肝细胞癌和局灶性结节增生CT定量参数差异及临床鉴别意义

目的研究肝细胞癌和局灶性结节增生CT定量参数差异及临床鉴别意义。方法选取我院2016年5月～2018年5月收治的30例肝细胞癌患者纳入研究对象,设为观察组,另外将我院同期收治的30例局灶性结节增生患者纳入研究对象,设为对照组。两组患者仰卧位下深呼吸屏息后使用螺旋CT行平扫及灌注成像扫描,对比两组螺旋CT定量检测结果肝血流量(HBF)、肝血容量(HBV)、总肝灌注量(TLP)、门静脉灌注量(PVP)、平均通过时间(mTT)、肝动脉灌注指数(HIP)各项指标,另外使用ROC曲线分析HBF、HBV、mTT、HPI对肝细胞癌的检测价值。结果经对比观察组HBF、HBV参数分别为(205.41±87.26)、(32.45±14.27)显著高于对照组(114.85±45.52)、(20.89±9.88),且观察组mTT、HPI参数分别为(5.14±2.14)、(61.53±19.48)显著低于对照组(8.55±3.18)、(79.54±24.20),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);经ROC分析HBF、HBV、mTT、HPI四项指标的曲线下面积分别为0.912、0.919、0.901、0.906。结论与局灶性结节增生患者对比肝细胞癌患者HBF、HBV参数显著提高,mTT、HPI参数显著降低,经ROC分析HBF、HBV、mTT、HPI参数对肝细胞癌的诊断、鉴别具有重要意义,在肝细胞癌和局灶性结节增生的鉴别中应重视。     

CT灌注成像在AFP阴性及增强CT表现不典型的HCC诊断中的价值

目的探讨CT灌注成像在AFP阴性及增强CT表现不典型的肝细胞癌（HCC）诊断及鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法从2011年9月至2013年9月收治的HCC患者中随机选择14例进行研究,均予以64层螺旋CT灌注成像扫描。结果 HCC组病灶的平均通过时间（MTT）为（8.6±4.8）s,血管表面通透性（PS）为（28.8±19）mL·100 mL^-1·min^-1,较之非病灶区的（14.5±8.1）s和（59.1±26）mL·100 mL^-1·min^-1,均呈现出显著减少的情况;HCC组病灶的肝动脉灌注分数（HAF）为0.432±0.197,较之非病灶区的0.105±0.113,则呈现出显著增加的情况（均P〈0.05）。HCC组病灶的肝血容量（HBV）（30±20）mL/100 mL和肝血流量（HBF）（232±170）mL·100 mL^-1·min^-1较之非病灶区（25±16）mL/100 mL、（175±76）mL·100 mL^-1·min^-1差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）。在HBF方面,肝血管瘤组病灶与HCC组病灶之间存在显著差异。肝局灶性结节增生与非结节区的各灌注参数大小基本一致,但肝局灶性结节增生的HAF小于非结节区。HCC组病灶灌注参数合患者血清AFP之间不存在明显的相关性,PS（r=-0.1022,P=0.7520）;HAF（r=-0.3138,P=0.2964）;MTT（r=0.0416,P=0.8926）;HBV（r=-0.2170,P=0.4765）;HBF（r=-0.2152,P=-0.4801）。结论 CT灌注成像在AFP阴性及增强CT表现不典型的HCC诊断及鉴别诊断中具有重要的应用价值。     

