Effects of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) extract versus glibornuride on the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is one of the medicinal herbs used by diabetics in Turkey. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of parsley (2g/kg) and glibornuride (5mg/kg) on the liver tissue of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Swiss albino rats were divided into six groups: control; control+parsley; control+glibornuride; diabetic; diabetic+parsley; diabetic+glibornuride. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). Parsley extract and glibornuride were given daily to both diabetic and control rats separately, until the end of the experiment, at day 42. The drugs were administered to one diabetic and one control group from days 14 to 42. On day 42, liver tissues were taken from each rat. In STZ-diabetic group, blood glucose levels, serum alkaline phosphatase activity, uric acid, sialic acid, sodium and potassium levels, liver lipid peroxidation (LPO), and non-enzymatic glycosylation (NEG) levels increased, while liver glutathione (GSH) levels and body weight decreased. In the diabetic group given parsley, blood glucose, serum alkaline phosphatase activity, sialic acid, uric acid, potassium and sodium levels, and liver LPO and NEG levels decreased, but GSH levels increased. The diabetic group, given glibornuride, blood glucose, serum alkaline phosphatase activity, serum sialic acid, uric acid, potassium, and liver NEG levels decreased, but liver LPO, GSH, serum sodium levels, and body weight increased. It was concluded that probably, due to its antioxidant property, parsley extract has a protective effect comparable to glibornuride against hepatotoxicity caused by diabetes.     

The effect of Anethum graveolens L. (dill) on corticosteroid induced diabetes mellitus: involvement of thyroid hormones

An investigation was made to evaluate the role of Anethum graveolens L. (dill) leaf extract in the regulation of corticosteroid-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in female rats. In dexamethasone-treated animals (1 mg/kg for 22 days) an increase in serum concentration of insulin and glucose and in hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) was observed. However, there was a decrease in serum concentration of thyroid hormones and in the endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in liver. In animals treated with an equivalent amount of dexamethasone for a similar period (22 days) when received the leaf extract (100 mg/kg b.wt/d.) for last 15 days a decrease in the concentration of both serum glucose and insulin was observed, indicating the potential of the plant extract in the regulation of corticosteroid-induced diabetes. Dexamethasone-induced alterations in the levels of thyroid hormones as well as in hepatic LPO, SOD, CAT and GSH were also reversed by the plant extract.     

Effect of Salvia officinalis L. leaves on serum glucose and insulin in healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The leaves of sage (Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae) are reported to have a wide range of biological activities, such as anti-bacterial, fungistatic, virustatic, astringent, eupeptic and anti-hydrotic effects. To determine the hypoglycaemic effect of sage leaves, we investigated the effects of essential oil and methanolic effect of the plant on healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The animals were made diabetic using by streptozotocin (70 mg/kg, i.p.). The methanolic extract (100, 250, 400 and 500 mg/kg) and essential oil (0.042, 0.125, 0.2 and 0.4 ml/kg) were injected intraperitoneally. The control groups were administered water and sunflower oil as vehicles of methanolic extract and essential oil, respectively. Blood samples were obtained from retro-orbital sinus before administration and 1, 3 and 5 h after administrations. The serum glucose was measured by the enzymatic method of glucose oxidase. The results showed that the essential oil of sage did not change serum glucose, while the plant extract significantly decreased serum glucose in diabetic rats in 3 h without effect on insulin releasing from the pancreas but not in healthy rats. Also, the LD₅₀ of the methanolic extract is measured (4000 mg/kg, i.p.). The present data indicate that sage extract has hypoglycaemic effect on diabetic animals and the plant should be considered in future therapeutic researches.     

Effect of Bauhinia forficata aqueous extract on the maternal-fetal outcome and oxidative stress biomarkers of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Bauhinia forficata Link, commonly known as "paw-of-cow", is widely used in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes. AIM OF THIS STUDY: To evaluate the effect of Bauhinia forficata treatment on maternal-fetal outcome and antioxidant systems of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Virgin female Wistar rats were injected with 40 mg/kg streptozotocin before mating. Oral administration of an aqueous extract of Bauhinia forficata leaves was given to non-diabetic and diabetic pregnant rats at increasing doses: 500 mg/kg from 0 to 4th day of pregnancy, 600 mg/kg from 5th to 14th day and 1000 mg/kg from 15th to 20th day. At day 21 of pregnancy the rats were anaesthetized with ether and a maternal blood sample was collected for the determination superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH). The gravid uterus was weighed with its contents and fetuses were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The data showed that the diabetic dams presented an increased glycemic level, resorption, placental weight, placental index, and fetal anomalies, and reduced GSH and SOD determinations, live fetuses, maternal weight gain, gravid uterine weight, and fetal weight. It was also verified that Bauhinia forficata treatment had no hypoglycemic effect, did not improve maternal outcomes in diabetic rats, but it contributed to maintain GSH concentration similarly to non-diabetic groups, suggesting relation with the decreased incidence of visceral anomalies.     

