瑞芬太尼术后镇痛对肿瘤患者T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的观察瑞芬太尼和芬太尼术后镇痛对肿瘤患者T淋巴细胞亚群的影响。方法肿瘤手术患者40例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为瑞芬太尼组(R组)和芬太尼组(F组),两组患者均行静-吸复合麻醉。两组术毕分别采用瑞芬太尼或芬太尼行静脉自控镇痛(PCIA),于麻醉前、术后24、48、72 h抽血测定患者T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+),并行VAS评分。结果两组患者术后VAS评分差异无统计学意义。术后24 h两组患者CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+均显著低于麻醉前(P<0.05)。术后48 h R组CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+已恢复到麻醉前水平,而F组仍明显低于麻醉前和R组(P<0.05)。术后72 h两组T淋巴细胞亚群均恢复至麻醉前水平。结论瑞芬太尼术后静脉自控镇痛能减轻肿瘤患者术后免疫抑制,对机体免疫功能有一定的保护作用。     

地佐辛对腹腔镜胃癌根治术患者术后镇痛及T细胞亚群的影响

探讨地佐辛对腹腔镜胃癌根治术患者术后镇痛及T细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+)的影响。收集择期行腹腔镜胃癌根治术患者70例,随机分为两组:地佐辛组(D组)和舒芬太尼组(S组),每组35例。两组患者术毕均给予自控静脉镇痛,D组给予地佐辛0.8 mg/kg,S组给予舒芬太尼2μg/kg,两组均加昂丹司琼8 mg,并以生理盐水稀释至100 m L。评估两组术后0 h(T1)、12 h(T2)、24 h(T3)、48 h(T4)时间点VAS评分;记录两组术后不良反应发生情况;检测全麻诱导前30 min(T0)、术后T1～T4各时点T细胞亚群水平。两组T1～T4时点VAS评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05);D组嗜睡、恶心呕吐发生率显著低于S组(P0.05);与S组相比,D组在T2～T4时点CD3~+、CD4~+含量、CD4~+/CD8~+比值显著升高,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。地佐辛用于腹腔镜胃癌根治患者术后镇痛效果确切,不良反应少,且可改善免疫功能。     

氟比洛芬酯对食管癌根治术后芬太尼病人自控静脉镇痛时细胞免疫功能的影响

目的 探讨氟比洛芬酯对食管癌根治术后芬太尼病人自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)时细胞免疫功能的影响.方法 择期行食管癌根治术的病人45例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄40～64岁,体重50～80 kg,随机分为3组(n=15),Ⅰ组:PCLA药物为芬太尼20μg/kg;Ⅱ组:PCIA药物为芬太尼10μg/kg+氟比洛芬酯2 mg/kg;Ⅲ组:氟比洛芬酯1 mg/kg静脉超前镇痛联合PCIA芬太尼10 μg/kg+氟比洛芬酯1 mg/kg.手术结束前10 min时静脉注射芬太尼0.05 mg并连接PCIA泵,3组PCLA泵中均加入氟哌利多2.5 mg,用生理盐水稀释为100 ml,输注速率2 ml/h,PCA剂量0.5 ml,锁定时间5 min.分别于术前30 min(T_0)、术后1、24、72 h(T1～3)时测定血浆去甲肾上腺素(NE)、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)和皮质醇(Cor)的浓度,采用流式细胞仪测定淋巴细胞CD3~+,CD4~+、CD8~+水平,计算CD4~+/ED8~+.记录术后48 h内有效按压次数.结果 Ⅲ组有效按压次数少于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P<0.05).与T0时比较,各组术后血浆NE、ACTH和Cor的浓度均升高,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组,T1时、Ⅲ组T1,3时淋巴细胞CD3~+水平降低,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组淋巴细胞CD4~+水平和CD4+/CD8~+均降低(P<0.05),淋巴细胞CD8~+水平差异无统计学意义,Ⅲ组淋巴细胞CD4~+、CD8~+水平和CD4~+/CD8~+差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组术后血浆ACTH浓度降低,淋巴细胞CD3~+水平升高,Ⅲ组术后血浆NE、ACTH和Cor浓度降低,T1,3时淋巴细胞CD3~+水平升高,T1,2时淋巴细胞CD4~+水平和CD4~+/CD8~+升高(P<0.05);与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅲ组术后血浆NE浓度降低,淋巴细胞CD4~+水平和CD4+/CD8~+升高(P<0.05).结论 氟比洛芬酯既可降低芬太尼PCIA用量,又可抑制术后应激反应,从而改善食管癌根治术后病人细胞免疫功能,且术前和术后联合应用氟比洛芬酯的效果更好.     