双源CT全肝低剂量灌注成像对肝硬化门静脉高压患者经颈静脉肝内门体分流术后肝血流灌注的评估价值

目的利用双源CT低剂量全肝灌注扫描技术观察肝硬化门静脉高压经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)术前、术后肝实质血流动力学改变。方法收集2014年10月-2016年5月期间于兰州大学第一医院准备接受TIPS治疗的肝硬化门静脉高压患者52例,TIPS术前2 d及术后1周接受全肝灌注CT扫描,评价图像质量并利用后处理工作站观察灌注参数变化。计量资料组间比较采用配对t检验,各参数之间相关性分析采用Pearson直线相关分析法。结果肝脏动脉灌注量(HAP)由术前(19.85±9.48)ml/(min·100 ml)升高为(29.36±13.65)ml/(min·100 ml),肝动脉灌注指数(HPI)由术前(54.32±19.60)%升高为(64.11±11.19)%,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-6.161、-6.202,P值分别为0.003、0.029);而门静脉灌流量(PVP)由术前(19.75±10.60)ml/(min·100 ml)下降为(16.13±8.60)ml/(min·100 ml),总肝灌注量(TLP)由术前(36.14±16.61)ml/(min·100 ml)上升为(44.12±14.60)ml/(min·100 ml),但差异均无统计学意义(P值均0.05)。全肝灌注扫描平均有效辐射剂量为16.5m Sv。PVP、TLP、HPI与造影剂注射速率显著相关(r值分别为0.992、-0.903、-0.899,P值分别为0.001、0.036、0.038);HAP、PVP及TLP的变化与样本量呈负相关(r值分别为-0.922、-0.943、-0.998,P值分别为0.026、0.016、0.001);TLP与管电压、扫描次数呈正相关(r值分别为0.896、0.907,P值分别为0.039、0.033)。结论双源CT全肝低剂量灌注可用于观察TIPS术前、术后的血流动力学变化,为术前及疗效评估提供参考。     

不同Child-Pugh分级的血吸虫病性肝硬化患者肝脏CT灌注成像参数分析

目的 探讨不同Child-Pugh分级的血吸虫病性肝硬化患者肝脏CT灌注成像参数的变化。方法 2016年5月～2018年10月我院诊治的血吸虫病性肝硬化患者40例(Child A级12例,B级16例和C级12例)和同期健康人40例,接受螺旋CT检查,应用 CT Perfusion 4D肝脏灌注软件包处理肝脏灌注的相关数据,包括平均通过时间(MTT)、肝动脉分数(HAF)、肝动脉灌注量(HAP)、血容量(BV)和肝血流量(BF)等参数。结果 健康人肝脏CT检测的BV、BF、MTT、HAF和HAP分别为(45.7±8.4)mL/100g、(212.6±43.3)mL/min·100g、(13.5±2.3) s、(0.2±0.0)和(16.3±8.3)mL/min·100g,而Child A级患者分别为(41.0±15.3)mL/100g、(185.6±38.4)mL/min·100g、(15.2±1.2) s、(0.2±0.0)和(20.5±8.0)mL/min·100g,Child B级分别为(38.5±20.6)mL/100g、(126.6±90.5)mL/min·100g、(19.4±11.4) s、(0.3±0.0)和(26.7±2.0)mL/min·100g,Child C级分别为(23.3±8.7)mL/100g、(129.4±46.6)mL/min·100g、(27.5±2.7) s、(0.4±0.1)和(35.2±12.6)mL/min·100g,肝硬化与健康人及不同Child分级的肝硬化患者之间,差异显著(P<0.05)。结论 血吸虫病性肝硬化肝脏CT检查能提供形态学改变信息,CT灌注成像参数可以较好地评估肝硬化程度。     

