓣术后远期的跨瓣压差。方法随机选择10例单纯主动脉瓣置换术后10年以上的患者,型号均为21mm,分为2组,其中5例置换C-LⅢ型短柱瓣,5例置换进口Medtronic-Hall侧倾碟瓣,采用彩色多普勒超声心动图记录患者平板运动试验前、后的跨瓣压差,比较两组静息和运动状态下的心率、血压及跨瓣压差。结果在静息状态下,C-LⅢ型短柱瓣组和Medtronic-Hall侧倾碟瓣组的最大跨瓣压差分别为(1.57±0.46)kPa[(11.77±3.45)mmHg]和(1.33±0.47)kPa[(9.88±3.56)mmHg],平均跨瓣压差分别为(0.88±0.32)kPa[(6.64±2.44)mmHg]和(0.73±0.35)kPa[(5.45±2.64)mmHg];运动第Ⅳ阶段后C-LⅢ型短柱瓣组和Medtronic-Hall侧倾碟瓣组的最大跨瓣压差分别为(2.99±0.86)kPa[(22.48±6.45)mmHg]和(2.57±0.65)kPa[(19.32±4.88)mmHg],平均跨瓣压差分别为(2.09±0.56)kPa[(15.66±4.23)mmHg]和(1.79±0.70)kPa[(13.43±5.23)mmHg]。统计学检验结果显示:运动第Ⅳ阶段后国产C-LⅢ型短柱瓣组的跨瓣压差明显升高,与安静状态相比有统计学意义(P<0.05);但与运动第Ⅳ阶段后Medtronic-Hall侧倾碟瓣组的跨瓣压差相比无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论中度体力活动会引起国产C-LⅢ型短柱瓣主动脉瓣置换术后远期跨瓣压差升高,但仍在可接受的范围内,且与Medtronic-Hall侧倾碟瓣有类似的血液动力学表现,所以仍是瓣膜置换时的一个可靠选择。     

两性畸形合并异位子宫和卵巢1例

两性畸形合并异位子宫和卵巢１例刘萃龙①刘民杰①杜志清①郑清友①两性畸形临床上常有报道，但子宫、卵巢、输卵管异位于腹股沟管内者罕见。作者收治１例报告如下：患者，男，２２岁，因蹲位排尿２２年，左腹股沟包块８年伴左下腹间歇性坠胀３年，于１９９４年５月１０日...     

胎儿房室结的组织学和组织化学研究

利用光镜观察了２０例胎儿室房结、房室束和左、右束支的组织结构和组织化学特征。结果如下：１、胎儿房室结位于三尖瓣隔侧瓣上方，中心纤维体右侧。结石侧有普通心肌组成的覆盖层。房室结可分深浅两部。浅部纤维平行排列，垂直下行，止于结的下端。深部可分为上和下部。深部向后延伸与房间隔肌相连，向前延续为房室束。深部向右深入中心纤维体内形成许多细胞岛。２、房室束横断面大多为三角形，外包有疏松结缔组织鞘。房室束的前部     

中国人心脏房室瓣形态学的研究

本文调查了200例正常心脏左右房室瓣的数目、大小和各瓣的排列关系。依主瓣的数目把左、右房室瓣各分为三个类型。右房室瓣第二型(三尖型)较多(53.5％);第一型(四尖型)次之(43.5％)。左房室瓣第一型(二尖型)最多(83.0％);第二型(三尖型)次之(17.0％)。在主瓣之间有副瓣,右房室瓣有副瓣者132例(66.0％),其中一个副瓣者最多(95例,占72.0％),并以前内侧副瓣占多数(65例,占38.0％)。左房室瓣有副瓣者103例(51.5％),也以一个副瓣者最多(92例,占89.3％),其中后内侧副瓣占多数(71例,占62.3％)。以主副瓣统一计算,右室以四个瓣最为常见(40.5％),其次为五个瓣(29.0％)和三个瓣(20.5％)。左房室瓣三个瓣最为常见(50.5％),其次为二个瓣(38.0％)和四个瓣(11.0％)。对尖瓣的大小和房室口的周长进行了测量。右室后内侧瓣最宽(40.1毫米),后外侧瓣(24.5毫米)和外侧瓣(20.7毫米)最高。左室后外侧瓣最宽(36.9毫米),前内侧瓣最高(20.8毫米)。联合瓣一般皆比普通主瓣大,主瓣各径皆大于副瓣。左房室口周长为79.69毫米,右房室口周长为97.79毫米。     