纳布啡复合舒芬太尼对肝切除术后患者免疫功能的影响

目的探讨纳布啡复合舒芬太尼应用于肝切除术患者术后镇痛对免疫功能的影响。方法选择2018年9月至2020年12月拟行开腹左半肝切除术的肝癌患者120例,男65例,女55例,年龄18～64岁,BMI 18～25 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,TNMⅠ或Ⅱ期。采用随机数字表法将患者分为三组:舒芬太尼组(S组,n=38)、纳布啡组(N组,n=42)和纳布啡复合舒芬太尼组(NS组,n=40)。所有患者均给予常规麻醉处理。S组,舒芬太尼2.5μg/kg+托烷司琼10 mg+生理盐水100 ml行术后静脉自控镇痛(PCIA);N组,纳布啡2 mg/kg+托烷司琼10 mg+生理盐水100 ml行术后PCIA;NS组,纳布啡1 mg/kg+舒芬太尼1.25μg/kg+托烷司琼10 mg+生理盐水100 ml行术后PCIA。记录术后6、12、24、48 h的VAS疼痛评分,采用流式细胞术于术前1 d、术后24、48 h测定外周血中T淋巴细胞CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+百分比并计算CD4~+/CD8~+比值,采用免疫散射比浊法检测外周血补体C3、C4浓度。记录不良反应的发生情况。结果与S组比较,术后6、12、24、48 h NS组VAS疼痛评分明显降低(P0.05),术后24、48 h N组和NS组T淋巴细胞CD3~+百分比和CD4~+/CD8~+比值均明显升高(P0.05),术后24 h NS组T淋巴细胞CD4~+百分比明显升高(P0.05)。术后24、48 h N组和S组VAS疼痛评分和C3、C4浓度差异无统计学意义。与N组比较,术后24、48 h NS组T淋巴细胞CD3~+、CD4~+百分比、CD4~+/CD8~+比值和C3、C4浓度明显升高(P0.05),NS组术后恶心、呕吐、头晕、呼吸抑制发生率明显降低(P0.05)。结论纳布啡复合舒芬太尼用于肝切除术后镇痛可以发挥强效镇痛作用,减轻手术和创伤应激反应导致的免疫抑制,同时减少不良反应。     

右美托咪定复合吗啡PCIA用于开胸手术术后镇痛对机体免疫细胞的影响

目的探讨右美托咪定复合吗啡PCIA用于开胸手术术后镇痛对机体免疫细胞的影响。方法选择2012年3月至2014年4月在我院行开胸手术的患者112例,男53例,女59例,年龄41~60岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为复合组和吗啡组,其中,复合组51例,男26例,女25例,吗啡组61例,男27例,女34例,术毕苏醒、气管导管拔除后,主诉疼痛者(VAS评分4分)行PCIA。PCIA给药方案:复合组患者给予含1.0μg/kg右美托咪定和0.48mg/kg吗啡的药液150ml,吗啡组患者则给予含0.48mg/kg吗啡的药液150 ml,负荷量2 ml,背景输注速率2 ml/h,锁定时间15min,维持术后疼痛VAS评分≤3分。分别于麻醉诱导前(T0)、气管导管拔除即刻(T1)、术后12h(T2)、术后24h(T3)、术后48h(T4)、术后72h(T5)及术后7d(T6),利用FACSCalibur流式细胞仪对外周血中CD3+、CD4+、CD8+淋巴细胞亚群及NK细胞含量进行检测,并计算CD4+/CD8+值,记录T3~T5时的吗啡用量,术后7d患者不良反应发生情况。结果复合组患者术后T2~T5时VAS评分均明显低于吗啡组(P0.05),复合组患者术后T3~T5时吗啡用量均明显低于吗啡组(P0.05);复合组患者术后瘙痒、恶心和呕吐发生率均明显低于吗啡组(P0.05);与T0时比较,两组患者T1~T5时CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+和NK细胞水平均降低。复合组患者T2~T5时CD3+水平和CD4+/CD8+均明显高于吗啡组,复合组患者T3~T5时CD4+和NK细胞水平均明显高于吗啡组(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定复合吗啡PCIA用于开胸手术术后镇痛可有效减少吗啡用量,降低镇痛时不良反应发生,改善患者细胞免疫功能。     