CT灌注成像联合彩色多普勒超声造影辨别肝脏结节性病变性质临床价值探讨*

目的 探讨应用CT灌注成像联合彩色多普勒超声造影在鉴别肝脏结节性病变性质方面的临床价值。方法 2016年1月～2018年12月我院收治的肝脏结节性病变患者50例,使用CT灌注成像联合彩色多普勒超声造影检查,计算肝动脉灌注量(HAP)、门静脉灌注量(HPP)、总肝灌注量(TLP)和肝动脉灌注指数(HAPI),记录不同病灶超声造影开始增强时间、达峰时间和开始消退时间。结果 肝血管瘤HAP为(0.7±0.2)mL·min^-1·mL^-1,与肝细胞癌和肝转移瘤比,差异显著【分别为(0.4±0.2)mL·min^-1·mL^-1和(0.3±0.2)mL·min^-1·mL^-1,P＜0.05】,HPP为(0.6±0.2)mL·min^-1·mL^-1,与肝细胞癌和肝转移瘤比,差异显著【分别为(0.2±0.1)mL·min^-1·mL^-1和(0.4±0.1)mL·min^-1·mL^-1,P＜0.05】, TLP为(1.4±0.4)mL·min^-1·mL^-1,与肝细胞癌和肝转移瘤比,差异显著【(0.7±0.3)mL·min^-1·mL^-1和(0.8±0.4)mL·min^-1·mL^-1,P＜0.05】,而肝细胞癌HAPI为(0.7±0.2)mL·min^-1·mL^-1,与肝转移瘤和肝血管瘤比,差异显著【分别为(0.4±0.1)mL·min^-1·mL^-1和(0.5±0.2)mL·min^-1·mL^-1,P＜0.05】;肝细胞癌动脉期病灶均呈环状高回声增强、延迟期均为低回声、造影模式呈“快进快出”,肝转移瘤动脉期多呈均匀增强、门脉期偶见弥漫增强、延迟期多为低回声,造影模式呈“快进快出”,而肝血管瘤动脉期多呈周边环形缓慢增强、门脉期偶见向心增强、延迟期多呈等回声,造影模式呈“慢进慢退”;超声造影肝细胞癌增强时间为(13.2±4.0)s,与肝转移瘤和肝血管瘤的(15.6±2.4)s和(18.7±3.2)s比,差异显著(P＜0.05),肝细胞癌达峰时间为(19.2±3.4)s,与肝转移瘤和肝血管瘤的(28.3±5.9)s和(67.3±24.2)s比,差异显著(P＜0.05),而肝血管瘤开始消退时间为(307.4±75.6)s,与肝细胞癌和肝转移瘤的(39.1±4.2)s和(35.4±6.8)s比,差异显著(P＜0.05)。结论 CT灌注成像联合彩色多普勒超声造影诊断肝脏结节性病变安全无创、方便快捷、应用价值高,能为肝脏结节性病变的鉴别诊断提供依据。     

多层螺旋CT灌注成像对胰腺癌的诊断价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT灌注成像在胰腺癌诊断中的作用。方法收集2005年6月至2006年8月哈尔滨医科大学附属第一临床医学院接受胰腺16层螺旋CT三期增强扫描和胰腺灌注检查的44例受检者的临床资料,根据是否患有胰腺癌分为2组,肿瘤组26例,均经外科手术证实为胰腺癌患者;正常组18例,为非胰腺癌患者。测量正常组织和肿瘤组织的血流量(BF)、血容量(BV)、对比剂平均通过时间(MTT)和表面通透性(PS),并进行分析。结果肿瘤组中1例患者灌注扫描失败。肿瘤组BF、BV、MTT和PS平均值分别为(68.89±73.42)mL/(100mg.min)、(10.02±3.59)mL/100mg、(8.23±3.26)s、(28.63±9.35)mL/(100mg.min)。正常组BF、BV、MTT和PS平均值分别为(173.53±71.33)mL/(100mg.min)、(14.43±3.15)mL/100mg、(7.15±5.45)s、(13.98±8.53)mL/(100mg·min)。2组的BF、BV和PS平均值差异具有显著性意义(BF:P<0.01,PS:P<0.01,BV:P<0.05);MTT平均值差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论多层螺旋CT灌注成像技术对胰腺癌诊断具有重要的提示意义。     

CT全灌注成像在肝癌TACE介入术前肝储备功能评估中的价值

目的探讨CT全灌注成像在肝癌TACE介入术前肝储备功能评估中的价值。方法选取2016年1月至2018年12月原发性肝癌患者68例,均于TACE术前3 d进行CT全灌注成像,比较患者正常肝组织与肿瘤组织的HAP、PVP、TLP、HAPI及不同Child-Pugh分级患者的HAP、PVP、TLP、HAPI,分析灌注参数与Child-Pugh分级的相关性。结果正常肝组织的HAP与HAPI分别为(30.10±8.69)ml/(min·100 mL)、(22.01±5.03)%显著低于肿瘤组织(81.47±19.86)ml(min·100 mL)、(69.85±15.41)%,PVP与TLP分别为(0.52±18.27)、(148.10±31.11)ml(min·100 mL)显著高于肿瘤组织(40.01±9.88)、(123.10±26.49)ml(min·100 mL)(P<0.05)。Child-Pugh A级患者的HAPI显著低于B级患者,PVP与TLP显著高于B级患者(P<0.05)。Spearman相关性分析显示,HAP与Child-Pugh分级之间无明显相关性(r=0.119,P=0.367);HAPI与Child-Pugh分级呈明显正相关(r=0.442,P=0.002),PVP、TLP均与Child-Pugh分级呈显著负相关(r=-0.550、-0.489,P<0.01)。结论CT灌注成像可定量反映不同Child-Pugh分级患者的血流动力学改变,评估患者肝储备功能,可为TACE术前评估、手术效果预测提供参考。     

