武汉市机动车保有量及相关因素对空气质量的影响

[目的]研究武汉市机动车保有量及相关因素的变化情况，探索该市空气污染状况、变化趋势及影响空气质量的重要因素。[方法]收集武汉市1986-1995年间空气质量监测及城市建设方面的资料，利用简单相关、主成分回归、灰色关联分析进行统计处理。[结果]武汉市1986～1995年空气中主要的污染物为总悬浮颗粒物（TSP），浓度范围在0．211-0．356mg／m^3，超标率为40％。二氧化硫（SO2）和氮氧化物（NOx）均未超标，符合国家空气质量二级标准。NOx浓度呈现上升趋势。主成分回归分析结果显示机动车保有量对NOx的浓度影响最大。灰色关联分析显示机动车保有量与TSP、SO2、N0x浓度的灰色关联度系数分别为：0．6237、0．6235、0．7224，关联度排序为：NOx〉TSP〉SO2。[结论J城市NOx浓度呈现上升趋势，机动车保有量增长是主要影响因素之一。尾气污染成为城市亟待解决的重大环境问题。     

重庆市主要交通干道机动车尾气污染状况

目的：探讨重庆市机动车尾气污染状况,为研究其对人群健康的影响提供依据.方法：测定重庆市主要交通干道空气中铅含量、苯并（a）芘[B（a）P]浓度、总悬浮颗粒、PM10、PM2.5和PM1浓度并进行相关分析.结果：重庆市各主要交通干道尾气污染物浓度均超过国家环境卫生标准.结论：该市应采取措施控制机动车尾气污染环境.     

机动车尾气造成的苯系物污染状况调查

目的调查机动车尾气造成的苯、甲苯、二甲苯的污染状况。方法采用TenaxTA吸附-二次热解吸-毛细管气相色谱法监测了交通路口大气中苯系物的浓度和个体接触量。结果交通路口大气中苯、甲苯、二甲苯浓度范围分别为0.041～0.276、0.002～0.132、0.008～0.091mg/m3。结论大气中苯系物浓度与车流量及路况有关,车流量较大尤其是道路堵塞时,苯系物浓度较高。骑车人的个体接触量略大于交通路口大气中苯系物的含量。风和降雨有利于污染物的扩散,空气中苯系物浓度较低。     

泉州市机动车尾气污染对儿童神经行为功能影响初探

目的 初步探讨低浓度机动车尾气暴露对儿童神经行为功能的影响.方法 根据环境监测数据和道路机动车流量,于2005年5-6月在泉州市某区选择机动车尾气污染程度不同的2所小学作为研究现场.分别对2所小学的机动车尾气相关污染物浓度进行监测.选择2所学校共计289名三年级学生为研究对象,进行问卷调查并用计算机化神经行为评价系统中文第3版(NES-C3)进行儿童神经行为功能测试.结果 位于机动车尾气污染较严重地区的学校B的校园环境空气中NO2和CO浓度高于位于清洁区的学校A(P＜0.05).神经行为功能测试结果显示,在调整了有关混杂因素后,学校B的儿童的线条判断、视觉保留、简单视觉运动反应时、连续操作的神经行为能力指数(NAI)均低于学校A的儿童,并且2所小学儿童的连续操作NAI比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 长期低水平机动车尾气暴露可能对儿童的神经行为功能有不良影响.     

常州市区交通警察工作环境职业危害因素及对健康影响的调查

近年来常州市的机动车剧增,加重了空气污染。交通警察长期工作在交通噪声和尾气污染的环境中,会影响交警的身体健康。为此,我们对市区主要路段岗进行了有害因素监测,并对交警作了健康体检。1方法与对象1．1方法选择市区车流量相对稳定的西新桥岗、木匠街岗、文化宫岗、新丰街岗和亚细亚岗为监测岗,每岗在距地面1．5m处采样,1日2次,连续3天,1年测2次。检测指标为总悬浮颗粒（滤膜称重法）,CO（气相色谱法）,NOx（盐酸萘乙二胺比色法）,空气铅（火焰原子吸收光谱法）,SO2（盐酸付玫瑰苯胺比色法）。环境噪声（ND－Ⅱ型精密声…     