地佐辛术后镇痛对妇科恶性肿瘤患者血浆儿茶酚胺及免疫功能的影响

目的观察地佐辛用于妇科恶性肿瘤手术患者术后镇痛的效果及对血浆儿茶酚胺和免疫功能的影响。方法择期行妇科恶性肿瘤手术患者60例,随机均分为地佐辛组(D组)和芬太尼组(F组),采用静脉复合全麻,术毕使用患者静脉自控镇痛(PCIA),D组PCIA配方为地佐辛0.8mg/kg加托烷司琼6mg加生理盐水配至100ml,F组PCIA配方为芬太尼0.01mg/kg加托烷司琼6mg加生理盐水配至100ml。记录患者术前(T0)、术毕(T1)、术后2h(T2)、6h(T3)、24h(T4)和48h(T5)的SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2及T1~T5时静息时和活动时VAS疼痛评分、Ramsay镇静评分及恶心、呕吐、低血压、呼吸抑制等不良反应。于T0、T1、T4、T5时抽取静脉血4 ml,其中2 ml采用ELISA法测定血浆肾上腺素(E)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、多巴胺(DOP)水平,剩余2ml采用流式细胞仪测定CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+及NK细胞活性。结果两组患者SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2、Ramsay镇静评分差异均无统计学意义。T2~T4时D组安静时和活动时VAS评分明显低于F组(P0.05)。与T0时比较,T1时两组E、NE、DOP水平明显降低(P0.05或P0.01)。与T1时比较,T4、T5时两组E、NE、DOP水平明显升高(P0.01)。与F组比较,T4、T5时D组NE水平明显降低(P0.05)。与T0时比较,T1、T4时D组CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+、NK细胞活性明显降低(P0.01),T1时CD8+活性明显升高(P0.01),T1时F组CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+、NK细胞活性和T4时CD3+、NK细胞活性,T5时NK细胞活性明显降低(P0.05或P0.01)。与F组比较,T5时D组CD3+、CD4+、NK细胞活性明显升高(P0.05或P0.01)。两组患者术后48h不良反应发生情况差异无统计学意义。结论地佐辛用于妇科恶性肿瘤术后镇痛安全有效,与芬太尼比较镇痛效果好,术后应激反应较轻、细胞免疫功能恢复更快。     

硬膜外阻滞复合全麻和硬膜外镇痛对食管癌手术患者血浆白细胞介素4及干扰素-γ的影响

目的 比较不同麻醉方法及术后镇痛对食管癌手术患者血浆白细胞介素-4(IL-4)及干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)水平的影响.方法 择期行食管癌或贲门癌手术患者60例,随机均分为四组:Ⅰ组全凭静脉麻醉,术后行静脉自控镇痛(PCIA);Ⅱ组麻醉方法同Ⅰ组,术后行硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA);Ⅲ组采用静脉麻醉复合胸段硬膜外阻滞,术后行PCIA;Ⅳ组麻醉方法同Ⅲ组,术后行PCEA.于麻醉前(T0)、切皮后2 h(T1)、术毕(T2)、术后24 h(T3)、术后48 h(T4)采集外周静脉血,用酶联免疫吸附法测定血浆IL-4、IFN-γ浓度,以IFN-γ/IL-4评估Th1/Th2亚群比值;于术后24、48、72 h以VAS评估术后镇痛效果.结果 Ⅱ、Ⅳ组患者在静息和活动后各时点的VAS均明显低于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05),Ⅳ组在静息和活动后各时点的VAS均明显低于Ⅲ组(P＜0.05),Ⅱ组在术后72 h的静息VAS和48、72 h活动后VAS也明显低于Ⅲ组(P＜0.05).与T0时比较,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组血浆IFN-γ/IL-4的比值在T2时明显下降(P＜0.05),Ⅲ、Ⅳ组该比值在T3时开始明显下降(P＜0.05).T2时Ⅲ、Ⅳ组血浆IFN-γ/IL-4比值均明显高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P＜0.05),T3、T4时Ⅳ组该比值均高于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05).结论 食管癌开胸手术患者无论术中全麻复合硬膜外阻滞或术毕应用硬膜外镇痛均能减低疼痛,且术后硬膜外镇痛较静脉镇痛效果更明显.     