狗心房室结,房室束及其束支的光镜研究

在光镜下系统地观察了１２只杂种成年狗心的房室结、房室束和左右束支的形态学特征。房室结的大小为３．１６ｍｍｘ２．１０ｍｍｘ０．６６ｍｍ，表面有０．７０ｍｍ厚的由心房肌和结缔组织组成的覆盖层。房室结主要由Ｐ细胞和Ｔ细胞构成。根据细胞的构筑，房室结可分为上结和下结两部分，Ｐ细胞主要位于上结内。房室束全长６．５６ｍｍ，起自房室结，穿中心纤维体形成的软骨管前行。房室结和房室束在光镜下无明显的界限。房室束内有较多的Ｐ细胞和Ｐｕｒｋｉｎｊｅ细胞。其中１例标本在右束支中段见到一Ｐ细胞样细胞团，它可能是心室异位搏动的形态学基础。     

肺静脉畸形

对２５例肺静脉畸形进行分析，其中肺静脉发育不良或闭锁４例，肺静脉共同腔闭锁２例，部分性肺静脉异位引流４例和１５例完全性肺静异位引流。２５例１２例为弧立性畸形，１３例为合并性畸形，如合并单心室畸形、右心室发育不良、室缺或左房双腔等。     

人工心瓣水击现象研究进展

本文考查了影响人工心瓣水击现象的各种因素。空的发生主要受瓣膜关闭瞬间瓣环昝的峰值回流速度和水击波速的控制。水击引起的瓣膜破损，与峰值跨瓣压力梯度密切相关。水击的大小取决于驱动条件收缩期时间比、瓣型设计、瓣周围的形态和心室袋的材料与厚度。机械瓣的水击效应最大，生物瓣中猪心瓣的水击效应比牛心包瓣小。     

《解剖学杂志》投稿须知

正常心是从左心室发出主动脉,右心室发出肺动脉.永存动脉干是指左、右心室均向一根共同的动脉干射血,动脉干的半月瓣骑跨于高位室间隔缺损之上,解剖上仅见总干,未见闭锁的主、肺动脉的遗迹,体循环、肺循环和冠状动脉循环血供均直接来自动脉干.在解剖1例引产畸形胎儿时,发现了一些和常规永存动脉干不同的地方,情况如下.     

Pathology of surgically excised mitral valves. One hundred consecutive cases

In this study, 100 consecutive, surgically excised, mitral valves were examined pathologically. The valves were classified according to primary conditions that resulted in valvular malfunction. Rheumatic mitral valvular diseases (stenosis and/or insufficiency) accounted for 54% of the cases. Myxomatous changes (prolapse) were present in 32 cases. Fifty-nine percent (19 cases) of those cases with myxomatous changes also had chordal rupture. Four of the cases had papillary muscle rupture, and in seven cases, papillary muscle dysfunction occurred. In one case bacterial endocarditis was observed on a previously normal valve. In one case the pathology of valvular. In one case the pathology of valvular changes was indeterminant. Lupus erythematosus was diagnosed in one patient, and mitral valve insufficiency may have resulted as a complication.     

