A Community-based Cervical Cancer Screening Program among Women of Delhi using Camp Approach

Background:

Cervical cancer is the commonest malignancy among women in developing countries. Cytological screening (Pap smear) have been claimed to reduce incidence and mortality of carcinoma cervix significantly for which sensitization of women is required through community-based approach.

Objectives:

To find out number of cervical cancer cases among patients reporting to a general health care camp through screening program and study the prevalence of perceived morbidity and its confirmation.

Settings:

Cross-sectional study among women attending cancer awareness camps.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 435 women attending cancer awareness camps were screened for carcinoma cervix. The findings of history and clinical examination were recorded. Pap smears of all the symptomatic patients were collected and cytological diagnosis was confirmed by a pathologist.

Results and Conclusions:

The perceived gynecological morbidity was observed to be 59.8%. The smear of the women who were suspected of carcinoma on clinical examination was confirmed to be the cases of carcinoma-in-situ (7.8%) and high-grade neoplasia (2.9%) on laboratory investigations. The findings of the study highlight the utility and need of cancer cervix screening among the women at regular intervals through camp approach in the community.     

Improving prenatal care in pregnant women in Iranshahr,Iran: Applying Health Belief Model

To determine the effect of an education-based intervention on receiving adequate prenatal care. This randomized, controlled trial was conducted on 90 primiparous pregnant women, referred in Iranshahr, Iran for prenatal care (intervention = 45, control group = 45). The data were collected from February to June 2016 using a questionnaire developed based on the Health Belief Model (HBM). The intervention group received three intervention sessions during the second trimester of pregnancy, and 3 months after intervention, both groups completed a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using independent sample t-tests, chi-squared tests, paired t-test, Pearson and multivariate regression. Unlike the control group, in the intervention group’s mean scores for knowledge, variables from the HBM model and frequency of prenatal care significantly differed from pre- to post-intervention (pre-intervention mean = 12.62 ± 2.63, post-intervention mean = 17.71 ± 1.56, (p ? 0.05). Self-efficacy was positively correlated with knowledge (r = 0.304, p = 0.02) and adequate prenatal care (r = 0.583, p ? 0.001). The constructs of the HBM explained 75% of the variance in frequency of prenatal care in multivariable models. Developing an educational program based on the HBM was effective in the adoptation of prenatal care. Additionally, considering social, economic, and educational follow-up while implementing these programs is recommended.     

Prioritizing Prevention: Culture,Context, and Cervical Cancer Screening among Vietnamese American Women

Few studies have investigated what Vietnamese American women believe about the Pap smear or how those beliefs might influence behavior. Thirty-one Vietnamese American women recruited through snowball sampling were interviewed about their beliefs regarding the Pap smear. Interviews were qualitatively analyzed using a theoretically informed, inductive approach. The women interviewed emphasized the importance of primary prevention of disease through culturally-informed personal health regimens. They were also largely unfamiliar with the Pap smear, but believed that gynecological exams in general were effective and necessary for disease detection. Finally, when access to gynecological care was difficult, women’s faith in their own preventive behaviors helped alleviate their concerns over lack of care. While culturally associated beliefs do not simply “cause” Vietnamese American women to seek or avoid Pap smears, they do influence screening behaviors to a greater or lesser degree, depending on other contextual variables.     

漯河市农村妇女宫颈癌筛查结果分析

目的 了解漯河市农村妇女宫颈癌前病变及宫颈癌的发病情况。方法 应用液基细胞学检查技术并结合TBS分级系统,采用随机原则于2012年3月 - 6月对该市20个农村6 007例妇女进行免费宫颈癌筛查,在HPV分流下对ASC及其以上病变行阴道镜检查,取病理学活检并做相应处理。结果 共筛查6 007人,合格标本5 919例,异常439（7.42%）例,44～47岁组妇女患病率高。其中ASC:288例（4.87%）,LSIL:96例（1.62%）,HSIL:51例（0.86%）,SCC:4 例（0.07%）;根据HPV结果,对310例患者进行阴道镜及组织病理活检。结果发现正常或炎症163例（58.58%）,CINⅠ55例（17.74%）,CINⅡ28例（9.32%）,CINⅢ59例（19.03%）,浸润癌5例（1.61%）。结论 农村妇女是宫颈癌发病的高危人群,各级部门应重视农村妇女宫颈癌筛查工作。     

Perceptions of Cervical Cancer Threat,Benefits, and Barriers of Papanicolaou Smear Screening Programs for Women in Iran

ABSTRACT

Objectives: The main purpose was to assess associations between HBM variables and participation in cervical cancer screening programs in a sample of Iranian women.

