β-受体阻滞剂治疗慢性充血性心力衰竭的体会

目的探讨β-受体阻滞剂在治疗慢性充血性心力衰竭中的应用。方法随机抽取40例根据NYHA分级的Ⅱ～Ⅳ级慢性充血性心力衰竭患者,给予美托洛尔12．5mg,2次／d,口服3～4周。结果经治疗心功能达Ⅰ级者15例,Ⅱ级以上者14例,Ⅲ级者6例,中途停药2例,无效3例。结论β-受体阻滞剂治疗慢性心力衰竭,只要剂量合理,严格掌握适应证和禁忌证的前提下,治疗效果满意,同时可减轻患者的经济负担。     

北京地区24家医院住院冠心病患者静息心率控制状况的调查

目的调查住院冠心病患者静息心率达标状况、β-受体阻滞剂使用状况及安全性。方法采用开放、多中心的观察性研究,连续入组北京24家医院2012年6月~2012年9月的住院冠心病患者,总计1570例。记录入、出院时患者的静息心率及β-受体阻滞剂的状况(种类、频率、剂量)。结果出院时冠心病患者静息心率达标率为35.9%,入、出院静息心率为(71.00±13.61)bpm vs(65.27±9.96)bpm(P0.01),β-受体阻滞剂使用率为80.06%vs 81.02%(P=0.16),美托洛尔使用率为60.38%vs 60.70%(P=0.41),入、出院酒石酸美托洛尔平均剂量为(29.55±24.6)mg/d vs(16.38±27.5)mg/d。结论北京市部分医院住院冠心病患者静息心率达标率不高,β-受体阻滞剂使用率及使用剂量均较低。     

美托洛尔联合洛汀新治疗慢性充血性心力衰竭的体会

目的探讨β受体阻滞剂＋ACEI类药物在治疗慢性充血性心力衰竭中的作用。方法对20例根据NYHA分级为Ⅱ-Ⅳ级慢性充血性心力衰竭患者给予口服美托洛尔12．5～50mg／d,洛汀新5～10mg／d治疗,观察1～6年。结果经治疗心功能达Ⅰ级者10例,Ⅱ级8例,Ⅲ级2例。结论β受体阻滞剂＋ACEI类药是慢性充血性心力衰竭治疗的基础,二药联用可明显改善患者的心功能和生活质量,减少住院次数,且二药价格便宜,可明显减轻心力衰竭患者的经济负担。     

美托洛尔治疗慢性充血性心力衰竭靶剂量临床观察

目的探讨美托洛尔在慢性充血性心力衰竭治疗中的剂量及耐受性。方法对100例心力衰竭患者在常规心衰治疗基础上加用美托洛尔,逐渐加量至靶剂量(最大耐受剂量),目标分别为①心率下降至55~60次/分。②稍加剂量心功能下降Ⅰ级。③收缩压不低于90mmHg。结果美托洛尔平均维持量为(67.2±35.3)mg/d,(12.5-150)mg/d,其中66例(66.0%)达心率目标,34例(34.0%)达心衰目标,无一例达血压目标。随访者多因不适当治疗而减量或停用美托洛尔。结论在治疗期间,心力衰竭(NYHAⅡ级—Ⅳ级)患者对合适剂量的美托洛尔耐受性较好。     

美托洛尔治疗老年冠心病慢性心力衰竭52例疗效观察

目的评价β-受体阻滞剂治疗老年冠心病慢性心力衰竭的疗效及安全性.方法 105例老年冠心病慢性心力衰竭患者按就诊顺序随机分为两组,美托洛尔组52例在常规抗心力衰竭治疗基础上加用美托洛尔12.5～25 mg,2/d;对照组53例采用常规抗心力衰竭治疗,未用美托洛尔.定期来诊随访,观察临床表现,监测治疗前后心率、血压、心功能参数变化.结果美托洛尔组显效率53.8%,总有效率88.5%;对照组显效率30.2%,总有效率67.9%,两者比较有显著性差异(P<0.05).美托洛尔组患者心率减慢、血压降低较对照组明显,超声心动图复查显示治疗6个月后左室舒张末期内径缩小,左室射血分数增高较对照组显著.结论美托洛尔为老年冠心病慢性心力衰竭提供一种较为安全有效的药物治疗手段.     