Floppy mitral valve chordae tendineae: histopathologic alterations

Pathologic studies of floppy or myxomatous mitral valves have focused primarily on changes in the valve cusps, with little attention given to the chordae tendineae. In a systematic study of the histopathology of floppy mitral valve chordae tendineae, 128 nonruptured chordae from 8 severely regurgitant floppy mitral valves were compared to 152 chordae from 10 normal control mitral valves and to 152 chordae from 8 control mitral valves with severe regurgitation due to ischemic heart disease. Collagen alterations were observed in 2% of normal mitral valve chordae and 3% of control regurgitant mitral valve chordae compared to 38% of floppy mitral valve chordae. Moderate or severe acid mucopolysaccharide accumulation was observed in 2% of normal mitral valve chordae and 3% of control regurgitant mitral valve chordae compared to 39% of floppy mitral valve chordae. Nonuniform histopathologic alterations, rare in normal and control regurgitant mitral valve chordae tendineae, were frequent in floppy mitral valve chordae tendineae (p less than 0.001). Histopathologic alterations provide the basis for abnormal physical properties previously demonstrated in floppy mitral valve chordae tendineae and may predispose to chordal elongation and rupture.     

Pathological aspects of explanted homograft mitral valve.

BACKGROUND: Homograft mitral valve replacement is an alternative therapeutic approach to prosthetic or bioprosthetic valve replacement. The present paper documents the pathological changes of explanted homograft mitral valve. METHODS: We examined six explanted homograft mitral valves, which were taken out 6 weeks to 60 months following valve replacement procedure. Gross examination of the specimens was done, and representative sections were evaluated using haematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome, Verhoeff's van Gieson and von Kossa stains. RESULTS: On gross examination, the valves showed leaflet calcification and chordal rupture at the tip of the papillary muscles in three cases each. Microscopically, the valve leaflets appeared as aneucleated structures with loss of endocardial lining and lack of nuclear details. The collagenous skeleton was largely preserved. The papillary muscles underwent coagulative necrosis and lacked significant inflammatory infiltrate. One case had a few macrophages at the periphery of myonecrosis, while two cases revealed focal foreign body giant cell reaction. Foci of dystrophic calcification within the areas of myonecrosis were present in three cases. CONCLUSION: Homograft mitral valve undergoes degenerative changes in the recipient, some of which can be attributed to ischaemia.     

Etiology of acquired valvular heart disease in adults. A survey of 18,132 autopsies and 100 consecutive valve-replacement operations

The cardiac valve pathology in 18,132 autopsies was analyzed. A total of 1,136 patients (6.3%) had acquired valvular disease. The most commonly diseased cardiac valve was the mitral valve (49%), followed by the aortic valve (42%) and the tricuspid (9%) and pulmonary valves (0.3%). Rheumatic fever accounted for 99.7% of cases of mitral stenosis and 68.4% of mitral incompetence. The autopsy incidence of mitral stenosis remained constant over 30 years (1950 to 1979). Only 44.4% of the cases of acquired aortic stenosis were due to rheumatic fever. Review of 100 consecutive, surgically excised native valves revealed that if the pathologist is given adequate information regarding the macroscopic appearance of the intact valve prior to excision, an accurate etiopathologic diagnosis can be made in 81% of cases compared with only 35% of cases without such information.     

Thrombogenic influence of biomaterials in patients with the Omni series heart valve: pyrolytic carbon versus titanium

An opportunity to assess the thromboembolic rates caused by the construction materials on valve replacements is possible with the Omni series of mechanical heart valves. The Omnicarbon and Omniscience valves are identical in form but differ in that the Omnicarbon valve is constructed entirely of pyrolytic carbon, whereas the Omniscience valve uses titanium for its housing, the rest of its structure being pyrolytic carbon. The literature was reviewed and a comparison in similar groups of patients was made between these two model valves for their thromboembolic rates in the mitral and aortic positions. A total of 569 aortic Omnicarbon valves (4,146 patient years [pt yrs.1) had a thromboembolic events (T/E rate) of 0.5% compared with 1.7% for 468 aortic Omniscience (1,552 pt yrs); p < 0.0001. A total of 298 mitral Omnicarbon valves (3,333 pt yrs) had a T/E rate of 1.6% compared with 2.6% for 716 mitral Omniscience valves (2,134 pt yrs), p < 0.001. There was no difference in the anticoagulation management between the two model valves although the Omniscience valve required higher prothrombin or International Normalized Rate maintenance levels, which resulted in higher bleeding rates among patients with Omniscience valves.     