Antidiabetic activity of standardized extract of Quassia amara in nicotinamide-streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a standardized methanol extract of Quassia amara L. (Family: Simaroubaceae) in nicotinamide–streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus was induced by streptozotocin in rats pre‐treated with nicotinamide. Diabetic rats were treated with oral doses of Quassia amara extract (QaE; 100 and 200 mg/kg) or glibenclamide (10 mg/kg; as standard). QaE and glibenclamide were administered as a suspension in 0.3% carboxy methyl cellulose for 14 days. Control animals received an equal volume of vehicle. Blood samples were collected by retro‐orbital puncture on day 14, 1 h after last treatment. Plasma glucose, insulin and lipid parameters (total cholesterol, LDL‐C, HDL‐C and triglycerides) were measured using commercially available biochemical kits. The oral glucose tolerance test was performed to evaluate the effect of the extract on peripheral glucose utilization in normal rats. Both doses of QaE significantly (p < 0.01) reduced elevated fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. In the oral glucose tolerance test, QaE treatment significantly increased (p < 0.05) the glucose tolerance compared with the vehicle. QaE and glibenclamide, effectively normalized dyslipidemia associated with streptozotocin‐induced diabetes. The findings of the present study indicate that Quassia amara extract may be potentially valuable in the treatment of diabetes and associated dyslipidemia. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. leaves extract in streptozotocin-induced type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In traditional Indian medicine, all parts of Emblica officinalis Gaertn plant including the fruit, seed, leaves, root, bark and flowers are used in various herbal preparations for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, chronic diarrhea, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic.

Aim of the study

To evaluate the hypoglycemic and antioxidants effects of the hydro-methanolic (20:80) extract of leaves of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (HMELEO) in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.

Material and methods

The hypoglycemic effect was measured by blood glucose and plasma insulin level. The oxidative stress was measured in liver and kidney by level of antioxidant markers i.e. lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT), and the biochemical parameters, i.e. blood serum levels of creatinine, urea, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminases (SGPT), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminases (SGOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were the salient features observed in diabetic control and treated rats.

Results

Oral administration of the HMELEO at a concentration of 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg b.w. daily for 45 days showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in fasting blood glucose and increase insulin level as compared with the diabetic rats. Also it significantly (P<0.05) reduced all biochemical parameters (serum creatinine, serum urea, SGOT, SGPT and lipid profile). The treatment also resulted in a significant (P<0.05) increase in reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and decrease LPO level in the liver and kidney of diabetic rats.

Conclusion

The results clearly suggest that the hydro methanolic extract of leaves of Emblica officials Gaertn. treated group may effectively normalize the impaired antioxidant status in streptozotocin induced diabetes at dose dependent manner than the glibenclamide-treated groups. The extract exerted rapid protective effects against lipid peroxidation by scavenging of free radicals and reducing the risk of diabetic complications.     

Achyranthes aspera elevates thyroid hormone levels and decreases hepatic lipid peroxidation in male rats

A study was made to evaluate the role of Achyranthes aspera on the changes in serum thyroid hormone concentrations and glucose levels in male rats. An attempt was also made to establish the relationship between hepatic lipid peroxidation and extract induced changes in thyroid hormone concentration, if any. Adult male Wistar rats were orally administered with the aqueous leaf extract of Achyranthes aspera at a dose of 200 mg/kg b. wt./day for 7 days. The effects of the extract on body weight, hepatic protein content, lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and on serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and glucose levels were evaluated. The extract exhibited significant prothyroidic activity as it enhanced the levels of both the thyroid hormones along with an increase in serum glucose concentration, body weight and hepatic protein content. On the other hand, it decreased hepatic LPO without altering the activities of the two antioxidant enzymes, SOD and CAT significantly, suggesting a direct free radical scavenging activity of the extract. It appears that the Achyranthes aspera leaf extract is both prothyroidic and antiperoxidative in nature.     