广州市中心城区交通干道高峰时段大气污染物分布特征研究

目的通过监测广州市中心8个区8条交通干道高峰时段大气污染物浓度,初步分析广州市交通干道机动车尾气引起的大气污染物的暴露特征和水平,为开展机动车尾气高暴露人群的健康效应研究提供有利的外暴露剂量数据。方法选择广州市中心8个区中车流量较大的交通主干道各1条,另分别在越秀区、天河区、海珠区选择3个交警大队行政办公楼的办事大厅作为室内对照点。采用现场采样仪监测每个季度各交通干道以及室内对照点的细颗粒物（PM2.5）、可吸入颗粒物（PM10）、二氧化硫（S02）、二氧化氮（N02）的浓度,采用重复测量方差分析的统计方法,研究季节因素对各污染物分布特征的影响。结果广州市8条交通干道的PM2.5、PM10、S02、N02的年平均浓度分别为（138.3±37.5）、（172.1±33.8）、（560.5±280.1）、（397.0±88.3）μg/m^3,室内对照点各指标平均浓度分别为（66.7±22.3）、（84.7±22.2）、（29.9±8.4）、（70.0±16.6）μg/m^3。交通干道与室内对照点4种大气污染物浓度比较差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0.01）。不同季节4种大气污染物浓度差异有统计学意义（均P〈0.01）,其中以春季（3月）、冬季（12月）较高。结论广州市各主要交通干道大气污染物的平均浓度均超过环境空气标准,且明显高于室内对照,季节因素可能是影响污染物浓度的因素之一。     

日照强度对室内空气质量的影响

目的了解日照强度对室内空气质量的影响。方法通过对北京和广州市8间阳面与阴面房间内不同时间空气中化学污染物浓度和菌落数进行测定,研究日照强度对室内空气质量的影响。结果随着房间内日照强度的变化,阳面与阴面房间的污染物浓度与菌落数均有下降趋势,自9:00—16:00阳面房间化学污染物浓度平均下降率为80%,阴面为45%;阳面房间菌落数平均下降率为73%,阴面为60%。阳面房间内化学污染物浓度和菌落数下降幅度均高于阴面房间(P<0.05)。结论日照可以明显改善室内空气质量,日照强度的增强可加速室内化学污染物浓度的衰减以及细菌数量的减少。     

广州市区交通路口氮氧化物的组成分析

目的:为项目《机动车尾气污染健康效应评价技术的研究》选择高暴露人群及环境监测方法,内容包括通过对城市交通路口氮氧化物(NOx)浓度的监测,评估市区汽车尾气污染的水平和高暴露人群的NOx暴露特征;NOx浓度的监测采用盐酸萘乙二胺比色法,并用电子仪器监测结果加以对照,比较两种监测方法的监测结果的差异。方法:对NOx进行比色法与仪器法的现场监测,并进行统计分析。结果:交通路口NOx污染指标浓度均比对照点高(交通路口的NOx、NO2、NO浓度,NO/NO2比值的中位数分别为0.61、0.26、0.29、1.71,对照点为0.14、0.10、0.03、0.38),P<0.05,交通路口的NOx暴露以NO暴露为主,对照点以NO2为主;两种检测方法的结果有一定相关性(Spearmen秩相关分析P<0.05)。结论:交通路口NOx污染较重,污染物以NO为主;清洁对照点污染物以NO2为主;在反映NOx浓度变化趋势上,仪器法有参考价值。     

铁路职工住室空气离子状况调查与评价

职工住室空气质量的优劣,直接影响着居住者的健康.许多资料报道,空气离子浓度可作为空气质量的评价指标.为了评价铁路基层职工住室空气清洁程度,于1995年夏、冬两季检测了三处职工住室的空气离子浓度,结果报告如下:1 调查对象与方法1.1在山东日照、济南,江苏南京三城市郊区铁路施工队职工住室内,各选择一间有代表性的住室为监测点,同时设室外对照点.分别于早(6:00～7:00)、中(12:00～13:00)、晚(18:00～19:00),采用CN—FI型空气离子浓度测试仪,测量正、负离子浓度,每次连续读取12个数值,取均值,同时记录气温、气湿、气流,每个调查点夏、冬两季各连续检测5天.     