CD34+ fibrocytes in normal mitral valves and myxomatous mitral valve degeneration

We investigated a total of 15 mitral valves with myxomatous degeneration and compared these with normal mitral valves. In normal mitral valves, stromal cells located in the fibrosa and spongiosa showed small bipolar cytoplasmic processes and were found to be positive for CD34, suggesting a close relationship to CD34+ fibrocytes. In cases of myxomatous degeneration, stromal cells showed an altered morphology in that they exhibited multipolar cytoplasmic processes, appeared to be hyperplastic, and were increased in number. This study is the first to report on CD34+ fibrocytes making up the majority of mitral valve stromal cells. Major factors in the development of myxomatous valve degeneration are MMP-9, as well as collagen I and III, which have been reported to be secreted by CD34+ fibrocytes. Therefore, it is likely that CD34+ fibrocytes are involved in the pathogenesis of myxomatous mitral valve degeneration.     

CD117-positive cells and mast cells in adult human cardiac valves--observations and implications for the creation of bioengineered grafts.

BACKGROUND: There is no report to date of stem cells in human cardiac valves. We examined their possible presence, number, and distribution in valves removed at cardiac surgery from patients with a variety of underlying valve pathologies. METHODS: Grossly normal aortic and mitral valves were obtained from live heart transplant patients. Surgically excised valves with rheumatic mitral stenosis, aortic valve age-related degeneration, aortic valve changes of aortoannular ectasia, and mitral valves with myxomatous degeneration were studied. Immunohistochemical and histochemical studies were performed on sequential valve sections, including hematoxylin and eosin, hematoxylin phloxine saffron, Movat pentachrome, toluidine blue, CD31, CD34, and CD117. RESULTS: There were small clusters of CD117-positive cells in the fibrosa and spongiosa of mitral and aortic valves from all groups of valves. Sequential sectioning and staining showed that almost all of these cells were mast cells. However, in the mitral myxomatous valves and the mitral rheumatic valves, there were rare CD117-positive cells that did not have corresponding toluidine blue staining and thus could be valve mesenchymal stem cells. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the CD117-positive cells in normal and diseased adult heart valves are mast cells. These valve cells could play a role in valve pathology and injury. A very small number of possible valve stem cells were also identified. It is unlikely that these valve stem cells are sufficient in number to allow isolation and expansion for tissue engineering purposes.     

CC-chemokine receptor 7 and its ligand CCL19 promote mitral valve interstitial cell migration and repair

The effect of CC-chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) and CC-chemokine ligand 19 (CCL19) on rheumatic mitral stenosis is unknown. This study aimed to explore the roles of CCR7 and CCL19 in rheumatic mitral stenosis by measuring the expression of CCR7 and CCL19 in human mitral valves from rheumatic mitral stenosis patients. Additionally, we examined their effects on human mitral valve interstitial cells (hMVICs) proliferation, apoptosis and wound repair. CCR7 and CCL19 expression was measured in the mitral valves from rheumatic mitral stenosis patients (n = 10) and compared to normal mitral valves (n = 5). CCR7 was measured in cultured hMVICs from rheumatic mitral stenosis patients and normal donors by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. The cells were also treated with exogenous CCL19, and the effects on wound healing, proliferation and apoptosis were assayed. In the rheumatic mitral valves, valve interstitial cells expressed CCR7, while mononuclear cells and the endothelium expressed CCL19. Healthy mitral valves did not stain positive for CCR7 or CCL19. CCR7 was also detected in cultured rheumatic hMVICs or in normal hMVICs treated with CCL19. In a wound healing experiment, wound closure rates of both rheumatic and normal hMVICs were significantly accelerated by CCL19. These effects were abrogated by a CCR7 neutralizing antibody. The CCR7/CCL19 axis did not influence the proliferation or apoptosis of hMVICs, indicating that wound healing was due to increased migration rates rather than increased proliferation. In conclusion, CCR7 and CCL19 were expressed in rheumatic mitral valves. The CCR7/CCL19 axis may regulate remodeling of rheumatic valve injury through promoting migratory ability of hMVICs.     