多层螺旋CT灌注成像在急性胰腺炎中的价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)灌注成像在急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)中的应用价值.方法:收集南方医院影像中心60例AP患者的临床资料,按照《中国急性胰腺炎诊治指南规范》分为重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)30例(SAP组)和轻型急性胰腺炎(mild acute pancreatitis,MAP)30例(MAP组),选取30例胰腺正常的健康志愿者作为对照组研究对象,所有患者均进行多层螺旋CT灌注扫描,比较3组患者胰腺CT灌注参数:血流速度(blood flow,BF)、血容量(blood volume,BV)、峰值时间(time to peak,TTP)、表面通透性(permeability surface,PS),以及MAP与SAP组患者临床观测指标(腹痛缓解时间及住院总时间).结果:MAP组与SAP组患者BF和BV水平均显著低于正常组[123.79 m L/(100 mg·min)±55.35 m L/(100 mg·min)vs 214.55 m L/(100m g·m i n)±98.41 m L/(100 m g·m i n),63.55m L/(100 mg·min)±36.76 m L/(100 mg·min)vs 214.55 m L/(100 mg·min)±98.41 m L/(100m g·m i n),11.35 m L/100 m g±5.45 m L/100mg vs 18.13 m L/100 mg±14.56 m L/100 mg,7.43 m L/100 mg±2.45 m L/100 mg vs 18.13m L/100 mg±14.56 m L/100 mg],PS水平显著高于正常组[26.84 m L/(100 mg·min)±10.33 m L/(100 m g·m i n)vs 16.48 m L/(100m g·m i n)±8.67 m L/(100 m g·m i n),35.66m L/(100 mg·min)±12.45 m L/(100 mg·min)vs 16.48 m L/(100 mg·min)±8.67 m L/(100m g·m i n)],差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);S A P组患者B F和B V水平显著低于M A P组[63.55 m L/(100 m g·m i n)±36.76 m L/(100m g·m i n)v s 123.79 m L/(100 m g·m i n)±55.35 m L/(100 m g·m i n),7.43 m L/100 m g±2.45 m L/100 mg vs 11.35 m L/100 mg±5.45 m L/100 mg],PS水平显著高于MAP组,[35.66 m L/(100 m g·m i n)±12.45 m L/(100m g·min)vs 26.84 m L/(100 mg·min)±10.33m L/(100 m g·m i n)],差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);三组患者TTP水平比较(140.44/0.1s±23.44/0.1 s vs 142.41/0.1 s±13.95/0.1 s vs146.58/0.1 s±29.46/0.1 s),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);SAP组患者腹痛缓解时间及住院总时间均显著长于MAP组,(64.55 h±21.35 h vs11.55 h±8.76 h,78.35 d±46.45 d vs 20.43 d±8.45 d),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:AP患者胰腺血流灌注降低,病情与BF、BV、PS等指标紧密相关,CT灌注成像在急性胰腺炎病情评估中具有重要的临床价值.     