深圳市空气污染与居民心血管疾病发病相关性的研究

目的探讨空气污染物〔可吸入颗粒物（PM10）、二氧化硫（SO2）、二氧化氮（NO2）、臭氧（O3）〕对心血管疾病门诊病人量和住院病人量的影响。方法收集深圳市中心区两大型综合医院的门诊量和住院病人量资料及同时期空气污染物浓度、气象监测资料,运用时间序列法进行回归分析,研究深圳中心城区2006年1月1日至12月31日空气污染物与居民心血管疾病发病的关系。结果空气污染物PM10、SO2、O3与医院住院病人量有一定相关性,随着污染物浓度的增加,医院的心血管内科住院病人量增加,并且有统计学意义。其中在空气污染严重的11、12月份心血管疾病的住院病人量最高。结论空气中PM10、SO2和O3是心血管疾病发病的环境病因,其中以O3影响最大。     

银川市空气污染物与心脑血管疾病院前急救的关联性分析

目的 探讨银川市空气污染物与心脑血管疾病院前急救之间的关联。方法 收集2018年1月1日—2020年12月31日银川市人群心脑血管疾病院前急救资料、大气污染物(PM_2.5、PM₁₀、CO、SO₂、NO_x、O₃)和气象数据(平均温度、相对湿度),并作相关性分析。采用广义相加模型(GAM),在控制了星期几效应、气象因素后,研究大气污染物对心脑血管疾病发病的效应。结果 单污染物滞后模型结果显示PM₁₀在升高一个浓度单位后,在其滞后第五天心脑血管疾病的院前急救量增加,ER为0.056 6(95%CI:0.159 0～0.973 0);而O₃浓度在升高一个单位后,在其滞后的第三天和第六天使心脑血管疾病的院前急救量有所减少,其ER值分别为-0.101 0(95%CI:-0.195 2～-0.006 7),-0.114 1(95%CI:-0.207 9～-0.020 2)。在单污染物累积滞后模型中,O₃的累积效应呈负趋势,而N...     

大气细菌粒子浓度的时间分布特征及最佳采样时间的研究

用ＭＦ－４５型和ＨＴＫ－２０１型空气微生物采样器分别在北京、天津和沈阳三地观测了不同季节和一天中大气细菌粒子的浓度及其变化。结果表明：京、津二地春季大气细菌粒子浓度高，分别为２０５３个／ｍ３和２５５６个／ｍ３；夏季低，分别为９９５个／ｍ３和１０６４个／ｍ３。沈阳秋季大气细菌粒子浓度高，为１０１０８个／ｍ３；冬季低，为１２９４个／ｍ３。一天中，大气细菌粒子浓度呈双峰型变化，６：００～７：００和１８：００时大气细菌粒子浓度高，１１：００～１３：００和１：００～２：００时大气细菌粒子浓度低。根据大气细菌粒子浓度的季节变化和一天中大气细菌粒子浓度的时间分布特征，经过京、津、沈三地一天中分别１２次、８次、６次和４次不同采样时间组合的大气细菌粒子浓度的数理统计分析，大气细菌粒子浓度的监测拟集中在一年冬、春、夏、秋四季的中间月份，即１月、４月、７月、１０月进行；一天中采样８次的时间序列可为７：００、１０：００、１３：００、１６：００、１９：００、２２：００、１：００、４：００一天采样４次的时间序列可为５：００、１１：００、１７：００、２３：００。白天采样４次的时间序列可为春、秋季６：００、９：００、１２：００、１５：００?     