Methods: A total of 333 married women of childbearing age were recruited with cluster sampling. The study was conducted from spring 2002 to spring 2003 and a self-report questionnaire and structured interview were designed to measure the four HBM constructs and Iranian women's knowledge about Pap smear screening.

Results: A total of 68.5% reported having undergone at least one Pap test. Women were more likely to participate in Pap smears when they had access to knowledge about cervical cancer and screening programs. Furthermore, the perceived benefit and barrier variables of the Health belief model were two factors related to participation in Pap smear testing.

Conclusions: Health care professionals must provide women with more information about cervical cancer and the benefits of participating in cervical cancer screening programs.     

Individual and Community Effectiveness of a Cervical Cancer Screening Program for Semi-Urban Mexican Women

The effectiveness at the individual and community level of an educational intervention to increase cervical cancer screening self-efficacy among semi-urban Mexican women was evaluated and changes in reported community barriers were measured after the intervention was implemented. The educational intervention was evaluated with a quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test design and a control group, based on the Integrative Model of Behavior Prediction and AMIGAS project materials. For the intervention group, increased self-efficacy increased requests to obtain a Pap (p < 0.05). Barriers to obtaining a Pap were embarrassment and lack of time at the individual level, and lack of time, test conditions and fear of social rejection in the community’s cultural domain. At both the individual and community levels, having more information about the test and knowing it would be performed by a woman were primary facilitators. Few women used medically precise information when referring to the Pap and cervical uterine cancer. Although the level of self-efficacy of the participants increased, barriers in the health system affect the women’s perceived ability to get a Pap. Better care for users is needed to increase consistent use of the test. The study shows the importance of using culturally adapted, multilevel, comprehensive interventions to achieve successful results in target populations.     

健康信念对低档场所女性性工作者安全套使用行为的影响

目的探讨健康信念如何影响低档场所女性性工作者安全套使用行为.方法以健康信念模式为理论基础设计问卷,采用方便抽样对随州市和武汉市低档场所女性性工作者进行调查,应用结构方程模型对调查结果进行分析.结果整个健康信念模式对安全套使用行为的确定系数为0.470 1;易感性认知、严重性认知、行为效益认知、行为障碍认知、自我效能对低档场所女性性工作者安全套使用行为的总体影响系数分别为0.14,0.18,0.37,0.58和0.10.结论应用健康信念模式,可以解释低档场所女性性工作者安全套使用行为的47%;影响女性性工作者安全套使用的因素从大到小依次为:行为障碍认知、行为效益认知、严重性认知、易感性认知和自我效能.     

十堰市农村妇女宫颈癌和乳腺癌筛查满意度分析

目的 了解十堰市受检妇女对宫颈癌和乳腺癌筛查项目的满意度评价,为今后开展工作提供参考.方法 采用电话访谈的方式对受检者进行满意度调查,内容包括是否知晓宫颈癌和乳腺癌相关知识、是否会继续参加类似的免费筛查活动以及对检查环境、检查过程、操作的专业规范性、工作态度和服务水平这5个方面的满意情况.结果 受检者"两癌"知识知晓率为85.66%,有90.31%的受检者表示会继续参加类似的免费筛查活动;宫颈癌和乳腺癌筛查满意率最高的环节为工作态度(71.71%),其次是服务水平(69.77%),满意率最低的环节为检查环境(56.20%),不满意率最高的环节为过程便捷(12.02%);郧县、竹山县和郧西县分别在工作态度、检查环境和操作规范上的满意率高于其余各县,竹溪县在过程便捷和服务水平两个环节上的满意率高于其余各县,房县5个环节的满意率均较其余各县低.结论 建议各县对满意率较低的环节采取针对性措施,同时加强项目的监管和质量控制,为受检者提供优质的筛查服务.     