Hypoglycaemic effect of Clausena anisata (Willd) Hook methanolic root extract in rats

This study was designed to examine the hypoglycaemic effect of Clausena anisata (Willd) Hook [family: Rutaceae] root methanolic extract in normal (normoglycaemic) and in streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats. Young adult, male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) weighing 250-300 g were used. Diabetes mellitus was induced in the group of diabetic 'test' rats by intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin (STZ, 90 mg/kg). In one set of experiments, graded doses of the methanolic root extract of C. anisata (CAME, 100-800 mg/kg p.o.) were administered to both fasted normal and fasted diabetic rats. In another set of experiments, 800 mg/kg of CAME, a dose of the plant extract which produced maximal hypoglycaemic effect in both fasted normal and diabetic rats in the previous set of experiments, was used. The hypoglycaemic effect of this single dose of C. anisata root methanolic extract (i.e. CAME, 800 mg/kg p.o.) was compared with those of insulin (5 micro U/kg s.c.) and glibenclamide (0.2 mg/kg p.o.) in both fasted normal and fasted diabetic rats. Following acute treatment, relatively moderate to high doses of CAME (100-800 mg/kg p.o.) produced dose-dependent, significant reductions (P<0.05-0.001) in the blood glucose concentrations of both fasted normal and fasted diabetic rats. On their own, both insulin (5 micro U/kg s.c.) and glibenclamide (0.2 mg/kg p.o.) produced significant reductions (P<0.01-0.001) in the blood glucose concentrations of the fasted normal and diabetic rats. At a dose of 800 mg/kg p.o., CAME reduced the mean basal blood glucose concentrations of fasted normal and fasted diabetic rats by 57.52 and 51.30%, respectively. C. anisata contains a diverse group of chemical compounds (see Table 1). Since methanol extractives of plants are usually known to contain many chemical compounds, each of which is capable of producing definite biological activities via different mechanisms, it is difficult to draw any logical conclusion on the mechanism of the hypoglycaemic effect of such a diverse mixture of chemical compounds contained in the plant extract used in this study. While it is possible that the hypoglycaemic effect of the plant extract may be due, at least in part, to its terpenoid and coumarin contents, the mechanism of its hypoglycaemic action remains largely speculative, and is unlikely to be due to the stimulation of pancreatic beta-cells and subsequent secretion of insulin. Although C. anisata root methanolic extract is less potent than insulin as an antidiabetic agent, the results of this experimental animal study indicate that the herb possesses hypoglycaemic activity; and thus lend credence to the suggested folkloric use of C. anisata root in the management and/or control of adult-onset, Type-2 diabetes mellitus in some communities of South Africa.     

Evaluation of antidiabetic, antioxidant and vasoprotective effects of Posidonia oceanica extract

The aim of this study is to evaluate antidiabetic, antioxidant and vasoprotective effects of Posidonia oceanica extract (POE) in alloxan diabetic rats. Posidonia oceanica (L) Delile (Posidoniaceae), is a widely allocated phanerogam in Mediterranean and Aegean Sea. Up to date, no published data relevant to use of the plant in traditional medicine are available. However, decoction of the leaves has been quoted to be used as a remedy for diabetes mellitus and hypertension by villagers living by the sea coast of Western Anatolia. Oral administration of extract for 15 days (50, 150, and 250 mg/kg b.wt.) resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in blood glucose. Relaxant responses to acetylcholine (ACh) in diabetic thoracic aorta were restored by POE treatment (50, 150, and 250 mg/kg b.wt.). POE also attenuated the augmented phenylephrine (PE) and serotonin (5-HT) contractions. At concentration levels of 150 and 250 mg/kg b.wt., POE exerted a protective effect on the significantly decreased levels of antioxidants namely, glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase and nitric oxide (NO). POE (50mg/kg b.wt.) produced no effect on alloxan-induced alterations in the antioxidant status while possessing glucose lowering and vasoprotective activities. Furthermore, liver and kidney function markers, leucocyte counts, body weight and liver glycogen content remained unchanged at dose level of 50mg/kg b.wt., when compared with diabetic control group. These results suggest that antidiabetic and vasoprotective effects of POE may be unrelated to its antioxidant properties.     

Effect of Tectona grandis Linn. on dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance in mice

Ethnopharmacological relevance

The bark of Tectona grandis Linn. is traditionally used in the treatment of diabetes.

Aim

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of bark of Tectona grandis Linn. (TG) in dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance in mice.