多层螺旋计算机X线体层扫描肝脏灌注成像的临床应用初步研究

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT肝脏灌注成像技术在肝脏疾病诊断中的应用价值。方法 48例接受多层螺旋CT肝脏灌注成像检查,其中20例为无明显肝脏疾病的志愿者,17例肝硬化患者,11例肝癌患者。计算各组受检者的各项灌注指标并进行比较。结果 (1)肝硬化组与正常组相比,门静脉灌流量(HPP,ml·min~(-1)·ml~(-1))与门静脉灌流指数(PPI)明显减低(HPP:0.49±0.19与0.60±0.16,P=0.038;PPI:0.58±0.14与0.67±0.06,P=0.015),门静脉与肝动脉灌流比率(HPP/HAP)亦明显减低(1.63±0.87与2.12±0.65,P=0.04),肝动脉灌流指数升高(0.42±0.14与0.33±0.06,P=0.015),提示肝硬化时门静脉的灌流量减少,门静脉血流在肝脏血供中的比例减少,而动脉的灌流比重增加。(2)肝癌组的肝动脉灌流量明显高于正常组与肝硬化组(F=11.71,P<0.0001),而HPP明显下降(F=22.84,P<0.0001),HPP/HAP也明显减小(F=20.67,P<0.0001),说明肝癌主要由动脉供血,动脉、门静脉两部分对其供血的比例与正常肝和肝硬化相反。结论 多层螺旋CT肝脏灌注可分别评价肝脏动脉、门静脉的灌注情况,以灌注特点及测得的灌注指标反映肝脏病变的血流动力学改变,且此方法具有无创性和可重复性,在肝脏疾病的诊断、鉴别诊断等方面具有重要的临床实用价值。     

肝动脉造影与门静脉造影CT诊断肝癌体会

探讨肝动脉造影结合门静脉造影CT诊断细胞肝癌的应用价值。15例患者分别行选择性肝动脉造影及门静脉造影检查。9例肝细胞肝癌被检出，其中肝动脉造影显示肿瘤血管及结节状肿瘤染色；门静脉造影CT显示肝脏相应部位低密度灶，部分周边略显强化，其形态大小及位置均与肝动脉造影所显示的病灶一致，肿块大小为2.0-5.0cm，9例均经手术后病理证实。肝动脉造影结合门静脉造影是诊断肝细胞癌的有效方法，对病灶的检出率明显高于其他检查。     

多层螺旋CT平扫及增强扫描在肝脏局灶性结节性增生中的诊断价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT平扫及增强扫描在肝脏局灶性结节性增生(hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia,FNH)中的诊断价值。方法选择FNH患者及肝细胞癌患者各30例,均接受螺旋CT平扫及增强扫描。观察肝细胞癌与FNH大小及分布情况,比较肝细胞癌与FNH的螺旋CT平扫及增强扫描特征。结果 1 FNH位于肝包膜下16例(53.33%),显著高于肝细胞癌(20.00%),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。2肝细胞癌平扫表现为等或略低密度,内部可显示低密度囊变坏死区及高密度出血。FNH平扫表现为等或略低密度,其中心显示星芒状低密度区。肝细胞癌及FNH呈快进快出强化,FNH中心星芒状瘢痕区域于延迟期强化。与肝细胞癌比较,FNH存在中心瘢痕的比例更高,伴有门静脉癌栓及肝硬化的比例更低,其差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论螺旋CT可以清晰显示FNH的影像学特征,有助于诊断和鉴别诊断。     

Differentiation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma from Hepatic Hemangioma and Focal Nodular Hyperplasia using Computed Tomographic Spectral Imaging

Background and AimsHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary hepatic malignancy. This study was designed to investigate the value of computed tomography (CT) spectral imaging in differentiating HCC from hepatic hemangioma (HH) and focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH).MethodsThis was a retrospective study of 51 patients who underwent spectral multiple-phase CT at 40–140 keV during the arterial phase (AP) and portal venous phase (PP). Slopes of the spectral curves, iodine density, water density derived from iodine- and water-based material decomposition images, iodine uptake ratio (IUR), normalized iodine concentration, and the ratio of iodine concentration in liver lesions between AP and PP were measured or calculated.ResultsAs energy level decreased, the CT values of HCC (n=31), HH (n=17), and FNH (n=7) increased in both AP and PP. There were significant differences in IUR in the AP, IUR in the PP, normalized iodine concentration in the AP, slope in the AP, and slope in the PP among HCC, HH, and FNH. The CT values in AP, IUR in the AP and PP, normalized iodine concentration in the AP, slope in the AP and PP had high sensitivity and specificity in differentiating HH and HCC from FNH. Quantitative CT spectral data had higher sensitivity and specificity than conventional qualitative CT image analysis during the combined phases.ConclusionsMean CT values at low energy (40–90 keV) and quantitative analysis of CT spectral data (IUR in the AP) could be helpful in the differentiation of HCC, HH, and FNH.     