Factors Associated with Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Behavior Among African Immigrant Women in Minnesota

Immigrant populations in the United States (US) have lower cancer screening rates compared to none immigrant populations. The purpose of this study was to assess the rates of cancer screening and examine factors associated with cancer screening behavior among African immigrant women in Minnesota. A cross sectional survey of a community based sample was conducted among African immigrants in the Twin Cities. Cancer screening outcome measures were mammography and Papanicolau smear test. The revised theoretical model of health care access and utilization and the behavioral model for vulnerable populations were utilized to assess factors associated with cancer screening. Only 61 and 52 % of the age eligible women in the sample had ever been screened for breast and cervical cancer respectively. Among these women, duration of residence in the US and ethnicity were significant determinants associated with non-screening. Programs to enhance screening rates among this population must begin to address barriers identified by the community.     

The Role of Family History of Cancer on Cervical Cancer Screening Behavior in a Population-based Survey of Women in the Southeastern United States

BackgroundOur objective was to determine the association of self-reported family history of cancer (FHC) on cervical cancer screening to inform a potential link with cancer preventive behaviors in a region with persistent cancer disparities.MethodsSelf-reported FHC, Pap test behavior, and access to care were measured in a statewide population-based survey of human papillomavirus and cervical cancer (n = 918). Random-digit dial, computer-assisted telephone interviews were used to contact eligible respondents (adult [ages 18–70] women in South Carolina with landline telephones]. Logistic regression models were estimated using STATA 12.FindingsAlthough FHC+ was not predictive (odds ratio [OR], 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55–2.51), private health insurance (OR, 2.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15–4.81) and younger age (18–30 years: OR, 7.76; 95% CI, 1.91, 3.16) were associated with recent Pap test behavior. FHC and cervical cancer screening associations were not detected in the sample.ConclusionsFindings suggest targeting older women with screening recommendations and providing available screening resources for underserved women.     

城市社区妇女参加宫颈癌筛查行为意向结构方程模型分析

目的建构具有态度、主观行为准则等概念的"城市社区妇女接受宫颈癌筛查行为意向整合模型",探讨影响城市社区妇女接受宫颈癌筛查(宫颈涂片检查)行为的因素。方法用结构式问卷调查1591名上海某社区妇女参加宫颈癌筛查相关知识、态度和行为意向。验证性因子分析建立测量模型,再构建结构方程模型。最大似然法(ML)估计参数,通过评价修正来确定最佳结构模型。结果社区妇女既往参加过宫颈癌筛查的占42.1%,其中三年内参加过宫颈癌筛查的占56.7%。结构方程模型拟合较好,正向影响参加筛查行为意向的因素包括对象个体主观行为准则、对家庭社会责任的感知、对筛查促进因素的感知、参与筛查的自我效能和对宫颈涂片的态度。宫颈癌相关知识对行为意向无影响。对象对行为改变障碍的感知对参与筛查行为意向的作用是负向的。结论要提高社区妇女宫颈癌筛查项目的覆盖率,不能仅提供免费筛查服务和健康知识的培训,还需要构建筛查环境,包括家属的动员,社区妇女较易接受的女性筛查医师的配备、医师检查技能的提高等,同时筛查对象本身信念层面对筛查必要性的感知和改变也是重要的。     

心理干预对减轻农村妇女宫颈癌筛查负性心理的效果

目的探讨心理干预对减轻农村妇女宫颈癌筛查负性心理的效果。方法纳入清远市2016年7月至2017年12月期间进行宫颈癌筛查的农村贫困妇女共25 145例作为观察组,给予心理干预;纳入清远市2015年1月至2016年6月期间进行宫颈癌筛查的农村贫困妇女共25 145例作为对照组,给予常规护理。比较两组妇女的负性情绪、宫颈癌筛查知识知晓率、对护理服务的满意度。结果观察组无焦虑、无抑郁比例均高于对照组(P <0.05)。观察组的宫颈癌筛查知识知晓率为99.39%,高于对照组的85.63%(P <0.05)。观察组妇女对护理服务的满意度为99.57%,高于对照组的76.56%(P <0.05)。结论在农村妇女宫颈癌筛查中,心理干预可有效改善其负性情绪,提高宫颈癌筛查知识知晓率与对护理服务的满意度。     