Variations of physiological functions and psychological measures and their relationships on delayed shift of sleeping time

The variations of sublingual temperature, pulse rate, flicker fusion frequency (CFF), subjective fatigue feelings (SFF) and 8 selected reaction times and the relationships between them were examined in six university students under the condition of successive 6-h delayed shift with 8 sleeping h and 22 waking h for 6 d. SFF was measured by the scales proposed by the Japanese Society for Industrial Fatigue Research. On the 2nd d when the shifting was started after the subjects had slept from 00:00 to 08:00 and on the 3rd d after sleeping h of 06:00 to 14:00, the variations of sublingual temperature, pulse rate and CFF showed a pattern of circadian rhythm. However, on the 4th-5th d the rhythms of sublingual temperature and pulse rate were flattened. On the other hand, CFF demonstrated a variation of having a nearly constant tendency till 08:00, followed by a gradual decrease during the daytime. The variation of SFF (the scale of "sleepiness and dullness") was similar to that of CFF, although the change of the score was in the opposite direction. On the 3rd-4th d, the 4th-5th d and the 6th d, significantly high rank correlations were observed between sublingual temperature and pulse rate and between CFF and SFF. However, between sublingual temperature and CFF, a high correlation which was observed on the 1st and the 2nd d was not seen on the 4th-5th and 6th d. Eight selected reaction times were shortened during the experimental days, but there was no consistent pattern of variation within these days. The results of the experiment showed that the relationship between CFF and SFF exists during the daytime when the arousal level is low.     

Evaluating Multipollutant Exposure and Urban Air Quality: Pollutant Interrelationships,Neighborhood Variability,and Nitrogen Dioxide as a Proxy Pollutant

Background: Although urban air pollution is a complex mix containing multiple constituents, studies of the health effects of long-term exposure often focus on a single pollutant as a proxy for the entire mixture. A better understanding of the component pollutant concentrations and interrelationships would be useful in epidemiological studies that exploit spatial differences in exposure by clarifying the extent to which measures of individual pollutants, particularly nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), represent spatial patterns in the multipollutant mixture.Objectives: We examined air pollutant concentrations and interrelationships at the intraurban scale to obtain insight into the nature of the urban mixture of air pollutants.Methods: Mobile measurements of 23 air pollutants were taken systematically at high resolution in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, over 34 days in the winter, summer, and autumn of 2009.Results: We observed variability in pollution levels and in the statistical correlations between different pollutants according to season and neighborhood. Nitrogen oxide species (nitric oxide, NO₂, nitrogen oxides, and total oxidized nitrogen species) had the highest overall spatial correlations with the suite of pollutants measured. Ultrafine particles and hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol concentration, a derived measure used as a specific indicator of traffic particles, also had very high correlations.Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the multipollutant mix varies considerably throughout the city, both in time and in space, and thus, no single pollutant would be a perfect proxy measure for the entire mix under all circumstances. However, based on overall average spatial correlations with the suite of pollutants measured, nitrogen oxide species appeared to be the best available indicators of spatial variation in exposure to the outdoor urban air pollutant mixture.Citation: Levy I, Mihele C, Lu G, Narayan J, Brook JR. 2014. Evaluating multipollutant exposure and urban air quality: pollutant interrelationships, neighborhood variability, and nitrogen dioxide as a proxy pollutant. Environ Health Perspect 122:65–72; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306518     

Occupational exposure to diesel and gasoline engine exhausts and risk of lung cancer among Finnish workers