Hepatic perfusion disorders： Etiopathogenesis and related diseases

In this article, we have reviewed the hepatic perfusion disorder (HPD), etiopathogenesis of HPD and corresponding diseases. Review of the literature was based on computer searches (PubMed, Index Medicus) and personal experiences. We considered HPD reflects perfusion differences due to redistribution of arterial blood flow among segments, subsegments and lobes of the liver. The plain CT scan findings of HPD manifests as triangular or wedge-shaped areas of low attenuation. On contrast-enhanced CT scan, HPD manifests multiple (or single) transient wedge-shaped, rotundloid or irregular appearance, homogeneous hyperattenuation (in less cases, hypoattenuation) during the hepatic arterial phase (HAP) and isoattenuated or slightly hyperattenuated areas during the portal arterial phase. Dynamic enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) features are similar to enhanced CT scan. Angiographic findings include non-opacification of portal vein on portograms or wedge-shaped segmental staining in arterial and parenchymal phases on hepatic angiograms. The causes of HPD are arterioportal shunts (APS), intrahepatic vascular compressions and portal vein occlusion, steal phenomenon by hypervascular tumors, vascular variations and any other unknown reasons. It is very important for radiologists to be familiar with the various appearances of HPD to avoid false-positive diagnosis of pseudolesions and not to overestimate the extent of the disease.     

320排容积CT全肿瘤灌注测量与常规轴位最大层面测量对肝细胞癌诊断价值的对比分析*

目的 比较全肿瘤灌注测量与轴位最大层面测量320排容积CT灌注成像诊断肝细胞癌的优缺点。方法 56例肝细胞癌患者接受320排容积CT灌注成像检查,采用全肿瘤灌注和肿瘤轴位最大层面灌注测量肿瘤、瘤旁肝组织和正常肝组织的肝动脉灌注量（HAP）、门静脉灌注量（PVP）和肝动脉灌注指数（HAPI）。结果 瘤体各灌注参数与瘤周肝组织或正常肝组织比,差异均有显著统计学意义（P<0.05）;全肿瘤灌注测量值与轴位最大层面测量法得到的各参数均无统计学差异 （P>0.05）;两名医生应用两种方法测量获得的三种组织测量值无显著性统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论 使用320 排容积CT灌注成像检查肝细胞癌瘤体,应用轴位最大层面法测量可以获得同样的测量值,但减轻了工作量。     

Establishment of a hepatic cirrhosis and portal hypertension model by hepatic arterial perfusion with 80% alcohol

AIM: To determine the feasibility and safety of establishing a porcine hepatic cirrhosis and portal hypertension model by hepatic arterial perfusion with 80% alcohol.METHODS: Twenty-one healthy Guizhou miniature pigs were randomly divided into three experimental groups and three control groups. The pigs in the three experimental groups were subjected to hepatic arterial perfusion with 7, 12 and 17 mL of 80% alcohol, respectively, while those in the three control groups underwent hepatic arterial perfusion with 7, 12 and 17 mL of saline, respectively. Hepatic arteriography and direct portal phlebography were performed on all animals before and after perfusion, and the portal venous pressure and diameter were measured before perfusion, immediately after perfusion, and at 2, 4 and 6 wk after perfusion. The following procedures were performed at different time points: routine blood sampling, blood biochemistry, blood coagulation and blood ammonia tests before surgery, and at 2, 4 and 6 wk after surgery; hepatic biopsy before surgery, within 6 h after surgery, and at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 wk after surgery; abdominal enhanced computed tomography examination before surgery and at 6 wk after surgery; autopsy and multi-point sampling of various liver lobes for histological examination at 6 wk after surgery.RESULTS: In experimental group 1, different degrees of hepatic fibrosis were observed, and one pig developed hepatic cirrhosis. In experimental group 2, there were cases of hepatic cirrhosis, different degrees of increased portal venous pressure, and intrahepatic portal venous bypass, but neither extrahepatic portal-systemic bypass circulation nor death occurred. In experimental group 3, two animals died and three animals developed hepatic cirrhosis, and different degrees of increased portal venous pressure and intrahepatic portal venous bypass were also observed, but there was no extrahepatic portal-systemic bypass circulation.CONCLUSION: It is feasible to establish an animal model of hepatic cirrhosis and portal hypertension by hepatic arterial perfusion with 80% alcohol, however, the safety of this model depends on a suitable perfusion dose.     