Cognitive determinants of cervical cancer screening behavior among housewife women in Iran: An application of Health Belief Model

Our aim in this cross-sectional study was to assess the cognitive determinants of Cervical Cancer Screening Behavior (CCSB) among housewife women in Islamabad County, Iran. Through multistage random sampling we recruited and interviewed 280 housewife women. The women who perceived more benefits of performing the Pap test (OR = 1.11), and perceived fewer barriers (OR = 0.915), and higher self-efficacy to perform the test (OR = 1.12) were more likely to have a CCSB in the previous three years. Our findings are informative for the development of targeted interventions to foster CCSB among housewife women.     

Encouraging Underscreened Women to Have Cervical Cancer Screening: The Effectiveness of a Computer Strategy

Background.Computers that collect data from patients and provide both patients and practitioners with printed feedback on a range of health risks are a tool for assisting general practitioners with preventive care. This study assessed the impact of computer-generated printed feedback on cervical screening among women who were underscreened for cervical cancer.Method.Female attenders at two Australian general practices were randomly allocated to Experimental or Control groups. Women in both groups completed a health risk survey on a touch screen computer prior to their consultation. Those in the Experimental group received printed pages summarizing their results, including their eligibility for cervical screening and last Pap test, for themselves and their doctor. The number and proportion of underscreened women who had a Pap test in the 6 months after completing the computer survey, as determined by pathology records, were examined.Results.Of the 679 participants, 139 were classified as underscreened on the basis of self-report (74 Experimental, 65 Control) and 272 on the basis of their pathology records (148 Experimental, 124 Control). Overall about one-third of women had a test in the 6-month period, and the differences between the groups were not significant for women overall (18–70 years) or for women 18–49 years. Among women 50–70 who were underscreened based on self-report, those receiving the printout were more likely to have a Pap test in the next 6 months (P< 0.05). This pattern was also evident, but did not reach statistical significance, for older women who were underscreened based on pathology records.Conclusions.We are unable to draw conclusions regarding the effectiveness of the computer system due to the modest proportions of women screened, the small numbers, and the fact that the computer survey may have created an intervention effect in the Control group. As the study suggests the computer system is acceptable to women and may be effective for encouraging screening among older women, further exploration of the system is desirable.     

海南省农村妇女宫颈癌认知和筛查行为及影响因素分析

目的了解海南省35~64岁农村妇女宫颈癌防治知识认知和检查行为状况及相关影响因素,为开展宫颈癌健康教育及筛查提供参考依据。方法采取多阶段分层抽样方法对海南省18个市县的10800名农村妇女进行宫颈癌防治知识问卷调查,采用描述性分析、多因素Logistic回归等方法进行统计分析。结果调查对象普遍对宫颈癌的危险因素和预防措施了解不足,49.3%的调查对象主动做过临床宫颈癌检查,53.4%的妇女参加过国家宫颈癌筛查服务。Logistic回归分析结果显示,文化程度越高(OR=0.818)、收入越高(OR=0.694)、未患慢性病(OR=2.053)、参加过宫颈癌筛查项目(OR=2.054)、职业为个体户(OR=0.714)和教师(OR=0.872)的调查对象防治知识得分较高;年龄越大(OR=0.817)、少数民族(OR=0.577)、已婚(OR=0.452)、文化程度越高(OR=0.913)、职业为教师(OR=0.602)、收入越高(OR=0.744)、具备宫颈癌防治知识(OR=0.1.951)的调查对象越会主动进行宫颈癌检查。结论海南省农村妇女宫颈癌防治知识掌握程度不高,应进一步采取有效方式开展广泛深入的健康教育,提高宫颈癌防治知识水平,促使农村妇女主动进行宫颈癌检查。