Materials and methods

Mice were treated with prestandardised dose of dexamethasone for 22 days and effect of TG at the doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o. on plasma blood glucose level, serum triglyceride level, glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, levels of hepatic antioxidant enzymes (GSH, SOD, catalase and LPO), and body weight were observed.

Results

TG showed significant decrease in plasma glucose and serum triglyceride levels (p < 0.01) at the dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o. and also stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. The levels of antioxidant enzymes GSH, SOD, and catalase were significantly increased (p < 0.01) and there was significant decrease (p < 0.01) in level of LPO.

Conclusion

Hence it can be concluded that Tectona grandis may prove to be effective in the treatment of Type-II Diabetes mellitus owing to its ability to decrease insulin resistance.     

Antidiabetic activity of Passiflora incarnata Linn. in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice

Ethnopharmacological relevance

The present study was designed to investigate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of Passiflora incarnata Linn. leaves which are widely used as traditional treatment for diabetes mellitus.

Materials and methods

The methanolic extracts of leaves of Passiflora incarnata were administered orally (100 and 200 mg/kg, for 15 days) to streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Hypoglycemic effects, oral glucose tolerance test, change in body weight and lipid profile of diabetic mice treated with methanolic extracts were assessed and compared with normal, diabetic control and standard drug treated mice. Histological examination during 15 days of treatment was also carried out.

Results

Methanolic extract (200 mg/kg) produced a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose level in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Significant differences were also observed in urine glucose level, oral glucose tolerance test, serum lipid profile and body weight of methanolic extract treated diabetic mice, when compared with diabetic, normal and standard drug treated mice. Histopathological studies of the pancreas showed comparable regeneration of the cells by extract which were earlier necrosed by streptozotocin.

Conclusion

Methanolic extract of Passiflora incarnata exhibit significant anti-hyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice.     

Gastroprotective and antioxidant effects of usnic acid on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats

Usnea longissima, a medicinal lichen of Anatolia (Turkey), is used in the treatment of gastric ulcer in local folk medicine. In this paper, the gastroprotective effect of usnic acid (UA) isolated from Usnea longissima was investigated in the indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats at doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. The gastric lesions were significantly reduced by all doses of UA as compared with the indomethacin (25 mg/kg body weight) treated group. In the stomach tissues of treated animals, the in vivo antioxidant levels were evaluated. The administration of indomethacin caused a significant decrease in the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reduced glutathione (GSH), and an increase in the lipid peroxidation (LPO) level (p < 0.05). The administration of all doses of UA reversed the trend, inducing a significant increase of SOD, GSH and GPx levels and a reduction in LPO level in tissues. However, catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and myeloperoxidase (MPx) activities, increased by indomethacin, were found to be lower in the UA- and ranitidine-treated groups. The gastric mucosal constitutive NO synthase (cNOS) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) activities were also investigated in tissues of UA- (100 mg/kg), ranitidine- (50 mg/kg) and indomethacin-treated rat groups. The administration of UA and ranitidine increased the cNOS activity and lowered the iNOS activity as compared with indomethacin-treated group. These results suggest that the gastroprotective effect of UA can be attributed to its reducing effect on the oxidative damage and neutrophil infiltration in tissues.     

大蒜对实验性糖尿病大鼠体内脂质过氧化物及抗氧自由基酶类活性的影响

目的:为探讨大蒜治疗糖尿病的作用机制,观察了大蒜对四氧嘧啶实验性糖尿病大鼠血糖水平以及脂质过氧化物(LPO)含量和抗氧自由基酶类活性的影响。方法:对正常对照组、糖尿病对照组和补大蒜组大鼠体内的上述指标作了检测。结果:补大蒜组大鼠血糖水平明显低于糖尿病对照组(P<0.01);血浆、胰腺和肌肉 LPO 含量显著低于糖尿病对照组(P<0.05);超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在肝、胰腺和肌肉内明显高于糖尿病对照组;红细胞、肝和肌肉内的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性明显高于糖尿病对照组(P<0.05)。结论:该结果提示大蒜具有降低实验性糖尿病大鼠血糖的作用,其与提高抗氧自由基酶类活性及抗过氧化伤害有密切关系。     

Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Cassia siamea flowers

The study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant activity of alcoholic extract of Cassia siamea Lam. (Fabaceae) flowers. The extract was found to contain a large amount of polyphenols and also exhibited an immense reducing ability. At a concentration of 250 microg/ml, 96% of DPPH radicals and at 500 microg/ml, 42.7, 32.7 and 64.5% of O2-, H2O2 and NO respectively could be scavenged by C. siamea flower extract. The extract also inhibited OH radical induced oxidation of protein (BSA) and LPO in murine hepatic microsomes. The determination of metal chelating capacity of the extract indicated chelating of metal ions (Fe2+) to be a putative mechanism implicated in the inhibition of OH radical-induced BSA oxidation and LPO. C. siamea flower extract also exhibited a significant antioxidant activity in acute oxidative tissue injury animal model constituted by CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. Oral administration of the extract at a dose of 50-150 mg/kg of body weight significantly protected from CCl4 induced elevation in AST and ALT in the serum, elevation in hepatic LPO, depletion of hepatic GSH and decrease in the activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes: SOD, CAT and GPX. The extract also protected against histopathological changes produced by CCl4 such as necrosis, fatty changes, ballooning degeneration, etc. The data obtained in the present study suggests that the alcoholic extract of C. siamea flowers have potent antioxidant activity against free radicals, prevent oxidative damage to major biomolecules and afford significant protection against oxidative damage in the liver.     

EFFECT OF ACUPUNCTURE ON BLOOD OXYGEN FREE RADICAL AND NO LEVELS IN TREATMENT OF APOPLECTIC SEQUELAE

“ＪＩＮＳａｎＺｈｅｎ”ｔｈｅｒａｐｙｃｏｍｐｏｓｅｄｏｆ“ＮｉｅＳａｎＺｈｅｎ” ( 3ｐｏｉｎｔｓｉｎｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｏｒａｌｒｅｇｉｏｎ :2ｃｕｎｓｔｒａｉｇｈｔｓｕｐｅｒｉｏｒｔｏｔｈｅｅａｒ ｔｉｐ ;1ｃｕｎａｎｔｅ ｒｉｏｒａｎｄｐｏｓｔｅｒｉｏｒｔｏｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｐｏｉｎｔｏｎｔｈｅｓａｍｅｌｅｖｅｌｓｅｐａｒａｔｅｌｙ) ,“ＳｉＳｈｅｎＺｈｅｎ” [4ｐｏｉｎｔｓａｒｏｕｎｄＢａｉｈｕｉ (ＧＶ 2 0 ) :1.5ｃｕｎａｎｔｅｒｉｏｒ ,ｐｏｓ ｔｅｒｉｏｒ,ｌｅｆｔａｎｄｒｉｇｈｔｔｏＧＶ 2 0ｒｅｓｐ…     

Neuroprotective effect of the methanolic extract of Hibiscus asper leaves in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease

Ethnopharmacological relevance

While the Hibiscus asper Hook.f. (Malvaceae) is a traditional herb largely used in tropical region of the Africa as vegetable, potent sedative, tonic and restorative, anti-inflammatory and antidepressive drug, there is very little scientific data concerning the efficacy of this.

Materials and methods

The antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities of the methanolic extract of Hibiscus asper leaves (50 and 100 mg/kg) were assessed using superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) specific activities, total glutathione (GSH) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) level (lipid peroxidation) and DNA fragmentation assays in male Wistar rats subjected to unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesion.

Results

In 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, methanolic extract of Hibiscus asper leaves showed potent antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities. Chronic administration of the methanolic extract (50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p., daily, for 7 days) significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, GPX and CAT), total GSH content and reduced lipid peroxidation (MDA level) in rat temporal lobe homogenates, suggesting antioxidant activity. Also, DNA cleavage patterns were absent in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rats treated with methanolic extract of Hibiscus asper leaves, suggesting antiapoptotic activity.

Conclusions

Taken together, our results suggest that the methanolic extract of Hibiscus asper leaves possesses neuroprotective activity against 6-OHDA-induced toxicity through antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities in Parkinson's disease model.     