Histologic changes in three explanted native cardiac valves following use of fenfluramines.

Use of fenfluramines, either alone or co-administered with phentermine ("fen-phen") as anorexic agents in obesity, has been associated with the development of clinically significant cardiac valve disease. We present the macroscopic and histologic findings in cardiac valves explanted from three patients who presented with valvular disease after fenfluramine or fenfluramine-phentermine use and underwent single valve replacement surgery. Paraffin sections were prepared with hematoxylin and eosin, trichrome, elastic-van Gieson, and Giemsa stains, as well as immunostains using antibody to CD3 and CD20. All three patients (two females, ages 37 and 43, and a 49-year-old male) developed progressively symptomatic mitral (2 patients) or aortic (1 patient) valvular insufficiency following dexfenfluramine (2 patients) or fenfluramine-phentermine (1 patient) use. Macroscopic changes included irregular leaflet thickening, accompanied by chordal fusion in the mitral valves, but without vegetations, commissural fusion, or evidence of annular dilation. Histologically, fibromyxoid plaques and nodules just below the valve surface, superficial to a generally intact elastic fiber layer, were associated with CD3-positive lymphocytes. Valves from all three patients had central myxoid degenerative changes, which were focal/mild in one mitral valve, diffuse/moderate in one mitral valve, and diffuse/marked in one aortic valve. Focal areas of superficial fibromyxoid change or intimal thickening may also be seen in cardiac valves from patients with drug-unrelated processes leading to symptomatic or asymptomatic valvulopathy. Therefore, when valve tissue is available for histopathologic examination, valvular disease can be attributed to use of fenfluramines only if the following criteria are satisfied: (i) the macroscopic and microscopic features are consistent with fenfluramine-related valvulopathy, (ii) clinical, echocardiographic, and intraoperative findings support the diagnosis, and (iii) the history of drug exposure predates the development or exacerbation of valvular dysfunction.     

Biopsy of the heart valves. 872 cases

In this study, 872 heart valves surgically excised from 810 patients during a period of 5 years (1994 through 1998) were examined pathologically. There was a predominance of aortic (506 patients) versus mitral valves (246 pts.). While aortic valves came more often from men (364) than from women (142), in mitral valves the M:F ratio is 82/164. Isolated calcific aortic stenosis appeared as the most frequent valvular disease (418 pts.), with predominance of its sclerotic-senile type (238 pts.). Mitral stenosis (185 pts.) remains the classical post-rheumatic disease. The relative frequency of a subvalvular stenosing mitral lesion is stressed. The "pure" incompetence of both aortic (70 pts.) and mitral (56 pts.) valve was usually based on valvular myxoid degeneration. An aorto-mitral disease requiring replacement of both valves (51 pts.) presented typically as a post-rheumatic lesion, however, a combination of a post-rheumatic mitral with a degenerative-sclerotic aortic valve disease may be possible. In 30 patients, the valvular replacement was performed for infective endocarditis or a post-IE lesion, mostly of the aortic valve. With the almost non-existence of acute rheumatic fever and with the increasing average age of population in this country, we may expect a long-term decline in mitral valve disease and an increase in aortic valve disease, particularly in the sclerotic type of aortic stenosis.