急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死不同形态的机制及中医证型分布规律探讨

【目的】探讨急性心肌梗死ST段抬高不同形态的机制及其中医证型分布规律。【方法】将2015年3月~2017年1月确诊为急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的212例住院患者,根据ST段抬高形态分为凹面抬高组102例和弓背抬高组110例,分析不同ST段抬高形态的中医证型分布及中医实证、虚证和虚实夹杂证分布情况。【结果】(1)急性心肌梗死ST段弓背抬高组患者多为青中年、男性、无或有短期冠心病病史及冠状动脉造影提示狭窄或闭塞血管无侧支循环者;而ST段凹面抬高组患者多为老年人、女性、有冠心病史及冠状动脉造影提示多有侧支循环者。(2)凹面抬高组的中医证型以气虚血瘀证为最多,其证型分布依次为:气虚血瘀证气阴两虚证热毒血瘀证痰瘀互阻证寒凝心脉证。弓背抬高组的中医证型以热毒血瘀证为最多,其证型分布依次为:热毒血瘀证气虚血瘀证气阴两虚证寒凝心脉证痰瘀互阻证。2组中医证型分布比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。(3)在中医虚实证方面,凹面抬高组患者以虚实夹杂证为主,而弓背抬高组患者以实证为主。2组虚实证分布比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。【结论】不同形态ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者存在不同的中医证型分布规律,为中西医结合临床研究急性心肌梗死提供了新的视角,对不同形态ST段抬高型心肌梗死的辨证论治提供了参考,对提高临床诊治效率、挽救生命、改善预后等有着重要的意义。     

Clinical Practice Guideline of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for Acute Myocardial Infarction

With increasing morbidity and mortality, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has become one of the major causes of human death, leading to heavy burdens to individuals, families and society. Previous researches have found that though large amount of resources and great effort were devoted, no significant improvements were achieved in reducing the in-hospital mortality of AMI patients. Meanwhile, extensive studies about Chinese medicine (CM) have found that CM has special advantages in treating AMI patients. However, there is no standardized and unified clinical practice guideline (CPG) of CM for AMI. Therefore, a CPG with strict standard and generally acknowledgement is urgent to be established. This guideline was developed following the methodological process established by the World Health Organization Handbook for Guideline Development. Extensive search on clinical evidences including systematic review (SR), randomized controlled trial (RCT), observational study and case reports was launched, covering evidence of CM for AMI on several aspects, such as diagnosis, CM patterns, CM interventions on AMI and complications, cardiac rehabilitation and clinical pathway management. Besides, the application of Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach enabled the evaluation of evidence and formulation of grade of recommendation (GOR) and level of evidence (LOE). With the help of GOR and LOE, this CPG recommends the integrative CM and WM treatment method in AMI patients and provides useful information on medical decision for clinical physicians.     

急性心肌梗死患者B型利钠肽检测及临床意义

目的探讨B型利钠肽(BNP)与肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)对急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者的预后价值。方法采用竞争酶联免疫法和化学发光法分别测定入院即刻及发病第七天BNP和cTnI水平,记录主要心血管事件(MACE)的发生率。分析BNP和cTnI水平与发生MACE的相关性。结果AMI患者入院即刻BNP水平明显高于对照组(P<0.01);发病时间>10 h入院的AMI患者BNP水平明显高于发病时间≤10 h者(P<0.01);入院一周内死亡患者的BNP水平明显高于一周存活者(P<0.05)。发生MACE的患者BNP水平明显高于未发生者(P<0.01);AMI患者发病第七天BNP水平(432.79±383.82 pg/mL)明显高于对照组(P<0.01);第七天BNP≥432.79 pg/mL的AMI患者总MACE发生率明显高于BNP<432.79 pg/mL者(P<0.01)。入院即刻cTnI≥52.5 ng/mL者总MACE发生率明显高于cTnI<52.5 ng/mL者(P<0.01)。联合入院即刻及发病第七天BNP和cTnI检测,两者均阳性者MACE发生率明显升高(P<0.05)。结论①入院即刻及发病第七天BNP水平具有预测预后的价值;②BNP水平越高,发生MACE危险性越高;③联合BNP、cTnI检测可进一步提高BNP对AMI患者的预测预后价值。     