舒芬太尼或曲马多术后镇痛对患者免疫功能的影响

目的通过评价自控静脉舒芬太尼或曲马多镇痛对腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)后患者血浆中细胞因子及免疫细胞的影响,探讨不同种类镇痛药物对术后早期患者免疫功能的影响。方法 80例LC术患者用抽签法随机分为2组(每组40例):A组患者为术后自控静脉舒芬太尼镇痛;B组患者为术后自控静脉曲马多镇痛。观察麻醉前30分钟、手术后即刻、术后24小时、术后72小时4个时点患者血浆中白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)及T细胞总数、NK细胞、CD4+及CD8+细胞的水平,以视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分评价各组患者术后2、24、48、72小时的镇痛效果。结果术后各时点A组、B组的VAS评分无统计学差异(P>0.05);两组除术毕即刻T细胞总数较麻醉前基础值升高外(均P<0.05),余时间段T细胞总数、NK细胞、CD4+及CD8+细胞的变化与基础值及组间比较均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);两组患者术毕即刻至术后72小时血浆IL-2水平与麻醉前值比较均降低(均P<0.05),两组患者术毕即刻IL-6、IL-10水平与麻醉前值比较均显著升高(均P<0.05),并持续升高至术后24小时达峰值后逐渐下降,但术后72小时两组患者IL-6、IL-10水平仍高于术前。结论舒芬太尼和曲马多对LC患者术后均取得良好的镇痛效果,并且两者的免疫抑制作用无明显差异。     

术后硬膜外镇痛对肺癌根治术病人细胞免疫功能的影响

目的 观察术后硬膜外镇痛对肺癌根治术病人细胞免疫功能的影响.方法 择期行肺癌根治术病人30例,年龄30～64岁,随机分为2组(n=15):术后静脉镇痛组(Ⅰ组)和术后硬膜外镇痛组(E组),术后分别行病人自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)和病人自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)72 h.E组麻醉诱导前于T4,5间隙行硬膜外置管.Ⅰ组药物成分为:芬太尼20 μg/ml、咪达唑仑0.1 mg/ml和托烷司琼0.04mg/ml,背景输注速率2 ml/h,PEA剂量1 ml,锁定时间20min;E组硬膜外注射0.25%布比卡因5 ml后行PCEA,药物成分为:0.125%布比卡因、芬太尼2.4μg/ml和咪达唑仑0.05 mg/ml.术后记录VAS评分、Ramsay镇静评分和不良反应的发生情况.分别于麻醉诱导前、术后2 h、1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d时测定皮质醇浓度、CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+、自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)及细胞因子诱导杀伤细胞(CIK细胞)水平.结果 与Ⅰ组比较,E组VAS评分及恶心呕吐发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),Ramsay镇静评分和皮质醇浓度降低,CD3+、CD4+、NK细胞和CIK细胞水平升高(P＜0.05),CD8+、CD4+/CD8+差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 术后硬膜外镇痛可改善肺癌根治术病人细胞免疫功能,其效果优于术后静脉镇痛.     

氟比洛芬酯联合吗啡镇痛对胃癌患者T淋巴细胞亚群及自然杀伤细胞的影响

目的 观察氟比洛芬酯联合吗啡镇痛对胃癌根治术患者罔术期外周血T淋巴细胞亚群及自然杀伤(NK)细胞的影响.方法 40例择期全麻下行胃癌根治术患者随机分为氟比洛芬酯组(A组)和吗啡组(B组),每组20例,分别于术前0.5 h静注氟比洛芬酯或安慰药英脱利匹特,术后距第一次给药6 h再次静注氟比洛芬酯或英脱利匹特.两组患者术后均行患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA).于麻醉前、手术开始后2 h、术后24、48、120 h五个时点用流式细胞仪检测T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+)及NK细胞(CD3+CD6+CD56+).结果 与麻醉前比较,两组CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+和NK细胞在手术2 h、术后24、48 h均明显降低(P<0.05);术后120 h CD3+CD16+CD56+仍未恢复至麻醉前水平(P<0.05).与B组比较,A组CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+在术后24 h下降幅度较小(P<0.05),而NK细胞则在手术2 h和术后24 h下降幅度较小(P<0.05).结论 胃癌根治术患者围术期用氟比洛芬酯联合吗啡镇痛较单用吗啡镇痛对T淋巴细胞亚群和NK细胞有保护作用.     