BACKGROUND: Studies on engine exhausts and lung cancer have given inconsistent results. METHODS: Economically active Finns were followed-up for lung cancer during 1971-95 (33,664 cases). Their Census occupations in 1970 were converted to exposures to diesel and gasoline engine exhausts with a job-exposure matrix. The relative risks (RRs) for cumulative exposure (CE) were defined by Poisson regression, adjusted for smoking, asbestos, and quartz dust exposure, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: RR for engine exhausts among men did not increase with increasing CE. In women, RR for gasoline engine exhaust was 1.58 (95% CI 1.10-2.26) in the CE-category of 1-99 mg/m(3)-y and 1.66 (1.11-2.50) among those with > or =100 mg/m(3)-y (lag 20 years). With a lag of 10 years RR for the middle/highest diesel exhaust category in women was 1.42 (0.94-2.13). CONCLUSIONS: Occupational exposure to engine exhausts was not consistently associated with lung cancer in this study, possibly due to low exposure levels.     

煤矿区大气污染与儿童呼吸道疾病住院人数的时间序列分析

目的评价神木县大气污染与儿童呼吸道感染住院人数的关系。方法收集2009年11月至2012年10月间神木县的气象因素（气温、相对湿度）和环境因素：二氧化硫（SO,）、二氧化氮（NO：）和可吸入颗粒物（PM10）,以及16岁及以下儿童的住院资料。利用SAS9．3对气象、环境因素和住院人数资料进行描述性分析,并判断主要污染物。利用R3．0．1统计软件的建立Poisson回归的广义相加模型,引入大气污染物浓度及气象因素拟合线性模型,并考虑其滞后效应,评价主要大气污染物对儿童呼吸道感染住院的相对危险度。结果神木县的首要污染物为PM10,PM10与空气污染指数（API）的相关系数为0．917,P〈0．01。在控制了长期趋势、“星期几效应”、气象因素及其它污染物的影响后发现,首要大气污染物PM10浓度每上升10μg／m3时,每日呼吸道感染住院患儿的上呼吸道相对危险度（RR）及其95％可信区间（95％cx）为1．002（0．996～1．007）,t=0．589,P=0．556;下呼吸道为1．000（0．995～1．005）,t=-0．007,P=0．995。当日或滞后1～10日内PM10浓度变化均不能显著改变儿童上、下呼吸道感染的住院率。结论神木县首要污染物PM10浓度变化对儿童上、下呼吸道感染的住院情况无明显影响。     

Air pollution and hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in Hong Kong

OBJECTIVE: To investigate short term effects of concentrations of pollutants in ambient air on hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in Hong Kong. METHODS: Retrospective ecological study. A Poisson regression was performed of concentrations of daily air pollutant on daily counts of emergency hospital admissions in 12 major hospitals. The effects of time trend, season, and other cyclical factors, temperature, and humidity were accounted for. Autocorrelation and overdispersion were corrected. Daily concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and particulate matter < 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) were obtained from seven air monitoring stations in Hong Kong in 1994 and 1995. Relative risks (RR) of respiratory and cardiovascular disease admissions (for an increase of 10 micrograms/m3 in concentration of air pollutant) were calculated. RESULTS: Significant associations were found between hospital admissions for all respiratory diseases, all cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and heart failure and the concentrations of all four pollutants. Admissions for asthma, pneumonia, and influenza were significantly associated with NO2, O3, and PM10. Relative risk (RR) for admissions for respiratory disease for the four pollutants ranged from 1.013 (for SO2) to 1.022 (for O3), and for admissions for cardiovascular disease, from 1.006 (for PM10) to 1.016 (for SO2). Those aged > or = 65 years were at higher risk. Significant positive interactions were detected between NO2, O3, and PM10, and between O3 and winter months. CONCLUSIONS: Adverse health effects are evident at current ambient concentrations of air pollutants. Further reduction in air pollution is necessary to protect the health of the community, especially that of the high risk group.