缺血预适应对急性心肌梗死预后的影响

目的通过对急性心梗患者临床指标的观察,评价缺血预适应对急性心肌梗死患者预后的影响。方法296例急性心梗患者依发病前24小时内有无心绞痛分为缺血预适应组（IP组）和无缺血预适应组（NIP组）。观察两组间ST段抬高程度、心肌酶峰值、心电图积分、左室射血分数（EF）、室壁瘤、右束支阻滞、休克、心衰的差异。结果IP组ST段抬高的程度（P〈0．05）、心肌酶峰值（P〈0．05）、心电图积分（P=0．01）、室壁瘤（P（0．05）、右束支阻滞（P〈0．05）、休克（P（0．05）、心衰（P=0．01）的发生机会均低于NIP组。EF（P=0．02）则高于NIP组。结论IP现象可明显改善急性心梗患者的预后。     

心电图QRS波终末变形对急性下壁心肌梗死患者预后的影响

<正>体表心电图是急性心肌梗死(AMI)最常用的诊断方法,通过ST段抬高导联数或ST段抬高振幅可判断AMI时心肌缺血程度、梗死范围和预后。近年来心电图上QRS波终末变形的临床意义日益引起重视。心电图上QRS波是心室除极过程中产生的波形,QRS终末变形可能反映心室肌早期除极过程或     

冠状动脉造影正常的心肌梗死患者临床特征分析

目的：分析冠状动脉造影（CAG）正常的急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者的临床特征、可能的发病机制及预后。方法：对838例临床诊断为AMI患者行冠状动脉造影，观察冠状动脉造影正常的AMI患者临床特征，并进行随访观察预后。结果：838例AMI患者中，冠状动脉造影显示正常42例，占5．0％，CAG正常组年龄、既往心绞痛病史明显低于CAG异常组（P〈0．05），高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病史较异常组明显降低（P〈0．05），吸烟、起病前诱因较异常组显著增多（P〈0．01）。CAG正常组预后较好，发生心衰及总心血管事件少（P〈0．05）。结论：冠状动脉造影正常的心肌梗死发病机制可能是由于冠状动脉痉挛或微小斑块破裂形成血栓，继而发生血栓自溶而致造影无异常，预后相对较好。     

基层医院急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死早期溶栓对预后的影响

目的：探讨基层医院急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死（STEMI）早期溶栓治疗对预后的影响。方法：根据是否溶栓和溶栓时间分为三组：观察临床治疗有效率、住院期间临床终点事件和出血并发症。结果：临床治疗有效率A组高于B、C两组，B组高于C组，住院期间临床终点事件发生率A组低于B、C两组，B组低于C组，A、B两组出血发生率无统计学意义。结论：早期溶栓治疗可改善临床症状，降低STEMI死亡率。     