Focal nodular hyperplasia coexistent with hepatoblastoma in a 36-d-old infant

Focal nodular hyperplasia(FNH) is a benign hepatic tumor characterized by hepatocyte hyperplasia and a central stellate scar.The association of FNH with other hepatic lesions,such as adenomas,hemangiomas and hepatocellular carcinoma,has been previously reported,but FNH associated with another hepatic tumor is rare in infants.Here we report a case of FNH coexistentwith hepatoblastoma in a 36-d-old girl.Computed tomography(CT) imaging showed an ill-delineated,inhomogeneous enhanced mass with a central star-like scar in the right lobe of the liver.The tumor showed early mild enhancement at the arterial phase(from 40 HU without contrast to 52 HU at the arterial phase),intense enhancement at the portal phase(87.7HU) and 98.1HU in the 3-min delay scan.A central scar in the tumor presented as low density on non-contrast CT and slightly enhanced at delayed contrast-enhanced scanning.This infant underwent surgical resection of the tumor.Histopathology demonstrated typical FNH coexistent with a focal hepatoblastoma,which showed epithelioid tumor cells separated by proliferated fibrous tissue.     

Detection and differentiation of early hepatocellular carcinoma from cirrhosis using CT perfusion in a rat liver model

BACKGROUND: Functional imaging such as CT perfusion can detect morphological and hemodynamic changes in he-patocellular carcinoma (HCC). Pre-carcinoma and early HCC nodules are dififcult to differentiate by observing only their hemodynamics changes. The present study aimed to investi-gate hemodynamic parameters and evaluate their differential diagnostic cut-off between pre-carcinoma and early HCC nod-ules using CT perfusion and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.
METHODS: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into con-trol (n=20) and experimental (n=70) groups. Diethylnitrosa-mine (DEN) was used to induce pre-carcinoma and early HCC nodules in the experimental group. Perfusion scanning was carried out on all survival rats discontinuously from 8 to 16 weeks. Hepatic portal perfusion (HPP), hepatic arterial frac-tion (HAF), hepatic arterial perfusion (HAP), hepatic blood volume (HBV), hepatic blood lfow (HBF), mean transit time (MTT) and permeability of capillary vessel surface (PS) data were provided by mathematical deconvolution model. The perfusion parameters were compared among the three groups of rats (control, pre-carcinoma and early HCC groups) using the Kruskal-Wallis test and analyzed with ROC curves. Histo-logical examination of the liver tissues with hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed after CT scan.
RESULTS: For HPP, HAF, HBV, HBF and MTT, there were signiifcant differences among the three groups (P<0.05). HAF had the highest areas under the ROC curves: 0.80 (control vs pre-carcinoma groups) and 0.95 (control vs early HCC groups) with corresponding optimal cut-offs of 0.37 and 0.42, respectively. The areas under the ROC curves for HPP was 0.79 (control vs pre-carcinoma groups) and 0.92 (control vs early HCC groups) with corresponding optimal cut-offs of 136.60 mL/min/100 mg and 108.47 mL/min/100 mg, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: CT perfusion combined with ROC curve analysis is a new diagnosis model for distinguishing between pre-carcinoma and early HCC nodules. HAF and HPP are the ideal reference indices.     