美托洛尔、阿替洛尔治疗老年心力衰竭的临床观察

目的探讨美托洛尔和阿替洛尔治疗老年心力衰竭的临床疗效和安全性.方法观察了88例老年心力衰竭患者治疗前及治疗后12个月的心功能和药物耐受情况.结果两种β-受体阻滞剂均能明显降低心衰患者的静息心率,提高了左室射血分数、心功能改善总有效率达89.77%,不良反应发生率为6.81%,药物耐受剂量与年龄和心力衰竭程度有关.结论小剂量β-受体阻滞剂治疗老年心力衰竭是安全有效的,但要注意个体化用药.     

不恰当应用β受体阻滞剂3例分析

目的 观察不恰当应用β受体阻滞剂对患者的不良影响？方法 3例患者分别应用β受体阻滞剂中的代表药物进行治疗,倍他乐克12.5mg Bid用于治疗扩张性心肌病伴心力衰竭;比索洛尔5mg qd治疗冠心病;美托洛尔缓释片47.5mg qd 治疗高血压伴新发房颤？结果不恰当应用β受体阻滞剂后3例患者症状不同程度加重恶化？结论在应用β受体阻滞剂时,应把握好适应症和禁忌症,掌握好药物剂量,尽可能降低副作用,使患者受益？     

86例老年慢性心力衰竭患者标准药物治疗实施状况的分析

目的评价慢性收缩性心力衰竭"新的标准药物治疗"在干部病房老年患者中的实施状况.方法以86例住院治疗的老年心力衰竭患者为研究对象,对标准药物治疗实施状况作出评价.结果①ACEI和β-受体阻滞剂的使用率分别为64.0%和34.9%,高于同期全国平均应用水平.ACEI在Ⅲ、Ⅳ级心功能的患者中使用率较高,β-受体阻滞剂在Ⅱ、Ⅲ级心功能的患者中使用率较高;②37.2%的患者因心脏传导阻滞、严重过缓性心律失常及低血压等原因而未使用或停用β-受体阻滞剂,13例患者因Ⅳ级心功能难以改善而未用或停用β-受体阻滞剂;③因医生的因素未使用或停用ACEI者26.7%,未使用或停用β-受体阻滞剂者12.8%.48.8%的患者在作出心力衰竭诊断后仍长期使用钙拮抗剂.结论在干部病房老年心力衰竭患者中,新的标准药物治疗实施状况总体上较好,但老年患者合并症多,对实施标准药物治疗带来更多的难题.必须进一步在医师中普及心力衰竭治疗的新理论和新概念.     

美托洛尔、阿替洛尔治疗老年心力衰竭的临床观察

目的探讨美托洛尔和阿替洛尔治疗老年心力衰竭的临床疗效和安全性。方法观察了88例老年心力衰竭患治疗前及治疗后12个月的心功能和药物耐受情况。结果两种β-受体阻滞剂均能明显降低心衰患的静息心率,提高了左室射血分数、心功能改善总有效率达89．77％,不良反应发生率为6．81％,药物耐受剂量与年龄和心力衰竭程度有关。结论小剂量β-受体阻滞剂治疗老年心力衰竭是安全有效的,但要注意个体化用药。     

1882例慢性心力衰竭患者药物治疗动态分析

目的观察1882例慢性心力衰竭患者药物治疗动态,分析用药合理性.方法采用1998年、2001年和2004年住院慢性心力衰竭患者病历数据库,对1882例慢性心力衰竭患者使用药物治疗状况进行调查分析.结果1882例患者在1998年、2001年和2004年药物使用率分别是利尿剂63.7%;68.1%;74.5%、洋地黄类40.2%;42.4%;67.9%、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂/血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ACEI/ARB)18.2%;30.3%;57.1%、β受体阻滞剂(β-blocker)14.9%;31.2%;60.1%、硝酸盐类42.5%;48.2%;56.3%、非洋地黄类正性肌力药物25.7%;28.9%;20.7%、钙离子拮抗剂17.5%;18.3%;20.1%.未考虑使用β-blocker占不用原因的32.6%,未考虑使用ACEI/ARB占不用原因的34.6%.结论提示自心力衰竭治疗指南公布以来,对临床医生确有指导作用,使慢性心力衰竭规范化药物治疗水平有了明显提高.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.