急性心肌梗塞的胸部X线表现与预后探讨

本文分析了16例急性心肌梗塞患者床边胸片的X线表现及其与预后的关系，结果表明：肺循环改变越多，越明显，即肺静脉压越高，则患者的预后越差。     

Characteristics and Advantages of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Objective: To obtain epidemiological data on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) therapeutic status of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and to determine TCM characteristics and advantages to improve the level of TCM prevention and treatment of AMI. Methods: Clinical epidemiology methods were used to register and survey the TCM therapeutic status of hospitalized AMI patients. In 2001, the Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine surveyed the therapeutic status of 3308 AMI patients hospitalized in 30 hospitals in Beijing and Shanghai from 2000-2001. The Beijing Collaborative Study Group on Therapeutic Status of Acute Myocardial Infarction (the Study Group) then conducted a 10-year-long register survey on hospitalized AMI patients in Third-grade A-Level TCM hospitals in Beijing. After 2002, the Study Group further surveyed the treatment conditions of AMI-hospitalized patients in 10 Second-grade A-Level TCM hospitals. The therapeutic status in 8 Third-grade A-Level Western medicine hospitals was surveyed in 2001 and 2005 as a control. In 2008, in cooperation with the China Association of Chinese Medicine, the Study Group further performed a survey at 26 Third-grade A-Level TCM hospitals nation-wide. Approximately 5000 cases were investigated to obtain authoritative data on the therapeutic status of AMI patients in TCM hospitals in China. Results: We found that Chinese herbal intravenous preparations may be beneficial in reducing the mortality of AMI. Major complications of AMI, such as heart failure and arrhythmia, were significantly less during the 10-year survey period. The mortality of hospitalized AMI patients showed a decline. TCM treatment was helpful for AMI patients in improving their quality of life. Ten-year dynamic monitoring showed that the ability to perform reperfusion and to use drugs appropriately, as well as an effort to carry out the Clinical Guidelines has made great progress in TCM hospitals. However, TCM hospitals still have some problems in treating AMI, including a lack of standardized TCM syndrome diagnosis, the need for syndrome differentiation and treatment standardization, and clinical skills in reperfusion and standardized drug treatment still need to be further improved. Compared with AMI patients in Western medicine hospitals during the same period, those in TCM hospitals had the following characteristics: they were admitted to hospital later; they were older when they had a heart attack; there were more females, they had more problems in their medical history, and they had more concomitant illnesses and complications. Therefore, the demographic baseline data were significantly different between AMI patients in TCM hospitals and those in Western medicine hospitals. This indicated that patients in TCM hospitals were more critical than those in Western medicine hospitals. Conclusions: TCM has special advantages in treating AMI. TCM hospitals are making continuous progress in standardized treatment of AMI, but further improvement is still required. AMI patients in TCM hospitals have some special characteristics, and their condition may be more critical. Further clinical research on TCM treatment of AMI is required.     

活血解毒汤治疗急性心肌梗死临床研究

目的:观察活血解毒汤治疗急性心肌梗死的临床疗效。方法:选取200例急性心肌梗死患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,各100例。对照组患者采用常规西药治疗,观察组患者在对照组的基础上加用活血解毒汤治疗,观察两组患者的临床疗效、心血管不良事件发生情况及死亡率。结果:观察组患者的呼吸困难发生率(30.0%)显著低于对照组(55.0%);尿量显著多于对照组(P0.05);观察组左心室功能(50.0±9.5)%、Barthel评分(86.3±6.8)分,均显著高于对照组(40.3±8.3)%、(61.8±8.6)分;观察组心血管不良事件发生率10.0%、心源性死亡率0.0%均显著低于对照组22.0%、7.0%。观察组有效率(98.0%)明显高于对照组(82.0%)。观察组患者躯体角色功能、情绪角色功能、躯体健康、躯体疼痛、社会功能、心理健康、活力评分改善程度明显优于对照组,两组比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:活血解毒汤治疗急性心肌梗死的临床效果显著,能够有效改善患者的呼吸困难症状,减少心血管不良事件发生率。     

替罗非班对急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者再灌注及住院期预后的影响

目的评估替罗非班对急性ST段抬高心肌梗死（STEMI）患者梗死相关动脉自发再通、经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）后心肌灌注及住院期预后的影响。方法连续入选316例急性STEMI患者,随机决定急诊室给予替罗非班（156例）与否（160例）。根据急诊冠脉造影结果分为TMP 0～1级组（218例）和TMP 2～3级组（98例）。所有TMP 0～1级患者均行紧急PCI,据替罗非班的应用情况分为替罗非班亚组（91例）与常规治疗亚组（127例）。分析替罗非班与梗死相关动脉自发再通、PCI术后心肌灌注、住院期主要心脏不良事件（MACE）的关系。结果 TMP 2～3级组甘油三酯、白细胞升高显著低于TMP 0～1级组（P〈0.05）,且替罗非班的应用比例显著高于TMP 0～1级组（P〈0.01）。亚组分析表明,替罗非班组PCI术后即刻校正的TIMI桢数、住院时间、TMP 0～2级及住院期MACE发生率均降低（P〈0.05）,左室射血分数增高（P〈0.05）;高龄、替罗非班治疗、左室射血分数降低、术后TMP0～2级与住院期MACE发生率相关（P〈0.05）。结论早期应用替罗非班可增加急性STEMI患者梗死相关动脉自发再通率,改善急诊PCI术后梗死区域心肌再灌注与住院期临床预后。     