 

     

Five epidemiological studies on transport and asthma: objectives,design and descriptive results

A case-control study was conducted in five French metropolitan areas in order to assess the role of traffic-related air pollution in the occurrence of childhood asthma. This paper presents the study design and describes the distribution of key exposure variables. A set of 217 pairs of matched 4- to 14-year-old cases and controls were investigated (matching criteria: city, age, and gender). Current and past environmental smoke exposures, indoor allergens or air pollution sources, and personal and family atopy were assessed by standard questionnaires. When possible, direct measurements were done to check the validity of this information, on current data: skin prick tests, urine cotinine, house dust mites densities, personal exposures to, and home indoor concentrations of NO(x) and PM(2.5). Cumulative exposure to traffic-related pollutants was estimated through two indices: "traffic density" refers to a time-weighted average of the traffic density-to-road distance ratio for all home and school addresses of each child's life; "air pollution" index combines lifelong time-activity patterns and ambient air concentration estimates of NO(x), using an air dispersion model of traffic exhausts. Average current PM(2.5) personal exposure is 23.8 microg/m3 (SD=17.4), and average indoor concentrations=22.5 microg/m3 (18.2); corresponding values for NO(2) are 31.4 (13.9) and 36.1 (21.4) microg/m3. Average lifelong calculated exposures to traffic-related NO(x) emissions are 62.6 microg/m3 (43.1). The five cities show important contrasts of exposure to traffic pollutants. These data will allow comparison of lifelong exposures to indicators of traffic exhausts between cases and controls, including during early ages, while controlling for a host of known enhancers or precipitators of airway chronic inflammation and for possible confounders.     

兰州市2014年不同季节大气主要污染物与1～5岁儿童 呼吸系统疾病住院率的相关性分析

目的 分析兰州市2014年不同季节大气主要污染物与儿童呼吸系统疾病住院率的相关性,为环境保护和健康教育提供依据。方法 在“中国空气质量在线监测平台”收集2014年1—12月兰州市每月大气主要污染物(PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2和O3)平均污染水平,并从“甘肃省卫生系统疾控机构进医院信息平台”获得同时段的1～5岁儿童呼吸系统疾病住院率数据。不同季节大气主要污染物的比较采用方差分析,并应用LSD进行两两比较。不同季节污染物水平与国家标准(GB3095-2012)比较采用t检验。用Pearson积矩相关分析大气污染物与住院率的相关性。结果 2014年兰州市大气主要污染物(PM2.5、PM10和SO2)呈冬春季较高、夏秋季较低的季节特征,儿童呼吸系统疾病住院率季节特点与此类似。2015年兰州市大气污染主要以PM2.5和PM10为主,一年四季大多未达到国家二级标准。不同季节,与儿童呼吸系统疾病住院率相关的主要大气污染物不同。结论 2014年兰州市大气主要污染物与1～5岁儿童呼吸系统疾病住院率呈相似的季节分布特点,不同季节相关的主要大气污染物不同。     

Air pollution and ED visits for asthma in Australian children: a case-crossover analysis

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the effects of ambient air pollutants on emergency department (ED) visits for asthma in children. METHODS: We obtained routinely collected ED visit data for asthma (ICD9 493) and air pollution (PM(10), PM(2.5), O(3), NO(2), CO and SO(2)) and meteorological data for metropolitan Sydney for 1997-2001. We used the time stratified case-crossover design and conditional logistic regression to model the association between air pollutants and ED visits for four age-groups (1-4, 5-9, 10-14 and 1-14 years). Estimated relative risks for asthma ED visits were calculated for an exposure corresponding to the inter-quartile range in pollutant level. We included same day average temperature, same day relative humidity, daily temperature range, school holidays and public holidays in all models. RESULTS: Associations between ambient air pollutants and ED visits for asthma in children were most consistent for all six air pollutants in the 1-4 years age-group, for particulates and CO in the 5-9 years age-group and for CO in the 10-14 years age-group. The greatest effects were most consistently observed for lag 0 and effects were greater in the warm months for particulates, O(3) and NO(2). In two pollutant models, effect sizes were generally smaller compared to those derived from single pollutant models. CONCLUSION: We observed the effects of ambient air pollutants on ED attendances for asthma in a city where the ambient concentrations of air pollutants are relatively low.