Quantitative Tissue Blood Flow Measurement of the Liver Parenchyma: Comparison Between Xenon CT and Perfusion CT

The purpose of this study was to compare measurements of hepatic tissue blood flow (TBF) calculated by xenon and perfusion CT. Seven patients with normal liver and eight with chronic liver disease underwent both xenon and perfusion CT. During xenon CT examinations, serial abdominal CT scans were obtained every minute before and during 4 min of nonradioactive 25% (v/v) xenon gas inhalation and 5 min of administration of oxygen-rich air. Hepatic arterial and portal venous TBF were measured separately with a special imaging system using the Kety-Schmidt expression based on the Fick principle (AZ-7000W; Anzai Medical Co.). The hepatic arterial fraction (HAF) was calculated as follows: [hepatic arterial TBF/(hepatic arterial TBF + portal venous TBF)]. During perfusion CT examinations, total hepatic TBF and HAF were also calculated from the enhanced CT cine image data on a workstation using a commercially available software package based on a deconvolution algorithm (CT Perfusion 3 GE Healthcare, USA). Total hepatic TBF measured by xenon and perfusion CT was 82.9±15 and 82.8±18 ml/min/100 g, respectively. The measured values by the two techniques showed a significant correlation (R ²= 0.657, P < 0.05). HAF measured by xenon and perfusion CT was 26.6±11 and 21.8±13%, respectively. The measured values by the two techniques also showed a significant correlation (R ²= 0.869, P < 0.05). We conclude that there was a good correlation between hepatic TBF quantified by xenon CT and perfusion CT.     

肝脏局灶性结节性增生与甲胎蛋白阴性肝癌的鉴别诊断

目的探讨肝脏局灶性结节性增生（focalnodularhyperplasia,FNH）与AFP阴性肝癌的鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析本所1996年3月～1999年３月三年间经手术病理证实的18例FNH及254例AFP阴性肝癌的临床、影像学资料。结果FNH多见于青壮年（40岁以下占66.7%）、多无症状（66.7%）、肝炎背景多阴性（83.3%）、肝功能多正常（72.0%）;71.4%在彩色多普勒超声见到特征性的粗大中央血管（1～3mm）,血液流速高、阻力系数低;CT动态扫描85.7%早期显著增强,53.3%强化均匀,部分有中央星状疤痕,73.3%静脉相等密度;MRI检查中央疤痕在T2WI呈高信号,83.3%增强后早期明显强化,66.7%信号均一。而AFP阴性肝癌多见于中老年（40岁以上85.8%）,多有症状（74.0%）,多有肝炎背景（87.4%）,肝功能多异常（66.1%）;彩色多普勒超声示动脉血流高流速、高阻力,常见晕圈、门静脉栓子;CT动态扫描早期强化明显但不均匀（96.6%）,89.7%静脉相低密度;MRI早期明显强化,信号不均一（91.7%）。结论FNH在临床及影像学上有一定特征,多种检查方法联合应用并与临床相结合,部分病人可与AFP阴性肝癌鉴别。     

Focal liver lesions detection and characterization: The advantages of gadoxetic acid-enhanced liver MRI

Since its clinical introduction, several studies in literature have investigated gadolinium ethoxybenzhyl diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid or gadoxetic acid(Gd-EOB-DTPA) properties. Following contrast injection, it provides dynamic vascular phases(arterial, portal and equilibrium phases) and hepatobiliary phase, the latter due to its uptake by functional hepatocytes. The main advantages of Gd-EOB-DTPA of focal liver lesion detection and characterization are discussed in this paper. Namely, we focus on the possibility of distinguishing focal nodular hyperplasia(FNH) from hepatic adenoma(HA), the identification of early hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and the pre-operative assessment of metastasis in liver parenchyma. Regarding the differentiation between FNH and HA, adenoma typically appears hypointense in hepatobiliary phase, whereas FNH is isointense or hyperintense to the surrounding hepatic parenchyma. As for the identification of early HCCs, many papers recently published in literature have emphasized the contribution of hepatobiliary phase in the characterization of nodules without a typical hallmark of HCC. Atypical nodules(no hypervascularizaton observed on arterial phase and/or no hypovascular appearance on portal phase) with low signal intensity in the hepatobiliary phase, have a high probability of malignancy. Finally, regarding the evaluation of focal hepatic metastases, magnetic resonance pre-operative assessment using gadoxetic acid allows for more accurate diagnosis.