急性心肌梗死患者心室电风暴预后的研究

目的探讨急性心肌梗死心室电风暴患者与扩张型心肌病心室电风暴患者及心肺复苏中交感风暴患者的预后对比分析。方法对35例急性心肌梗死心室电风暴患者组与15例扩张型心肌病心室电风暴患者组及10例心肺复苏中交感风暴患者组接受电除颤、电复律、植入型心律转复除颤器及相关药物救治的预后进行对比分析。结果35例急性心肌梗死心室电风暴患者组、15例扩张型心肌病心室电风暴患者组及10例心肺复苏中交感风暴患者组接受救治后24h成功率分别为62．85％、66．66％、60．00％,前者与后两者比较,P〉0．05;2周内存活率分别为48．57％、46．66％、50．00％,前者与后两者比较,P〉0．05;1年内存活率三者分别为31．42％、33．33％、30．00％,前者与后两者比较．P〉0．05。3组中有8例接受植入型心律转复除颤器后1年内均存活。结论心室电风暴患者的存活率较低,病死率很高,对该类患者应立即采取电除颤器、电复律、植入型心律转复除颤器及相关药物救治措施,改善预后,降低病死率。     

急性心肌梗死并发右束支传导阻滞25例临床分析

目的探讨急性心肌梗死患者出现完全性右束支传导阻滞的临床特点及对预后的影响。方法对近8年来收治的急性心肌梗死患者的资料进行回顾性分析,将临床资料分为两组,观察组(25例)为有新出现持续性完全性右束支传导阻滞的急性心肌梗死患者;对照组(160例)为同期收治的无束支传导阻滞的急性心肌梗死患者。进行一般情况及并发症比较,临床经过及住院病死率比较。结果两组一般情况及并发症比较无明显差异(P>0.05),两组临床经过及住院病死率比较,观察组中的休克、恶性心律失常、前壁心肌梗死的发生率,心功能不全、房室传导阻滞的发生率及病死率均较对照组显著增高(P<0.05)。结论急性心肌梗死出现持续性完全性右束支传导阻滞提示病情重、并发症发生多,预后差。     

A Summary and Evaluation of Current Evidence for Myocardial Infarction with Chinese Medicine

Objective: To provide evidence-based recommendations for clinical application and provoke thoughts for future researchers by conducting a comprehensive summary and evaluation of the current evidence profile for the role of Chinese medicine(CM) in treating myocardial infarction(MI). Methods: Online databases including Pub Med, EMBase, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI), Chinese Biomedical Medicine(CBM), VIP Journal Integration Platform, and Wanfang database were systematically searched for literatures on CM in treating MI. After screening, studies were categorized into 5 types, i.e. systematic review(SR), randomized controlled trial(RCT), observational study, case report and basic research. General information was abstracted, and the quality levels of these studies and their conclusions were summarized and assessed. Results: A total of 452 studies including 10 SRs, 123 RCTs, 47 observational studies, 28 case reports, and 244 basic researches were selected. Clinical studies centered primarily on herbal decoction and mostly were not rigorously performed. High-quality studies were predominantly on Chinese patent medicines(CPMs) such as Danshen Injection(丹参注射液), Shenmai Injection(参麦注射液), Shengmai Injection(生脉注射液) and Qishen Yiqi Dripping Pills(芪参益气滴丸). The most frequently observed pattern of drug combination was decoction plus injection. Results of SRs and clinical studies showed that CM may reduce mortality, decrease risk of complication, reduce myocardial injury, improve cardiac function and inhibit ventricular remodeling. Findings from basic researches also supported the positive role of CM in reducing infarct size and myocardial injury, promoting angiogenesis, preventing ventricular remodeling and improving cardiac function. According to the current evidence body, CM has proven effects in the prevention and treatment of MI. It is also found that the effects of CPMs vary with indications. For instance, Shenmai Injection has been found to be especially effective for reducing the incidence of acute clinical events, while CPMs with qi-nourishing and bloodcirculating properties have been proven to be effective in inhibiting ventricular remodeling. High quality evidence supports the use of CM injection for acute MI and CPM for secondary prevention. Reports on adverse events and other safety outcomes associated with CM for MI are scarce. Conclusions: Sufficient evidence supported the use of CM as an adjuvant to Western medicine for preventing and treating MI. The choice of drug use varies with disease stage and treatment objective. However, the quality of the evidence body remains to be enhanced.     