Obstetric analgesia: peridural analgesia versus combined spinal and peridural analgesia]

OBJECTIVE: To compare the analgesic efficiency, side effects and obstetrical repercussions of epidural analgesia (EP) and combined spinal-epidural analgesia (CSE). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double or single-blind studies as required, approved by the ethical committee of the institution. PATIENTS: The study included 80 parturients, in active labour with a singleton in vertex presentation and a cervical dilatation of 3 cm or less, randomly allocated to receive either EP (n = 40) or CSE (n = 40). METHOD: In the EP group, sufentanil (20 micrograms) and 0.25% bupivacaine (6-8 mL) were injected into the epidural space. In those of the CSE group, sufentanil (10 micrograms) was first injected into the subarachnoid space, followed by an epidural injection of the same agents at the same quantities as for the EP group. Additional analgesia was obtained in both groups by top-ups of 6-8 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine at the request of the patients. Analgesia, course of labour, obstetrical outcome, and neonatal status were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using Anova, chi 2 analysis, Yates' correction or Fisher's exact test, with a P < 0.05 considered as significant. RESULTS: Both groups had similar demographic and obstetric data. The onset of analgesia was more rapid in CSE group (8 +/- 11 min vs. 12 +/- 7 min, P < 0.05), however the duration was similar. Technical incidents were more frequent in the CSE group (30% vs. 7%, P < 0.05). The technique of analgesia did not influence the bupivacaine amounts required for its maintenance. The incidence of adverse effects were comparable with the exception of vertigo, which was more frequent in the EP group (57% vs. 28%, P < 0.05). The first stage of labour was increased by 30% in the CSE group (281 +/- 130 min vs. 216 +/- 97 min, P < 0.05), without significant prolongation of labour length. Durations of second stage and expulsion were similar in both groups, despite the administration of a lower dose of bupivacaine in the CSE group (33 +/- 17 mg vs. 46 +/- 12 mg, P < 0.05). The rates of instrumental deliveries and Caesarien sections were comparable. The Apgar scores were satisfactory at 5 min. CONCLUSION: In the early phase of labour, the CSE technique using intrathecal sufentanil has no significant benefit when compared to the EP technique using bupivacaine and sufentanil. In the CSE group, technical incidents were more frequent and the length of the first stage of labour was increased.     

Postoperative analgesia

Postoperative analgesia both by drugs and regional techniques is reviewed. In the United Kingdom in the last 25 years or more there has been little advance on either front. Some marginal improvement in regard to drugs might be brought about by better education of both doctors and nurses and better patient contact. Extradural analgesia and intercostal block do not offer a complete solution, though a judicious increase in the use certainly of the former might be beneficial. The problem awaits a radical new approach.     

Patient-controlled analgesia

Two modern patient-controlled analgesia pumps have been evaluated in the laboratory and in clinical use. Both machines generally performed satisfactorily and patients achieved good pain relief from self-administered morphine. The relative merits of the two pumps are discussed and although the on demand analgesic computer is preferred, a substantial investment of time on the ward is required to provide continuous patient-controlled analgesia.     

Postoperative analgesia

Pain is a complex experience consisting of sensory, affective, behavioural and physiological components. Pain management is therefore best achieved through an approach which acknowledges the complex interaction between biological, psychological and sociocultural factors. Effective pain management requires preoperative patient engagement and education in order to manage expectations and a structured inpatient service to facilitate evidence-based postoperative pain management and continuous staff education. Multimodal postoperative analgesia, built on an opioid-sparing ethos, is an essential component of perioperative pain management. Effective pain management facilitates early mobilization and a reduction in respiratory and cardiac complications and reduces the stress response to surgery which in turn improves wound healing and recovery. Inadequate pain control can lead to morbidity and mortality including prolonged hospital stays and the development of chronic postoperative pain.     

Patient-controlled analgesia

A patient received a massive overdose of papaveretum intravenously (estimated to be 180 mg) when the glass syringe of a patient-controlled analgesia machine disengaged from the drive mechanism. She was successfully resuscitated. The pump, on loan from the supplier, had passed a brief evaluation by the infusion pump test house designated by the Medical Devices Directorate of the Department of Health; it has since been withdrawn. It is recommended that patient-controlled analgesia equipment should be placed at or below patient heart level. The Department of Health is called on to institute a full, independent evaluation scheme for patient-controlled analgesia equipment.     

Postoperative analgesia

Pain is a complex experience consisting of sensory, affective, behavioural and physiological components. Pain management is therefore best achieved through an approach which acknowledges the complex interaction between biological, psychological and sociocultural factors. Effective pain management requires preoperative patient engagement and education in order to manage expectations and a structured inpatient service to facilitate evidence-based postoperative pain management and continuous staff education. Multimodal postoperative analgesia, built on an opioid-sparing ethos, is one component of postoperative pain management and is essential for achieving patient satisfaction and enhanced recovery. Effective pain management facilitates early mobilization and a reduction in respiratory and cardiac complications, reducing the stress response to surgery in turn improving wound healing and recovery. Inadequate pain control can lead to higher morbidity and mortality, prolonged hospital stays and the development of chronic postoperative pain.