脂糖舒对2型糖尿病大鼠血液MDA和自由基清除剂的影响

目的　观察脂糖舒 (ZTS)对 2型糖尿病 (NIDDM)大鼠血液MDA和自由基清除剂的影响。方法　采用小剂量链脲霉素腹腔注射辅以高热量饲料喂养制备NIDDM大鼠模型。分别用二甲双胍、格列齐特和不同剂量的脂糖舒灌胃 9周 ,并取健康大鼠作正常对照 ,测量血糖、血脂和血胰岛素等指标的含量 ,测定红细胞及血浆中丙二醛 (MDA)和谷胱甘肽 (GSH)含量及超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH -PX)和过氧化氢酶 (CAT)活性。结果　NIDDM大鼠红细胞和血浆中的MDA含量显著高于正常组 ,而GSH含量及SOD ,GSH -PX和CAT活性显著低于正常组 (P <0 .0 1)。而脂糖舒、二甲双胍和格列齐特均能显著降低MDA含量 ,升高GSH含量及SOD ,GSH -PX和CAT活性 ;但高剂量脂糖舒 (2 g/kg)升高血浆SOD作用优于格列齐特 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而与二甲双胍相当 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;小剂量脂糖舒对各指标的影响与格列齐特和二甲双胍无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;脂糖舒高低剂量组间GSH升高呈量效关系 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　脂糖舒有明显的降低MDA和抗自由基作用     

山芝麻对鸭乙型肝炎动物模型体内血清超氧化物歧化酶等3项指标的影响

目的 研究山芝麻水提物( Helicteres angustifolia)在鸭乙型肝炎病毒(DHBv)持续性感染模型中对血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、一氧化氮(N0)及过氧化脂质类(LPO)的影响.方法 将DHBV- DNA阳性麻鸭随机分为山芝麻高、中、低剂量组、拉米夫定组和模型组,分别给予相应药物进行干预,并于用药前、用药第7,14天,及停药第7天取静脉血,检测血清中SOD活性及NO、LPO的含量.结果 与模型组比较,山芝麻高、中剂量组和拉米夫定组用药后7～14d,血清SOD活性明显升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),而NO和LPO含量显著下降(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).停药后7d,拉米夫定组即有反跳现象,山芝麻高、中剂量组仍能显示出持续有效,没有出现反跳现象.山芝麻低剂量组血清SOD、NO和LPO含量没有明显变化.结论 山芝麻具有抗脂质过氧化及护肝作用.     

Ameliorative effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Azadirachta indica on renal histologic alterations in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

We studied the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Azadirachta indica (AIE) on the microanatomy of the kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Thirty male Wistar rats (161-190 g) were randomly assigned to one of five treatment groups of six animals each: control, diabetic, diabetic + AIE, diabetic + metformin, AIE only. Diabetes was induced with a single intraperitoneal dose of streptozotocin (70 mg/kg body weight). AIE and metformin were administered orally for 50 days (50 d) at 500 mg/kg bw/d and 350 mg/kg bw/d, respectively. Blood glucose was estimated by glucose oxidase method; plasma urea and creatinine were assayed; and paraffin sections of the kidney were stained by periodic acid-Schiff technique. Untreated diabetic rats exhibited marked hyperglycemia. Renal histopathology of these animals showed features of diabetic nephropathy, with nodular glomerulosclerosis and vacuolation of proximal tubule cells (Armanni-Ebstein phenomenon). These feature were absent in the diabetic rats treated with AIE. Besides, plasma urea and creatinine were not significantly different from the control in this group (p > 0.05), in contrast to the untreated diabetic rats, where significant increases in these markers (p < 0.05). These findings showed that the leaf extract of Azadirachta indica ameliorates hyperglycemia and diabetic nephropathy in rats.     

Rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Counteracts Diabetic Ophthalmopathy Progression in Streptozotocin‐Induced Diabetic Rats

Diabetic ophthalmopathy (DO) impairs patients' eyesight and even causes blindness. Here, we investigated the effect of 60% ethanol extract of the rhizome of Anemarrhenae asphodeloides (ERA), which is commonly used in Chinese medicine formulae in treating diabetes, on DO progression. Blood glucose, insulin, advanced glycation end products (AGE), super oxygen dehydrogenises (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) levels in serum and sorbitol concentration in the lens were measured. Retinal endothelium/pericyte (E/P) ratio was evaluated, and structural changes of the retina and lens were observed. Effects of mangiferin and neomangiferin, the two major components of ERA, on subnormal growth of pericytes induced by high glucose were also detected. It was found that the activities of SOD and GSH‐Px in serum were increased, whereas MDA and AGE levels in serum and sorbitol concentration in the lens were decreased in ERA‐treated DO rats. E/P ratio was decreased, and the pathological changes of the lens and retina were alleviated by ERA treatment. Moreover, the subnormal growth of pericytes induced by high glucose was ameliorated by mangiferin and neomangiferin. These results indicated that ERA could effectively prevent DO progression in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats, and mangiferin and neomangiferin may be the main effective components. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.