肾功能对急性心肌梗死患者院内预后的影响

目的：评估入院肾功能对急性ST段抬高心肌梗死（STEMI）患者院内预后的影响。方法：入选718例STEMI患者，分为肾功能正常或轻度肾功能不全组（A组）和中重度肾功能不全组（B组），比较两组的临床特点和院内预后。结果：133例STEMI患者存在中重度肾功能不全。与A组相比，B组患者年龄大、女性较多、合并高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、心力衰竭病史多；B组的患者住院期间新出现的心力衰竭和恶性心律失常发生率明显增加，院内死亡率亦显著增高。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，中重度肾功能不全是STEMI患者院内死亡的独立危险因素。结论：肾功能不全患者住院期间发生心力衰竭、恶性心律失常增加，院内死亡率增高，中重度肾功能不全是院内死亡的独立危险因素。     

急性心肌梗塞病人血清铁浓度变化的研究

作者测定了39例急性心肌梗塞病人血清铁含量,结果显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。其动态基本上与LDH、CK、GOT同时发生改变,而与Hb含量无关。结果提示,血清铁含量的下降和系列动态观察可以作为诊断急性心肌梗塞的一项辅助指标。     

中药联合康复治疗对脑梗死急性期患者同型半胱氨酸水平疗效观察

目的：观察中药联合康复治疗对脑梗死急性期患者同型半胱氨酸水平的疗效。方法：将患者120例随机分为4组,对照组（30例）采用口服叶酸、维生素B6、维生素B12等西医常规治疗;中药组（30例）在西医常规治疗的基础上,口服中药方中经2号方;康复组（30例）在西医常规治疗的基础上,配合康复训练;综合组（30例）在西医常规治疗的基础上,口服中药方中经2号方并配合康复训练。4组均以14 d为1个疗程,观察并比较4组治疗前后同型半胱氨酸水平（Hcy）、神经功能缺损程度评分（CNDS）及临床疗效。结果：4组治疗后Hcy、CNDS均有不同程度的改善（与本组治疗前比较,P〈0.05）,综合组改善优于对照组、中药组和康复组（P〈0.05）,综合组疗效优于对照组、中药组和康复组（P〈0.05）。结论：中药联合康复能降低血中Hcy的浓度,提高脑梗塞急性期患者生活质量。     

急性心肌梗死溶栓治疗后早期ST段变化对预后的影响

目的:观察急性心肌梗死(AMI)溶栓后心电图早期ST段变化对预后的影响.方法:对70例AMI患者溶栓前及溶栓后2h心电图(ECG)ST段进行分析,根据溶栓前后ST段下降的不同程度分组,观察ST段下降＞70%组、下降30%～70%组及下降<30%组的心肌酶(CK-MB)释放规律.结果:ST段下降<30%组,CK-MB峰值...     

尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗老年急性心肌梗塞

为探讨溶栓治疗对老年急性心肌梗塞（acutemyocardialinfarction，AMI）患者的疗效，对比分析了50例尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗与58例非溶栓治疗的老年AMI患者住院期临床表现。结果显示，经溶栓治疗的老年AMI患者，其梗塞延展、住院期严重心律失常和严重心功能损害的发生率显著减少，无1例发生颅内出血。表明对老年AMI患者用尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗是一种安全有益的方法。     

急性心肌梗死患者收缩压水平与预后关系的探讨

【摘要】目的：探讨急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者入院时临床特征,收缩压水平及与预后的关系。方法：回顾性分析1257例急性心肌梗死患者资料,根据其入院时收缩压（SBP）水平而分为五组,分别比较各组的基本临床资料、冠状动脉造影结果和院内并发症及死亡率情况。结果：急性心肌梗死患者院内病死率为（＜106mmHg）22.1%最高、其余分别是[（106～125）mmHg]5.4%、[（126～140）mmHg]4.9%、[（141～160）mmHg]2.9%和（＞160mmHg）3.9%。患者入院时收缩压低于106mmHg组的的死亡率、心源性休克和肾功能不全发生率均高于其他四组。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,SBP＜106mmHg（OR=2.671,P＜0.05）和肌钙蛋白T峰值（OR=4.562,P＜0.05）肾功能不全及冠状动脉多支和左主干病变是入院AMI患者死亡的独立危险因素。结论：入院时SBP＜106mmHg患者在院期间病死率高,入院收缩压低可作为判断AMI患者预后不良的一个较好指标。